LOUIS MAPALAD REVIWER FINALS

MODULE 11

GENERAL RULES OF ROAD USE AND CONDUCT

▪THE GENERAL RULES OF ROAD USE AND CONDUCT WHICH INCLUDE
THE GENERAL PROHIBITIONS AND RESTRICTIONS ARE THE BASIS OF THE
TRAFFIC RULES IN THE PHILIPPINES. THE FOLLOWING ARE:
1. SPEED LIMIT AND OTHER RULES ON SPEED
2. LATERAL PLACEMENT
3. OVERTAKING AND PASSING
4. RIGHT OF WAY
5. STARTING, STOPPING OR TURNING RULES
6. PEDESTRIANS’ RIGHTS AND DUTIES
[Link] PARKING RULES AND SIMILAR REGULATIONS

1. SPEED LIMIT AND OTHER RULES ON SPEED

▪ANY PERSON DRIVING VEHICLE SHALL DRIVE THE SAME AT CAREFUL AND PRUDENT SPEED.
▪NO PERSON SHALL DRIVE AT SUCH SPEED AS TO ENDANGER THE LIFE AND PROPERTY.

UPDATED SPEED LIMITS

▪RA 4136 STATES THAT NO PROVINCIAL, CITY, OR MUNICIPAL AUTHORITY IS ALLOWED TO ENACT OR
ENFORCE ANY ORDINANCE OR RESOLUTION THAT CHANGES THE MAXIMUM ALLOWED SPEED LIMITS IN
THE ACT.

▪HOWEVER, THIS IS SUPERSEDED BY THE DOTR-DPWH-DILG JOINT MEMORANDUM CIRCULAR 2018-

001, WHICH ENCOURAGES ALL LOCAL GOVERNMENT UNITS (LGUS) TO ENACT AND ENFORCE LOCAL
SPEED LIMIT ORDINANCES AND TO DEFINE SPEED LIMITS ACCORDING TO LOCAL CONDITIONS

SPEED LIMITS ON NATIONAL ROADS

ROAD CLASSIFICATION PASSENGER CARS AND MOTOR TRUCKS AND BUSES
MOTORCYCLES
OPEN ROADS 80 km/h 50 km/h
THROUGH STREETS 40 km/h 30 km/h
CROWDED STREETS 20 km/h 20 km/h

SPEED LIMITS ON PROVINCIAL AND LOCAL ROADS

ROAD CLASSIFICATION PASSENGER CARS AND MOTOR TRUCKS AND BUSES
MOTORCYCLES
OPEN ROADS 40 km/h 30 km/h
THROUGH STREETS 40 km/h 30 km/h
Municipal or city streets 30 km/h 30 km/h
Barangay Roads 30 km/h 30 km/h
Crow 20 km/h 20 km/h
2. LATERAL PLACEMENT

▪THE PROPER POSITIONING OF THE MOTOR VEHICLE WHILE TRAVERSING ON A TRAFFIC WAY OR WHILE
PARKED.

▪➢PROPER POSITIONING WHILE TRAVERSING

▪ ➢PROPER PLACEMENT WHILE ON PARALLEL PARKING

▪➢PROPER PLACEMENT WHILE PARKED DIAGONALLY

3. OVERTAKING AND PASSING

▪A DRIVER SHOULD PASS AT A SAFE DISTANCE TO THE LEFT OF THE VEHICLE BEING OVERTAKEN AND IT
SHALL RESUME DRIVING ON THE RIGHT SIDE OF THE ROAD ONLY AFTER PASSING CLEAR OF THE
OVERTAKEN VEHICLE.

WHEN IN DOUBT, DO NOT OVERTAKE.

▪-OVERTAKING LANE IS THE LANE TO THE LEFT OF OVERTAKEN VEHICLE GOING IN THE SAME DIRECTION,

-CONSIDER THESE IF YOU OVERTAKE: IN A TWO LANES, ON A DIVIDED ROADWAY, THEY MAY USE EITHER
OF THE LANES. IN AN EXPRESSWAY WITH FAST AND SLOW LANES, ON A DIVIDED ROADWAY, THEY MAY
USE EITHER OF THE LANES.

