ADAMSON UNIVERSITY
College of Science
Mathematics and Physics Department
Experiment No 1
Uncertainty of Measurements
Criteria for Grading:
Total
Data Results and Computation (25%) Grade:
Analysis (25%)
Conclusion (25%)
Guide Questions (25%)
3 Friday (1400 – 1700) 02/07/2023
Group SCHEDULE Date
No.
C.N. NAME COURSE SIGNATURE
1 De Lemos, John Gabriel BSME
2 Diasanta, Christ Andrei BSME
3 Estolano, Raffy BSME
4 Feraro, Mark Daven BSCHE
Dr. Sunshine Cassandra C.
Merciales
Instructor
DATA AND RESULTS:
SMALL METAL BALL
Vernier
Trial Ruler Caliper
d (cm) d (cm)
1 1.6 1.614
2 1.7 1.612
3 1.7 1.728
4 1.7 1.732
5 1.8 1.716
x̅ 1.7 1.6804
a.d. 0.04 0.05392
Σ 0.017888544 0.024113757
Measured + 1.717888544 1.704513757
Value - 1.682111456 1.656286243
Volume, V (cm³) 2.572440785 2.484486498
Mass, m (g) 17.6 17.6
Density expt'l, ρ ([Link]³) 6.841751268 7.083958804
Density std, ρ ([Link]³) 7.84 7.84
% Error 12.73 9.64
Computation for Ruler
For the mean data trial for the Ruler:
( 1.6 cm+ 1.7 cm+ 1.7 cm+ 1.7 cm+1.8 cm)
mean= =1.7 cm
5
For the deviation of each trial in Ruler:
For Trial 1:
d=¿ mean−x∨¿
d=|1.7 cm−1.6 cm|=0.1 cm
For Trial 2:
d=¿ mean−x∨¿
d=|1.7 cm−1.7 cm|=0
For Trial 3:
d=¿ mean−x∨¿
d=|1.7 cm−1.7 cm|=0
For Trial 4:
d=¿ mean−x∨¿
d=|1.7 cm−1.7 cm|=0
For Trial 5:
d=¿ mean−x∨¿
d=|1.7 cm−1.8 cm|=0.1 cm
For the total deviation for the Ruler:
a . d=
∑d
n
(0.1 cm+ 0+0+0+ 0.1 cm)
a . d= =0.04 cm
5
For standard deviation for the Ruler:
a.d
δ=
√n
0.04 cm
δ= =0.017888544 cm
√5
For BEV (best estimated value) for the Ruler:
BEV =mean± δ
BEV =1.7 cm+0.017888544 cm=1.717888544 cm
BEV =1.7 cm−0.017888544 cm=1.682111456 cm
For the volume of small ball (cm3):
4 3
V= π r
3
3
4 1.7 3
V= π( ) =2.572440785 c m
3 2
Mass using digital balance: 17.6 grams
For the density of the small ball (g/cm3):
m
ρ=
V
17.6 g 3
ρ= 3
=6.841751268 g /c m
2.572440785 c m
For the percentage error for Ruler:
%error=¿ standard value−experimetal value∨ ¿ ∗100 ¿
standard value
%error=¿ 7.84 g/c m3 −6.841751268 g /c m3 ∨ ¿ ∗100=12.73 % ¿
3
7.84 g /c m
Computation for Vernier Caliper
For Trial 1:
S 0.1
LC= = =0.002 cm=0.02 mm
N 50
MSR=1.6 cm ( 101 mmcm )=16 mm
VSR=LC∗CM =0.02mm∗7 mm=0.14 mm
FR=MSR +VSR=16 mm+0.14 mm=16.14 mm ( 101 mmcm )=1.614 cm
For Trial 2:
S 0.1
LC= = =0.002 cm=0.02 mm
N 50
MSR=1.7 cm ( 101 mmcm )=17 mm
VSR=LC∗CM =0.02mm∗6 mm=0.14 mm
FR=MSR +VSR=16 mm+0.12 mm=16.12 mm ( 101 mmcm )=1.612 cm
For Trial 3:
S 0.1
LC= = =0.002 cm=0.02 mm
N 50
MSR=1.7 cm ( 1 mm)
10 cm
=17 mm
VSR=LC∗CM =0.02mm∗14 mm=0.28 mm
FR=MSR +VSR=17 mm+0.28 mm=17.28 mm ( 101mmcm )=1.728 cm
For Trial 4:
S 0.1
LC= = =0.002 cm=0.02 mm
N 50
MSR=1.7 cm ( 101 mmcm )=17 mm
