Engineering Perspective 2 (2): 21-27, 2022

e-ISSN:2757-9077

[Link] Research Paper

Performance Optimization of Compression Ignition Engines: A Review

O. A. Towoju1

1
Mechanical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Lead City University, Ibadan, Nigeria

ABSTRACT
A catalyzing factor for the continuous search to optimize the compression ignition engines is the impact it has on
the environment. The compression ignition engines find applications in the transportation sector, agriculture, energy,
and construction sectors, and the optimization of its performance will thus not be an effort in futility. Many studies
have focused on the optimization of the performance of compression ignition engines. The ones of interest reviewed
herein can be broadly categorized as combustion chamber geometry studies, fuel studies, and advanced combustion
modes studies. The combustion chamber geometry poses an impact on the in-cylinder fluid motion. This influences
the combustion process which in-turn affects the engine performance and emission characteristics. The fuel type is
also an influencer of the engine performance and emission characteristics drawing its impact from its properties. The
combustion mode also poses an impact on the combustion process and can influence the engine performance and its
emission characteristics. While it is difficult to pinpoint a particular intervention means that can completely resolve
the challenges created by the use of ignition compression engines, the combustion chamber geometry optimization
tends to bring along emission reduction and efficiency boost. A combination of the different methods will however,
make a huge impact.

Keywords: Advanced Combustion Mode; Combustion Chamber Geometry; Emission; Fuel

1. Introduction fuel efficiency and reduced emissions. This study is, thus, designed
Internal combustion engines have proved their worth. The trans- to review some of the intervention methods in the optimization of
portation sector enjoys its development by the invention of these en- the performance of the internal combustion engine.
gines that eased movement [1,2]. The transportation sector was not Section 2 discusses the impact that the combustion chamber ge-
the only sector that was positively impacted by the internal combus- ometry interventions have on the performance and emission charac-
tion engines. The energy, agriculture, and construction industry also, teristics of the Engine. Section 3 discusses the different fuels inter-
benefited immensely from the invention [3-4]. It is, therefore, not an vention impact, and section 4 discusses the impact of advanced com-
understatement to say that the internal combustion engines were in bustion modes interventions on the performance and emission char-
part responsible for globalization. However, the glaring adverse im- acteristics of the Engine. The conclusion is presented in section 5.
pact of the engines’ emissions on the environment when powered
2. Combustion Chamber Geometry
with fossil fuel derivatives has continually put them in the spotlight.
The emissions from these engines are fingered to be critical contrib- One of the highly researched means of optimizing the perfor-
utors to global warming responsible for Climate change [2-7]. Con- mance of internal combustion engines is through the modification
sidering the importance of internal combustion engines to humans of the combustion chamber geometry [4,9,11-12]. The combus-
and the adverse impact it has on the environment, many studies focus tion process in the engine is determined by the in-cylinder fluid
on their optimization. The methods of optimizing the performance motion which is governed by the combustion chamber geometry
of the internal combustion engines is based on the following areas; [14-16]. Studies on the combustion chamber geometry were un-
combustion chamber geometry, fuels, injection mode, and advanced dertaken to optimized the engine performance because of its effect
combustion modes [4, 8-13]. These interventions contribute to better
21
O. A. Towoju. Engineering Perspective 2 (2): 21-27, 2022
on the combustion process which weighs a great impact on phys- Grooved piston crown The performance and emission charact
ical properties like temperature and pressure. The pressure deter- eristics of the engine was enhanced w
mines the output power and the temperature influences the com- ith the use of tangential grooved pisto
bustion products. The pivotal parameters in the formation of emis- n crown [17,22].
sion products in the internal combustion engines are impacted by Multi-Chambered The use of multi-chambered piston cro
its combustion chamber geometry and engine speed [14]. The piston crown wn led to improvement in performanc
proper mixing of the fuel and air is determined by the swirl motion e and emission characteristics of the e
[17]. While most studies have been conducted using cylindrical ngine over standard piston crown [23].
shaped pistons, a few have focused on non-cylindrical shaped pis- Truncated cone piston At optimized cone base angles, the pe
tons like the truncated cone [4,9,11]. Some of the performance crown rformance and emission characteristics
optimization interventions carried out on the internal combustion were enhanced with the use of truncat
engine combustion chamber geometry are spelt out in Table 1. ed cone piston crown in comparison t
Some of the geometries are shown in Fig. 1. o standard piston crown [4,9,11].