▪IN ADDITION, YOU ARE NOT ALLOWED TO EXECUTE AN OVERTAKE WHEN APPROACHING A CREST OF A
GRADE, NOT UPON A CURVE IN THE HIGHWAY, WHERE THE VIEW OF A DRIVER IS OBSTRUCTED WITHIN
A DISTANCE OF 500 FEET AHEAD. LASTLY, THEY ARE NOT ALLOWED TO OVERTAKE ON A RAILROAD
CROSSING OR AN INTERSECTION OF HIGHWAYS UNLESS CONTROLLED BY A TRAFFIC SIGNAL OR
ALLOWED BY A WATCHMAN.

▪IN ROADS WITH PAVEMENT MARKINGS, OVERTAKING IS NOT ALLOWED IF IT HAS TWO PARALLEL
YELLOW LINES IN THE MIDDLE. ALSO, OVERTAKING IS PROHIBITED WHEN THERE IS ONE CONTINUOUS
LINE ON THE LEFT UNLESS THE LINE CLOSEST TO YOU IS BROKEN OVERTAKING A VEHICLE

▪IN OVERTAKING ANOTHER VEHICLE, A DRIVER SHOULD PASS AT A SAFE DISTANCE TO THE LEFT OF THE
VEHICLE BEING OVERTAKEN AND SHALL RESUME DRIVING ON THE RIGHT SIDE OF THE ROAD ONLY
AFTER PASSING CLEAR OF THE OVERTAKEN VEHICLES.

EXCEPTION:

▪HIGHWAY WITH ON THE TWO OR MORE LANES WHERE TRAFFIC GOES IN ONE DIRECTION, ANOTHER
VEHICLE MAY BE OVERTAKEN ON THE RIGHT

GIVING WAY TO OVERTAKING VEHICLES

▪THE DRIVER OF A MOTOR VEHICLE ABOUT TO BE OVERTAKEN MUST GIVE WAY TO THE OVERTAKING
VEHICLE AND SHALL NOT INCREASE HIS SPEED UNTIL THE OVERTAKING VEHICLES HAS FULLY PASSED BY.

4. RIGHT OF WAY

▪REFERS TO THE LEGAL OR CUSTOMARY PRECEDENCE (PRIORITY IN PLACE OR TIME) WHICH ALLOWS
ONE VEHICLE TO CROSS OR PASS IN FRONT OF ANOTHER.

RULES ON RIGHT OF WAY (SEC 42-44 OF RA 4136)

▪IN CASE OF TWO VEHICLES APPROACHING OR ENTERING AN INTERSECTION AT THE SAME TIME, THE
DRIVER OF THE VEHICLE ON THE LEFT SHALL YIELD THE RIGHT OF WAY; HOWEVER, THE DRIVER OF ANY
VEHICLE TRAVELING AT AN UNLAWFUL SPEED FORFEITS THIS RIGHT

(SECT. 42.A)

▪IN CASE OF A VEHICLE APPROACHING BUT HAS NOT YET ENTERED THE INTERSECTION, ITS DRIVER
SHALL YIELD THE RIGHT OF WAY TO VEHICLE ALREADY WITHIN SUCH INTERSECTION OR TURNING
THEREIN TO THE LEFT ACROSS THE LINE OF TRAVEL OF THE FIRST MENTIONED VEHICLE.

(SECTION 42, B)
▪IN CASE OF A VEHICLE ON A HIGHWAY WITHIN A BUSINESS OR RESIDENTIAL DISTRICT, ITS DRIVER
SHALL YIELD THE RIGHT OF WAY TO PEDESTRIAN CROSSING THE HIGHWAY WITHIN CROSSWALK, EXCEPT
AT INTERSECTION WHERE TRAFFIC IS REGULATED BY A PEACE OFFICER OF A TRAFFIC SIGNAL.

(SECTION 42, C)

▪ IF THERE IS NO CROSSWALK, PEDESTRIAN SHALL YIELD THE RIGHT OF WAY TO VEHICLES ON THE
HIGHWAYS.

(SECTION 42, D)

▪IN CASE OF VEHICLE TRAVERSING A THROUGH HIGHWAY, ITS DRIVER SHOULD BRING IT TO A FULL STOP
BEFORE CROSSING. HOWEVER, IF IT IS CLEAR AND NO HAZARDS EXIST, THE VEHICLE MAY SLOW DOWN
TO 5 MILES PER HOUR INSTEAD OF A FULL STOP.