VSR=LC∗CM =0.02mm∗16 mm=0.32 mm
FR=MSR +VSR=17 mm+0.32 mm=17.32 mm ( 101 mmcm )=1.732 cm
For Trial 5:
S 0.1
LC= = =0.002 cm=0.02 mm
N 50
MSR=1.7 cm ( 101 mmcm )=17 mm
VSR=LC∗CM =0.02mm∗8 mm=0.16 mm
FR=MSR +VSR=17 mm+0.16 mm=17.16 mm ( 101 mmcm )=1.716 cm
For the mean data trial for the Vernier Caliper:
( 1.614 cm+1.612 cm+1.728 cm+1.732 cm+1.716 cm)
mean= =1.6804 cm
5
For the deviation of each trial in Vernier Caliper:
For Trial 1:
d=¿ mean−x∨¿
d=|1.6804 cm−1.614 cm|=0.0664 cm
For Trial 2:
d=¿ mean−x∨¿
d=|1.6804 cm−1.612 cm|=0.0684 cm
For Trial 3:
d=¿ mean−x∨¿
d=|1.6804 cm−1.728 cm|=0.0476 cm
For Trial 4:
d=¿ mean−x∨¿
d=|1.6804 cm−1.732 cm|=0.0516 cm
For Trial 5:
d=¿ mean−x∨¿
d=|1.6804 cm−1.716 cm|=0.0356 cm
For the total deviation for the Vernier Caliper:
a . d=
∑d
n
(0.0664 cm+0.0684 cm+ 0.0476 cm+0.0516 cm+0.0356 cm)
a . d= =0.05392 cm
5
For standard deviation for the Vernier Caliper:
a.d
δ=
√n
0.05392 cm
δ= =0.024113757cm
√5
For BEV (best estimated value) for the Vernier Caliper:
BEV =mean± δ
BEV =1.6804 cm+0.024113757 cm=1.704513757 cm
BEV =1.6804 cm−0.024113757 cm=1.656286243 cm
For the volume of small ball (cm3):
4 3
V= π r
3
3
4 1.6804 3
V= π( ) =2.484486498 c m
3 2
Mass using digital balance: 17.6 grams
For the density of the small ball (g/cm3):
m
ρ=
V
17.6 g 3
ρ= 3
=7.083958804 g /c m
2.484486498 c m
For the percentage error for Vernier Caliper:
%error=¿ standard value−experimetal value∨ ¿ ∗100 ¿
standard value
%error=¿ 7.84 g/c m3 −7.083958804 g/c m3∨ ¿ ∗100=9.64 % ¿
3
7.84 g /c m
BIG METAL BALL
Vernier
Trial Ruler Caliper
d (cm) d (cm)
1 2.4 2.332
2 2.4 2.43
3 2.5 2.4
4 2.5 2.54
5 2.6 2.536
x̅ 2.48 2.4476
a.d. 0.064 0.07232
Σ 0.02862167 0.032342487
Measured + 2.50862167 2.479942487
Value - 2.45137833 2.415257513
Volume, V (cm³) 7.986447935 7.677502312
Mass, m (g) 55.2 55.2
Density expt'l, ρ ([Link]³) 6.91170849 7.189838278
Density std, ρ ([Link]³) 7.84 7.84
% Error 11.84 8.29
Computation for Ruler
For the mean data trial for the Ruler:
( 2.4 cm+2.4 cm+2.5 cm+2.5 cm+2.6 cm)
mean= =2.48 cm
5
For the deviation of each trial in Ruler:
For Trial 1:
d=¿ mean−x∨¿
d=|2.48 cm−2.4 cm|=0.08 cm
For Trial 2:
d=¿ mean−x∨¿
d=|2.48 cm−2.4 cm|=0.08 cm
For Trial 3:
d=¿ mean−x∨¿
d=|2.48 cm−2.5 cm|=0.02 cm
For Trial 4:
d=¿ mean−x∨¿
d=|2.48 cm−2.5 cm|=0.02 cm
For Trial 5:
d=¿ mean−x∨¿
d=|2.48 cm−2.6 cm|=0.12 cm
For the total deviation for the Ruler:
a . d=
∑d
n
(0.08 cm+0.08 cm+0.02 cm+ 0.02 cm+ 0.12 cm)
a . d= =0.064 cm
5
For standard deviation for the Ruler:
a.d
δ=
√n
0.064 cm
δ= =0.02862167 cm
√5
For BEV (best estimated value) for the Ruler:
BEV =mean± δ