Table 1. Impact of Combustion Chamber Geometry on Engine Performance

Intervention Outcome
Toroidal shaped piston The performance characteristics of inte
bowl rnal combustion engines is improved
with the use of toroidal shaped piston
bowl in comparison to standard piston
bowl. The emission from the engines
were also found to be reduced in com
parison to a standard piston crown ex
cept for NOx emissions [8,14,16,18-2
0].
Re-entrant piston bowl The performance characteristics of the
engines records a decline as it was al
so for the emission performance excep
t for the oxides of Nitrogen [14]. Imp
roved performance and increased NOx
emission however, been earlier reporte
d in literature with the use of the re-e
ntrant piston bowl in comparison with
cylindrical piston bowl [21].
Hemispherical piston The engine recorded reduced performa
bowl nce and emission characteristics in co
mparison to the cylindrical piston bow
l except for NOx emissions where it p
erformed better [8,16]. The performanc
e and emission characteristics of engin (e) Trapezoidal (f) Truncated cone
es using the hemispherical piston bowl
fared lesser to that using the toroidal
piston bowl except for NOx emission Figure 1. Selected piston bowl geometry
s [8,14,16,18-20].
3. Fuels
Trapezoidal piston The engine recorded reduced performa
Of prominence in the study of engines performance and emis-
bowl nce and emission characteristics in co
sion optimization is the consideration of fuels. The properties of
mparison to the cylindrical piston bow
the fuels utilized for combustion in engines is a determinant of the
l except for NOx emissions where it p
engine performance. Properties like density, viscosity, heat con-
erformed better [8,16]. The trapezoidal
tent, and Oxygen content pose a great impact on the performance
piston bowl fitted engines recorded the
and emission characteristics of an engine [3,23-26]. The viscosity
least performance characteristics of th
of the fuel affects its delivery and power output, the brake specific
e many studied combustion chamber s
fuel consumption is dependent on its heat content, and the brake
hapes [8, 14,16].
thermal efficiency shows a correlation with the fuel’s Oxygen
Shallow depth piston The performance and emission charact
content [3, 23-26]. The Oxygen content of a fuel also weighs an
bowl eristics of the engine is improved with
impact on the emission of particulate matters (PM), Carbon II Ox-
the use of the shallow depth piston
ide (CO), and Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx) [23]. The impacts of the
bowl except for NOx emissions [8]
22
O. A. Towoju. Engineering Perspective 2 (2): 21-27, 2022
fuel properties on engine performance is huge and hence the rea- thermal efficiency and brake specific f
son for conducting studies on it. Many of the interventions on en- uel consumption can exceed that of p
gines with the use of fuels are being done with alternative fuels etroleum diesel fuel [50].
(biofuels). Synthetic fuels technology is still in the development Palm Oil biodiesel Palm oil biodiesel blends with petrole
phase [2], however, Di-Methyl Ether (DME) a type of synthetic um diesel results in improved engine
fuel has been available for long. Some of the fuels which have emission characteristics [51-54]
been utilized in optimizing performance of engines are spelt out Soybean biodiesel Increasing the ratio of Soybean biodie
in Table 2. sel in its blend with petroleum diesel
results in increased NOx emission, but
Table 2. Alternative Fuel Impact on Engine Performance in the reduction of other emission pro
ducts [26,56-57]. The brake thermal ef
Intervention Outcome
ficiency and specific fuel consumption
Di-Methyl Ether Improved engine performance and emi
of an engine can also be improved ov
(DME) ssion characteristics is witnessed with
er that of petroleum diesel with the u
the use of DME [27,28]
se of soybean biodiesel blend B20 an
Canola biodiesel The use of Canola biodiesel as a blen
d B30 [56,58]
d with petroleum diesel at appropriate
ratio results in reduced emission of hy
The study has focused more attention on the use of biodiesels as an
drocarbons (HC) smoke, and CO [25,2
alternative fuel because it is the commonly used alternative fuel in
9-30]. Studies have also proven increa
compression ignition engines. However, alcohols are also used to re-
sed brake thermal efficiency for blend
duce engine emissions [59-60].
ratios B40 and B50 [31], and when it
The use of metallic additives in biodiesels is also gathering momen-
is emulsified [32]..
tum among scholars due to the positive results obtained from earlier
Jatropha biodiesel A B30 blend of Jatropha biodiesel wit
studies. These metallic additives have been reported to increase the
h petroleum diesel gives improved eng
engines performance and reduce emissions based on the stability of
ine thermal efficiency at compression
blends and heat transfer rate improvement [61-63].
ratio values of 17.5:1 and above [33].
4. Advanced Combustion Modes
The use of appropriate blends of Jatro
The continuous search for an economical and environmental
pha biodiesel with petroleum diesel re
friendly engine brought about the advanced compression ignition
sults in increased engine thermal effici
engines. These engines evolved along two fronts; the Homogene-
ency and reduced NOx but with attend
ous Charged Compression Ignition (HCCI) and the Low Temper-
ant increased CO and HC emissions
ature Combustion (LTC). These combustion process types are tai-
[34-35]
lored such as to reduce the emission of toxic pollutants like NO x
Pongamia biodiesel In dual fuel mode with liquefied petro and particulates which are major mitigating factors against the use
leum gas, engine performance and was of compression ignition engines. The technology of the use of Ex-
improved with reduced emission exce haust Gas Recirculation (EGR) is also an accepted means of in-
pt for HCs [36]. Blends of Pongamia creasing the fuel efficiency and reduction of the emission of toxic
with petroleum diesel results in better wastes from internal combustion engines [64-65]. Some of the in-
emission characteristics except for NO terventions which have been undertaken based on advanced com-
x, although the engine performance par
bustion modes is as depicted in Table 3.
ameters like thermal efficiency and sp
ecific fuel consumption showed slight Table 3. Advanced Combustion Mode Impact on Engine Performance
reductions [37-40].
Waste Oil biodiesel The use of waste oil biodiesel in com Intervention Outcome
pression ignition engines results in im Homogenous Charge Low-load combustion efficiency and hi
proved emission characteristics with th Compression Ignition gh-load limit was improved with the a
e exception of NOx and CO2. [41-43]. doption of HCCI process type through
The brake thermal efficiency can be temperature stratification [66-67]. Red
improved with the use of waste oil bi uction in the amount of NOx and part
odiesel in small volumes [44]. iculate matters emission is also made
Karanja biodiesel For blend ratios of B20, the engine p possible with the adoption of the HC
erformance characteristics are compara CI process type [66,68-69]. The use o
ble to that fueled with petroleum dies f fuels other than the conventional pet
el, with an advantage of reduced emis roleum fuels is also made possible wit
sions of CO, HC, and smoke [45-49]. h the adoption of the HCCI engines a
In blends with Diethyl ether, the engi plus for the use of alternative fuels i
ne performance parameters like brake n the face of the dwindling fossil fuel