EXCEPTION TO THE RIGHT OF WAY RULES

(SECTION 43)

▪RIGHT OF WAY RULES DO NOT APPLY IN THE CASE OF A VEHICLE

ENTERING A PRIVATE ROAD OR DRIVE. THE RIGHT OF WAY IS IN FAVOR

OF ALL VEHICLES UTILIZING THE HIGHWAY.

▪EMERGENCY VEHICLE

LOUIS MAPALAD REVIWER FINALS

5. STARTING, STOPPING OR TURNING RULES
(SEC. 44, A).
▪WHEN OTHER MOTORISTS ARE AFFECTED THE DRIVER MAKING THE
MOVEMENT SHALL GIVE A SIGNAL TO OTHER DRIVERS OF HIS
INTENTION TO MAKE SUCH MOVEMENT.

MAKING A RIGHT TURN

▪SIGNAL YOUR INTENTION TO TURN RIGHT WITH YOUR TURNING
SIGNAL LIGHT OR A HAND SIGNAL AT LEAST 100FT. BEFORE YOU INTEND
TO MAKE TURN
▪STAY ON THE RIGHT TURN FROM LEFT LANE
▪NEVER MAKE A RIGHT TURN FROM LEFT LANE
▪AT AN INTERSECTION WITH A RED TRAFFIC LIGHT, MAKE A RIGHT TURN
ONLY AFTER COMING TO A FULL STOP TO MAKE SURE NO VEHICLE IS
COMING FROM LEFT

MAKING A LEFT TURN

▪SIGNAL YOUR VEHICLE TO TURN LEFT WITH YOUR TURNING SIGNAL OR
A HAND SIGNAL AT LEAST 100 FEET BEFORE YOU INTEND TO MAKE
YOUR TURN.
▪STAY ON THE LEFT LANE OF THE ROAD.
▪NEVER MAKE A LEFT TURN FROM THE RIGHT LANE.
▪AT AN INTERSECTION WITH A VEHICLE GOING STRAIGHT HAVE THE
RIGHT OF WAY. WAIT FOR THEM TO PASS FIRST BEFORE YOU TURN
LEFT.

6. PEDESTRIANS’ RIGHTS AND DUTIES

7. GENERAL PARKING RULES AND SIMILAR REGULATIONS

▪MOTOR VEHICLES SHOULD PARK ONLY ON AREAS SPECIFICALLY

DESIGNATED FOR PARKING. BEFORE LEAVING YOUR VEHICLE, YOU
SHOULD:
▪SET THE BRAKES
▪PUT THE GEAR IN LOW OR REVERSE OR PARK POSITION
▪REMOVE THE KEY

MODULE 12

PARKING ON CITIES
▪IN CITIES AND TOWNS, MOTOR VEHICLES WILL BE PARKED PARALLEL
AND WITHIN 12 INCHES OF THE CURB.

▪UPHILL/DOWNHILL WITHOUT CURB – FRONT WHEELS AWAY FROM THE ROAD + PARKING BREAK

▪UPHILL WITH CURB – FRONT WHEELS AWAY FROM CURB + PARKING BREAK

▪DOWNHILL WITH CURB – FRONT WHEEL TOWARDS THE CURB+PARKING BREAK

PARKING ON A HIGHWAY
▪PULL ENTIRELY OFF PAVEMENT TO PARK. TURN ON YOUR PARKING
LIGHTS WHENEVER PRACTICABLE.