BEV =2.48 cm+ 0.02862167 cm=2.50862167 cm
BEV =2.48 cm−0.02862167 cm=2.45137833 cm
For the volume of big ball (cm3):
4 3
V= π r
3
3
4 2.48 3
V= π( ) =7.986447935 c m
3 2
Mass using digital balance: 17.6 grams
For the density of the big ball (g/cm3):
m
ρ=
V
55.2 g 3
ρ= 3
=6.91170849g /c m
7.986447935 c m
For the percentage error for Ruler:
%error=¿ standard value−experimetal value∨ ¿ ∗100 ¿
standard value
%error=¿ 7.84 g/c m3 −6.91170849 g/c m3∨ ¿ ∗100=11.84 % ¿
3
7.84 g /c m
Computation for Vernier Caliper
For Trial 1:
S 0.1
LC= = =0.002 cm=0.02 mm
N 50
MSR=2.3 cm ( 101 mmcm )=23 mm
VSR=LC∗CM =0.02mm∗16 mm=0.32 mm
FR=MSR +VSR=23 mm +0.32 mm=16.14 mm ( 101 mmcm )=2.332 cm
For Trial 2:
S 0.1
LC= = =0.002 cm=0.02 mm
N 50
MSR=2.4 cm ( 101 mmcm )=24 mm
VSR=LC∗CM =0.02mm∗15 mm=0.3 mm
FR=MSR +VSR=24 mm+0.3 mm=24.3 mm ( 101 mmcm )=2.43 cm
For Trial 3:
S 0.1
LC= = =0.002 cm=0.02 mm
N 50
MSR=2.4 cm ( 101 mmcm )=24 mm
VSR=LC∗CM =0.02mm∗0=0
FR=MSR +VSR=24 mm+0=2.4 mm ( 101 mmcm )=2.4 cm
For Trial 4:
S 0.1
LC= = =0.002 cm=0.02 mm
N 50
MSR=2.5 cm ( 101 mmcm )=25 mm
VSR=LC∗CM =0.02mm∗40 mm=0.4 mm
FR=MSR +VSR=25 mm +0.4 mm=25.4 mm ( 101 mmcm )=2.54 cm
For Trial 5:
S 0.1
LC= = =0.002 cm=0.02 mm
N 50
MSR=2.5 cm ( 101 mmcm )=25 mm
VSR=LC∗CM =0.02mm∗18 mm=0.36 mm
FR=MSR +VSR=25 mm +0.36 mm=25.36 mm ( 101 mmcm )=2.536 cm
For the mean data trial for the Vernier Caliper:
( 2.332 cm+2.43 cm+2.4 cm+ 2.54 cm+2.536 cm)
mean= =2.4476 cm
5
For the deviation of each trial in Vernier Caliper:
For Trial 1:
d=¿ mean−x∨¿
d=|2.4476 cm−2.332 cm|=0.1156 cm
For Trial 2:
d=¿ mean−x∨¿
d=|2.4476 cm−2.43 cm|=0.0176 cm
For Trial 3:
d=¿ mean−x∨¿
d=|2.4476 cm−2.4 cm|=0.0476 cm
For Trial 4:
d=¿ mean−x∨¿
d=|2.4476 cm−2.54 cm|=0.0924 cm
For Trial 5:
d=¿ mean−x∨¿
d=|2.4476 cm−2.536 cm|=0.0844 cm
For the total deviation for the Vernier Caliper:
a . d=
∑d
n
(0.1156 cm+0.0176 cm+ 0.0476 cm+0.0924 cm+0.0844 cm)
a . d= =0.07232 cm
5
For standard deviation for the Vernier Caliper:
a.d
δ=
√n
0.07232 cm
δ= =0.032342487 cm
√5
For BEV (best estimated value) for the Vernier Caliper:
BEV =mean± δ
BEV =2.4476 cm+0.032342487 cm=2.479942487 cm
BEV =2.4476 cm−0.032342487 cm=2.415257513 cm
For the volume of big ball (cm3):
4 3
V= π r
3
3
4 2.4476 3
V= π( ) =7.677502312 c m
3 2
Mass using digital balance: 55.2 grams
For the density of the big ball (g/cm3):
m
ρ=
V
55.2 g 3
ρ= 3
=7.189838278 g/c m
7.677502312 c m
For the percentage error for Vernier Caliper:
%error=¿ standard value−experimetal value∨ ¿ ∗100 ¿
standard value
%error=¿ 7.84 g/c m3 −7.189838278 g /c m3∨ ¿ ∗100=8.29 % ¿
3
7.84 g /c m
ANALYSIS
we started the experiment using the assigned tools, ruler and vernier