23
O. A. Towoju. Engineering Perspective 2 (2): 21-27, 2022
s [68]. The HCCI is however, still bei make a straight forward conclusion on the single best intervention
ng taken aback by the effect of rapid method, the combustion chamber geometry optimization brings
pressure rise and combustion timing [6 along improvement in emission reductions and engine power out-
5]. put. Combining the intervention methods will ensure better results.
Exhaust Gas The brake thermal efficiency can be i
Recirculation mproved and the NOx emission levels Acknowledgment
can be reduced with the use of appro Lead City University is appreciated for providing the enabling envi-
priate volumes of EGR [64,70-71]. Sli ronment to carry out this work.
ght increment in the emission of HC
and CO is however, to be expected w
ith the use of EGR [70-71]. Conflict of Interest Statement
Reactivity Controlled Improved thermal efficiency and reduc The authors must declare that there is no conflict of interest in
Compression Ignition ed NOx and soot emissions levels are the study.
obtained with the use of this intervent
ion [72-74]. It is however, plagued wi CRediT Author Statement
th increased UHC [73], and its increas
Olumide Towoju: Conceptualization, Writing-original draft,
ing susceptibility to knocking [74].
Validation, Formal analysis
Premixed Charged This intervention process is reported t
Compression Ignition o have led to an improvement in engi In order to see proper CRediT categories and fill this section
ne performance and reduction in the e correctly, please read the instructions in author guidelines!
missions of NOx and particulates [75-7
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