PARKING PROHIBITED IN SPECIFIED PLACES

▪ NO DRIVER SHALL PARK A VEHICLE, WHETHER ATTENDED OR UNATTENDED UPON A HIGHWAY IN

THESE FOLLOWING PLACES:
▪WITHIN AN INTERSECTION
▪ON A CROSSWALK
▪WITHIN SIX METERS OF THE INTERSECTION OF CURB LINES
▪WITHIN FOUR METERS OF THE DRIVEWAY ENTRANCE TO ANY FIRE STATION
▪WITHIN FOUR METERS OF A FIRE HYDRANT
▪IN FRONT OF PRIVATE DRIVEWAY
▪AT ANY PLACE WHERE OFFICIAL SIGNS HAVE BEEN ERECTED PROHIBITING PARKING

▪LONGITUDINAL LINES - THESE ARE MARKINGS LAID ON ROAD PAVEMENT IN THE DIRECTION OF
TRAVEL WHICH INCLUDES: CENTER LINE/SEPARATION LINE

CENTER LINE/SEPARATION LINE-USED TO SEPARATE OPPOSITE TRAFFIC MOVEMENTS OF AN

UNDIVIDED ROADWAY AND IS GENERALLY PLACED CENTRALLY ON ALL ROADS AND BRIDGES 6.0M OR
MORE IN WIDTH.

1. SINGLE WHITE DOTTED LINE

▪ON TWO-LANE ROAD SEPARATES TRAFFIC MOVING IN SEPARATE DIRECTIONS.
▪ON A ONE-WAY STREET, SEPARATES TRAFFIC MOVING IN ONE DIRECTION.
▪OVERTAKING IS POSSIBLE WHEN OTHER LANE IS CLEAR OF ONCOMING VEHICLE.
2. SINGLE WHITE CONTINUOUS LINE
▪SEPARATES TRAFFIC MOVING IN OPPOSITE DIRECTION.
▪COULD BE FOUND IN ROAD SECTIONS THAT ARE DANGEROUS.
▪PASSING AND OVERTAKING CAN BE MADE BUT ONLY AFTER UNDER CIRCUMSTANCES WHEN THERE IS
NO ONCOMING TRAFFIC.
3. DOUBLE YELLOW LINE WITH A DOTTED WHITE LINE IN BETWEEN
▪ABSOLUTELY NO PARKING.
▪OVERTAKING IS EXTREMELY DANGEROUS.
▪STAY IN YOUR LANE UNTIL YOU PASS THE END OF THE SOLID LINES.
4. SINGLE YELLOW LINE
▪A YELLOW LINE WITH A DOTTED WHITE LINE MEANS THAT YOU CANNOT OVERTAKE IF THE SOLID LINE
IS ON YOURSIDE.
▪IF YOU OVERTAKE, RETURN TO YOUR LANE BEFORE THE SOLID LINE.
5. YELLOW CONTINUOUS LINE ON ROAD PROVIDED WITH A PASSING LANE
▪THESE ARE COMMON ON MOUNTAIN ROADS.
▪SLOW MOVING VEHICLES SUCH AS BUSES AND HEAVY TRUCKS SHOULD
ALWAYS USE THE OUTER LANE.
▪VEHICLES COMING FROM THE OPPOSITE DIRECTION SHOULD NOT USE
THE INNER LANE AT THE OTHER SIDE FOR OVERTAKING

MODULE 13

▪[Link] WARNING – USUALLY USED WHEN YOU HAVE OBSERVED A MINOR VIOLATION AND IS
INDICATED BY GESTURE OF THE HAND AND OR OF THE HEAD.
▪[Link] WARNING – ALSO A FORM OF TRAFFIC SAFETY EDUCATION BY TELLING THE DRIVER ABOUT
HIS VIOLATION AND EXPLAIN THE HAZARDS OF SUCH.
▪[Link] WARNING – THIS IS A COMBINATION OF VERBAL WARNING AND CITATIONS. IT GIVES THE
SPIRIT OF VERBAL WARNING AND THE FORM OF CITATION. THIS IS SELDOM USED NOWADAYS

TRAFFIC PATROL-THAT PART OF POLICE TRAFFIC SUPERVISION WHICH CONSIST OF DRIVING AND
WALKING HERE AND THERE IN AN AREA OR TO AND FROM ON A ROAD FOR THE PURPOSE OF TRAFFIC
LAW ENFORCEMENT.
TRAFFIC DIRECTION AND CONTROL-IT IS THE CONTROL AND DIRECTION OF TRAFFIC UNITS
ACCORDINGTO PROPORTIONATE TIME
LOUIS MAPALAD REVIWER FINALS

MEANS OF DIRECTING
▪1. SIGNALING
▪2. WHISTLING
▪3. GESTURES
WHISTLE SIGNALS
▪ ONE LONG BLAST FOR STOP.
▪TWO SHORT SNAPPY BLAST FOR GO.
▪THREE BLAST TO BE USED FOR ASSISTANCE AND/OR FOR MOTORIST TO BE ATTENTIVE.