caliper. when we are using the ruler to measure the metal sphere the
error chance is high, It's so hard to get the measurement because we cant
see where the edge of the ball pointed.
CONCLUSION
1. Least count instrument has a direct relationship in accuracy. For example, in using ruler if the
measure is 10 + 0.25mm, a ruler is not right measurement tool because ruler is not accurate
2. Three possible sources of error that one might make in measuring the length of a sphere with
a Vernier caliper:
1. Instrumental error - Instrumental mistake occurs when a defective or inaccurate measuring
instrument is used, resulting in erroneous results in scientific experiments, surveys, or other data
gathering procedures. This sort of inaccuracy can be produced by a variety of circumstances,
including faulty calibration, instrument failure, or human error. To reduce instrumental error,
instruments should be checked and calibrated on a regular basis, high-quality equipment should
be used, and suitable data collection processes should be followed.
2. Personal error - Individual mistakes occurred during the measuring or observation process are
referred to as personal error, also known as human error or observer error. This sort of
inaccuracy can occur due to a number of factors, including erroneous scale reading,
misconception of an amount, or data misinterpretation. Personal error may be decreased by good
training, the use of established processes, and having numerous people conduct the same
measurement to ensure consistency. It is crucial to remember, however, that some degree of
human inaccuracy is frequently unavoidable in certain circumstances.
3. External error - External error refers to things that occur outside of the measurement or
observation procedure that can affect the accuracy of the results. This sort of inaccuracy can be
caused by a variety of factors, including ambient variables (e.g., temperature, humidity, wind),
interference from external sources (e.g., electromagnetic fields), or flaws in the calibration
standards. Controlling or monitoring ambient conditions, utilizing suitable shielding to prevent
external influence, and routinely testing the correctness of standards can all help to decrease
external error. However, it is sometimes difficult to totally eliminate external error, which must
be considered when interpreting results.
3. The only target to measure true value is accuracy. And precision has low accuracy. The net
value obtained is far less than the actual value.
4.
5. __Personal Error A.
External Error B.
External Error C.
Instrumental Error D.
External Error E.