▪ACCIDENT – OCCURRENCE IN A SEQUENCE OF EVENTS WHICH USUALLY PRODUCES UNINTENDED

INJURY, DEATH, OR DAMAGE TO PROPERTY.
▪TRAFFIC ACCIDENT – ACCIDENT INVOLVING TRAVEL TRANSPORTATION ON A TRAFFIC WAY
▪MOTOR VEHICLE ACCIDENT – EVENT RESULTING TO UNINTENDED INJURY OR PROPERTY DAMAGE
ATTRIBUTABLE DIRECTLY OR INDIRECTLY TO THE ACTION OF MOTOR VEHICLE OR ITS LOADS
▪TRAFFIC ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION – THIS IS LOOKING FOR ANSWERS AS TO WHEN, WHERE AND WHY
DID IT HAPPEN AND HOW DID IT OCCUR.

KINDS OF TRAFFIC ACCIDENT

▪MOTOR VEHICLE TRAFFIC ACCIDENT - ANY MOTOR VEHICLE ACCIDENT OCCURRING ON A TRAFFIC WAY
▪NON-MOTOR VEHICLE TRAFFIC ACCIDENT - NOT INVOLVING A MOTOR VEHICLE IN MOTION.
▪MOTOR VEHICLE NON-TRAFFIC ACCIDENT - OCCURS ENTIRELY IN ANY PLACE OTHER THAN
TRAFFICWAY
▪NON-MOTOR VEHICLE NONTRAFFIC ACCIDENT - ANY ACCIDENT
OCCURRING IN A PRIVATE TRAFFIC WAY INVOLVING PERSONS USINGVEHICLE OR TRANSPORTATION BUT
NOT INVOLVING A MOTOR VEHICLE IN MOTION.

CHAIN OFEVENTS
▪1. PERCEPTION OF HAZARD
▪2. START OF EVASIVE ACTION
▪3. INITIAL CONTACT
▪4. MAXIMUM ENGAGEMENT
▪5. DISENGAGEMENT
▪6. STOPPING
▪7. INJURY

▪1. PERCEPTION OF HAZARD - IT IS SEEING, FEELING, OR HEARING AND UNDERSTANDING THE USUAL
OR UNEXPECTED MOVEMENT ORCONDITION THAT COULD BE TAKEN AS SIGN OF THE ACCIDENT ABOUT
TO HAPPEN.
▪POINT OF NO ESCAPE - IT IS THE PLACE AND TIME AFTER OR BEYOND WHICH ACCIDENT CANNOT BE
PREVENTED BY THE TRAFFIC UNIT UNDER CONSIDERATION

▪2. START OF EVASIVE ACTION - ▪IT IS THE FIRST ACTION TAKEN BY A TRAFFIC UNIT TO ESCAPE FROM A
COLLISION

▪3. INITIAL CONTACT - THE FIRST ACCIDENTAL TOUCHING OF AN OBJECT OLLISION COURSE OR
OTHERWISE AVOIDS A HAZARD.

▪4. MAXIMUM ENGAGEMENT - ▪IT IS THE GREATEST COLLAPSE OR OVERLAP IN A COLLISION. THE FORCE
BETWEEN THE TRAFFIC UNIT AND THE OBJECT COLLIDED
▪5. DISENGAGEMENT - ▪IT IS THE SEPARATION OF A TRAFFIC [Link] FORCEBETWEEN THE OBJECT
CEASES AT THIS TIME.

▪6. STOPPING - ▪THIS IS WHEN THE TRAFFIC UNIT/S INVOLVED COME TO REST. IT USUALLY STABILIZES
THE ACCIDENT SITUATION.

FINAL POSITION - INVOLVED IN AN ACCIDENT FINALLY COME TO REST WITHOUT APPLICATION OF

POWER

▪7. INJURY

MODULE 14

KEY EVENT-AN EVENT ON THE ROAD WHICH CHARACTERIZES THE MANNER OF OCCURRENCE OF A
MOTOR VEHICLE TRAFFIC ACCIDENT
▪REACTION TIME – DISTANCE TRAVELLED BEFORE APPLYING THE BRAKES.
▪TACTIC –ACTION TO AVOID HAZARDOUS SITUATIONS LIKE STEERING, BRAKING, OR ACCELERATING
TO AVOID COLLISION OR OTHER ACCIDENT.
LOUIS MAPALAD REVIWER FINALS

1. RUNNING OFF ROAD - ON THE ROAD SIDE OR CLIFF ALONG MOUNTAINOUS ROADS
2. NON- COLLISION ON ROAD - THIS DOES NOT INVOLVE COLLISION EXAMPLE OF WHICH IS
OVERTURNING
3. COLLISION - THIS TYPE OF ACCIDENT INCLUDES ALL FORMS OF ACCIDENT AS LONG AS THERE IS
COLLISION

CLASSIFICATION OF MV ACCIDENT ACCORDING TO SEVERITY

1. FATAL ACCIDENT – RESULT IN DEATH OF ONE OR MORE PERSONS
2. NON-FATAL ACCIDENT – RESULTS IN INJURIES OTHER THAN FATAL OF ONE OR MORE PERSON
3. PROPERTY – DAMAGE – NO FATALITY OR INJURY TO ANY PERSON BUT ONLY DAMAGE TO THE
MOTOR VEHICLE OR TO OTHER PROPERTY INCLUDING INJURY TO ANIMALS

LIABILITIES ARISING FROM VEHICULAR ACCIDENT

1. CULPA CONTRACTUAL – LIABILITY ARISING FROM CONTRACTUAL NEGLIGENCE OR THAT RESULTS IN A
BREACH OF CONTRACT
2. CULPA AQUILIANA – LIABILITY AS A RESULT OF CIVIL NEGLIGENCE
3. CULPA CRIMINAL – LIABILITY CAUSED BY CRIMINAL NEGLIGENCE OR THAT WHICH RESULT IN THE
COMMISSION OF A CRIME

FIVE LEVELS OF ACTIVITY IN ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION

1. REPORTING - BASIC DATA COLLECTION TO IDENTIFY AND CLASSIFY A MOTOR VEHICLE, TRAFFIC, AND
PERSONS, PROPERTY AND PLANNED MOVEMENTS INVOLVED.
2. AT SCENE INVESTIGATION THIS LEVEL - INVOLVES ALL ACTIONS TAKEN BY THE INVESTIGATOR AT THE
SCENE OF THE CRIME OR ACCIDENT
▪3. TECHNICAL PREPARATION THIS INVOLVES - DELAYED TRAFFIC ACCIDENT DATA COLLECTION AND
ORGANIZATION FOR STUDY AND INTERPRETATION
4. PROFESSIONAL RECONSTRUCTION - THIS INVOLVES EFFORTS TO DETERMINE FROM WHATEVER
INFORMATION IS AVAILABLE, HOW THE ACCIDENT HAPPENED.
5. CAUSE ANALYSIS - THIS LAST LEVEL USUALLY INVOLVES FINAL

FIVE ESSENTIAL STEPS IN ENFORCEMENT PROCESS

1. DETECTION – ENTAILS LOOKING FOR DEFECTS IN THE BEHAVIOR OF MOTORIST, PEDESTRIAN,
VEHICLE, EQUIPMENT, AND ROADWAY CONDITION
2. APPREHENSION – POLICE ARE REQUIRED TO TAKE ACTION TO PREVENT CONTINUED AND FUTURE
VIOLATION
3. PROSECUTION – INTRODUCTION AND PRESENTING OF EVIDENCE
4. ADJUDICATION – DETERMINES THE GUILT OR INNOCENCE OF TH EACCUSED
5. PENALIZATION – IMPOSITION OF PENALTY.

TIRE MARKS
SKID MARKS- ALSO KNOWN AS TIRE MARKS OR SKID STREAKS, ARE FRICTION MARKS LEFT ON THE
ROAD SURFACE WHEN A VEHICLE& TIRESLOCK UP AND SLIDE DURING BRAKING OR MANEUVERING.
▪MARK LEFT WHEN VEHICLE WHEEL STOPS ROLLING AND SLIDES OR SPINS CAUSE OF BREAK
▪SKID MARKS ARE IMPORTANT FOR FINDING THE MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM VEHICLE SPEED PRIOR TO
THE IMPACT OR INCIDENT.

OTHER TIRE MARKS

▪ CENTRIFUGAL SKID MARKS – MARKING ON A ROADWAY LEFT BY A ROTATING
▪ SKID MARK SHADOW - CAUSED BY THE FORWARD ROTATION OF THE WHEELS
▪SKIP MARK – CAUSED BY FREQUENT REGULAR INTERVALS. IT IS MADE BY BOUNCING WHEEL
▪GAP SKID –INTERRUPTED BY RELEASE AND REAPPLICATION OF BRAKES
▪RUTS – A SUNKEN TRACK WORN BY A WHEEL, GROOVE FORMING A PATH FOR ANYTHING

▪GOUGE – A GROOVE MADE BY A HARD PART OF A MOTOR VEHICLE TO ANOTHER CAR AFTER SIDE
SWEEPING EACH OTHER
▪PAINT STRIPS – WHEN VEHICLE COLLIDED WITH OTHER OBJECT, IT SOMETIMES TRANSFER ITS PAINT TO
OTHER OBJECTS

MODULE 15
LAWS RELATED TO TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT

REPUBLIC ACT No. 10930 - AN ACT RATIONALIZING AND

STRENGTHENING THE POLICY REGARDING DRIVER’S LICENSE BY
EXTENDING THE VALIDITY PERIOD OF DRIVER’S; LICENSES, AND
PENALIZING ACTS IN VIOLATION OF ITS ISSUANCE AND APPLICATION
AMENDING FOR THOSE PURPOSES SECTION 23 OF REPUBLIC ACT NO.
4136, AS AMENDED BY BATAS PAMBANSA BLG. 398 AND EXECUTIVE
ORDER NO. 1011, OTHERWISE KNOWN AS THE LAND TRANSPORTATION
AND TRAFFIC CODE

R.A. 4136 “LAND TRANSPORTATION AND TRAFFIC CODE”; - AN ACT TO

COMPILE THE LAWS RELATIVE TO LAND TRANSPORTATION AND TRAFFIC
RULES,

LOUIS MAPALAD REVIWER FINALS

R.A. 6539 “ANTI CARNAPPING ACT OF 1972” - THE ACT PREVENTING

AND PENALIZING CARNAPPING.

R.A 8749 “PHILIPPINE CLEAN AIR ACT OF 1999”- AN ACT PROVIDING

FOR A COMPREHENSIVE AIR POLLUTION CONTROL POLICY AND FOR
OTHER PURPOSES

SMOKE-BELCHING-IT’S A FORCEFUL EXPULSION OF SMOKE FROM A VEHICLE THAT MAY HAVE A

MECHANICAL ISSUE WITH THE ENGINE OFTEN SEEN IN DIESEL VEHICLES.

SMOKE-BELCHING IS A VIOLATION OF RA 8749 BECAUSE THE

ACT ITSELF EMITS EXCESSIVE HARMFUL FUELS INTO THE AIR

NOISE
▪BASED ON LEGAL PROVISIONS EXTRA LOUD MUFFLERS AND HORNS
EXISTING LTO REGULATIONS, MOTORCYCLES SPORTING EXHAUST PIPES
THAT EMIT A SOUND EXCEEDING 115 DECIBELS ARE SUBJECT TO
APPREHENSION.

R.A. 8750 “SEAT BELTS USE ACT OF 1999” - AN ACT REQUIRING THE MANDATORY COMPLIANCE BY
MOTORISTS OF PRIVATE AND PUBLIC VEHICLES TO USE SEAT BELT DEVICES.

R.A. 7924 - THE ACT CREATING THE METROPOLITAN MANILA DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY
P.D. NO. 96. - DECLARING UNLAWFUL THE USE OR ATTACHMENT OF SIRENS, BELLS, HORNS, WHISTLES
OR SIMILAR GADGETS
P.D. NO. 207 - RATIFYING THE 1968 VIENNA CONVENTIONS OF THE UNITED NATIONS ON ROAD TRAFFIC
AND ROAD SIGNS AND SIGNALS, RESPECTIVELY

▪LTO MEMORANDUM ON MOTORCYCLE ESCORTS AND UNAUTHORIZED

USE OF SIRENS AND BLINKERS, MARKERS, ETC., DATED 23 JULY 1998,
THE ONLY OTHER GOVERNMENT OFFICIALS ALLOWED TO ATTACH AND
USE SIRENS, BLINKERS, AND OTHER SIMILAR DEVICES ARE THE
PRESIDENT, VICE PRESIDENT, SENATE PRESIDENT, SPEAKER OF THE
HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, AND THE CHIEF JUSTICE OF THE SUPREME
COURT.

LOUIS MAPALAD REVIWER FINALS

E.O. 125. -REORGANIZING THE MINISTRY OF TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATIONS DEFINING ITS
POWERS AND FUNCTIONS AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES.
E.O. 202. -CREATING THE LAND TRANSPORTATION FRANCHISING AND REGULATORY BOARD

REPUBLIC ACT NO. 11229- “CHILD SAFETY IN MOTOR VEHICLES ACT”-AN ACT PROVIDING FOR THE
SPECIAL PROTECTION OF CHILD PASSENGERS IN MOTOR VEHICLES AND APPROPRIATING FUNDS
THEREFORE.

SECTION 4 - CHILD SAFETY IN MOTOR VEHICLES ACT- MANDATORY USE OF CHILD RESTRAINT SYSTEM
IN MOTOR VEHICLES. IT SHALL BE UNLAWFUL FOR THE DRIVER OF A COVERED VEHICLE NOT TO
PROPERLY SECURE AT ALL TIMES A CHILD

SECTION 5 - CHILDREN IN REAR SEATS-NO CHILD TWELVE (12) YEARS AND BELOW OF AGE SHALL BE
ALLOWED TO SIT IN A FRONT SEAT OF A MOTOR VEHICLE WITH A RUNNING ENGINE

REPUBLIC ACT NO. 10666 “CHILDREN’S SAFETY ON MOTORCYCLES ACT OF 2015“ - AN ACT PROVIDING
FOR THE SAFETY OF CHILDREN ABOARDMOTORCYLES

SECTION 4. PROHIBITION. – IT SHALL BE UNLAWFUL FOR ANY PERSON

TO DRIVE A TWO (2)-WHEELED MOTORCYCLE WITH A CHILD ON BOARD
ON PUBLIC ROADS WHERE THERE IS HEAVY VOLUME OF VEHICLES,
THERE IS A HIGH DENSITY OF FAST MOVING VEHICLES OR WHERE A
SPEED LIMIT OF MORE THAN 60/KPH IS IMPOSED, UNLESS:

(A) THE CHILD PASSENGER CAN COMFORTABLY REACH HIS/HER FEET ON THE STANDARD FOOT PEG OF
THE MOTORCYCLE;

(B) THE CHILD’S ARMS CAN REACH AROUND AND GRASP THE WAIST OF THE MOTORCYCLE RIDER; AND
(C) THE CHILD IS WEARING A STANDARD PROTECTIVE HELMET REFERRED TO UNDER REPUBLIC ACT NO.
10054, OTHERWISE KNOWN THE "MOTORCYCLE HELMET ACT OF 2009."

LOUIS MAPALAD REVIWER FINALS

REPUBLIC ACT NO. 10883 – “NEW ANTICARNAPPING ACT OF 2016”

UNLAWFUL TAKING, WITH INTENT TO GAIN, THROUGH FORCE,
VIOLENCE OR INTIMIDATION, A MOTOR VEHICLE BELONGING TO
ANOTHER PERSON WITHOUT THE LATTER’S CONSENT

THE ELEMENTS OF CARNAPPING ARE:

▪UNLAWFUL TAKING
▪INTENT TO GAIN
▪MOTOR VEHICLE BELONGING TO ANOTHER
▪LACK OF OWNER’S CONSENT
▪USE OF VIOLENCE AGAINST OR INTIMIDATION OF PERSONS, OR FORCE
UPON THINGS

LOUIS MAPALAD REVIWER FINALS