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UNIT-I / PART-A
1. Give the industrial importance of Gas-Solid non-catalytic
reactions. (April /May 2023)
2. Give two examples of a fluid-solid reaction in which the
particles do not change their
size on reaction.
3. Name the models used in gas-solid non-catalytic
reactions. (May 2021), (May 2022/
May23)
4. Briefly explain the Progressive Conversion Model for the
gas-solid non-catalytic
reactions.
5. In the ‘Shrinking Core Model’ for gas-solid non-catalytic
reactions, explain the term
‘Shrinking Core’.
6. Explain the mechanism of Shrinking Core Model.
7. What are the limitations of Shrinking Core Model?
8. What are the advantages of FBR?
9. Bring out the differences between ‘Progressive
Conversion Model’ and ‘Shrinking
Core Model’ used in gas-solid non-catalytic reactions.
10. Explain the characteristics of Fluidized bed reactor.
11. What are the three rate controlling steps assumed in
the Shrinking Core Model for gassolid non- catalytic
reactions?
12. State all the assumptions made in the Shrinking Core
Model used for gas-solid noncatalytic reactions.
13. Explain the resistances that would encountered during
the burning of coal.
13. Explain how the rate determining step is calculated in
gas-solid non-catalytic reactions.
Find the rate controlling mechanism, form the following
data
dP,
cm
XB t, hr
1 0.3 2
1 0.75 5
15. A gas-solid non-catalytic reaction taking place in a

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 constant environment. It was found
that the time for complete conversion of 2mm particle is
four times the time forcomplete
conversion of 1mm particle. What resistance is rate
controlling?
16. State how to reduce the gas film resistance for non-
catalytic chemical reaction.
17. In a gas-solid non-catalytic reaction, a 4mm solid is
7/8th converted. What is the
diameter of the shrinking core?
18. Give the names of non catalytic heterogeneous reaction
takes place in a reactor.
19. Give some examples of mostly carried out inorganic
gas-solid reaction in industry?
20. What are the two models normally assumed in a non
catalytic fluid solid reaction?

Here are concise answers to the listed questions:

1. Industrial Importance of Gas-Solid Non-Catalytic Reactions:

Used in industries for processes like calcination (cement manufacturing), roasting (metal
extraction), and combustion (energy generation).

2. Examples of Fluid-Solid Reactions Without Particle Size Change:

Carbon gasification: C + CO2 → 2CO

​

Sulfur removal: F e2 O3
​ ​ + 3H2 S → 2F eS + 3H2 O
​ ​

3. Models Used in Gas-Solid Non-Catalytic Reactions:

Shrinking Core Model (SCM)

Progressive Conversion Model (PCM)

4. Progressive Conversion Model:

Assumes that the reaction occurs uniformly throughout the solid particle, with
simultaneous reaction across the entire particle.

5. Shrinking Core in Shrinking Core Model:

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 The unreacted core of the solid shrinks as the reaction progresses, surrounded by layers
of reacted material or ash.

6. Mechanism of Shrinking Core Model:

Steps:

1. Diffusion of gas through the external film.

2. Diffusion through the ash layer.

3. Chemical reaction at the core surface.

7. Limitations of Shrinking Core Model:

Assumes idealized conditions like uniform particle size and shape.

Neglects structural changes in particles during reaction.

8. Advantages of Fluidized Bed Reactors (FBR):

High heat and mass transfer rates.

Uniform temperature distribution.

Handles large-scale reactions efficiently.

9. Differences Between PCM and SCM:

PCM: Reaction occurs uniformly throughout the particle.

SCM: Reaction front moves inward as a shrinking core.

10. Characteristics of Fluidized Bed Reactor:

Particles suspended in gas flow.

Enhanced mixing and uniform temperature.

High reaction rates due to efficient heat/mass transfer.

11. Rate-Controlling Steps in SCM:

1. Film diffusion resistance.

2. Ash layer diffusion resistance.

3. Surface chemical reaction resistance.

12. Assumptions in SCM:

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 Uniform particle size.

Constant density of solid.

Sharp reaction interface between reacted and unreacted zones.

13. Resistances During Coal Burning:

Gas film diffusion resistance.

Ash layer diffusion resistance.

Surface reaction resistance.

14. Rate Determining Step Calculation:

Use provided data to identify the controlling resistance using SCM equations and particle
behavior.

15. Resistance in Particle Conversion:

If t2 /t1
​ ​ = (d2 /d1 )2 , ash layer diffusion controls the reaction.
​ ​

16. Reducing Gas Film Resistance:

Increase gas velocity.

Use smaller particles to enhance surface area.

17. Shrinking Core Diameter:

If 7/8th converted, core diameter = d(1 − XB )1/3 . ​

18. Non-Catalytic Heterogeneous Reactions in Reactors:

Combustion of coal.

Roasting of sulfide ores.

19. Examples of Inorganic Gas-Solid Reactions:

Lime calcination: CaCO3 ​ → CaO + CO2 ​

Iron ore reduction: F e2 O3 ​ ​ + 3CO → 2F e + 3CO2 ​

20. Models in Non-Catalytic Fluid-Solid Reactions:

Shrinking Core Model.

Progressive Conversion Model.

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Let me know if you need detailed explanations or calculations for any specific question!

1. How do you define the term Catalysis?

2.  List the general characteristics of catalysis.
(April/May2023)
3. What is homogeneous catalysis? Give one example.
4. Does a catalyst alter equilibrium conversion of a chemical
reaction? Explain.
5. Explain two characteristics of physical adsorption.
6. What do you mean by adsorption isotherm?
7. Write about Freundlich adsorption isotherm.
8.
State the assumptions of Langmuir adsorption isotherm.
(May 2022)
9.
Is the selectivity of multiple reactions affected by catalysts?
Explain.
10. Give the classification of catalyst (May 2021)
11. A non-porous catalyst particle is of size 2 microns and
density is 2 g/cm3. Calculate the
external surface area per gram of the particle. (May 2022)
12. Explain the principle of mercury-penetration method for
the determination of
pore-size distribution in a catalyst particle.
13. What is Catalyst promoter?
14. What is catalyst inhibition?
15.
State the types of catalyst poisoning (May 2021), (April/May
2023)
16. Difference between physical adsorption and chemical
adsorption. (May2023)
17. What is Negative catalyst?
18. Write the Langmuir Adsorption isotherm.
19. Name the components present in catalyst.
20. Classify catalytic agents.
21 Name the methods of preparing solid catalyst.
22. Name the three categories of Industrial catalysts.
23. What is co-precipitation method of preparation of
catalyst?

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 24. What are the carriers or support used and why they are
used with catalyst? (Dec 2018)
25. What is sol gel method of preparation of catalyst? (May
2022)

Here are concise answers to the questions:

1. Definition of Catalysis:

Catalysis is the process in which the rate of a chemical reaction is increased by the
presence of a substance (catalyst) that is not consumed in the reaction.

2. General Characteristics of Catalysis:

Increases reaction rate without being consumed.

Does not alter the equilibrium position.

Highly specific for particular reactions.

Effective in small quantities.

3. Homogeneous Catalysis:

Catalyst and reactants are in the same phase (e.g., liquid or gas).

Example: Esterification using sulfuric acid (CH3 COOH

​ + C2 H 5 O H →
​ ​

CH3 COOC2 H5 ).
​ ​ ​

4. Catalyst and Equilibrium Conversion:

A catalyst does not alter the equilibrium position; it only accelerates the rate of reaching
equilibrium.

5. Characteristics of Physical Adsorption:

Weak van der Waals forces.

Reversible and occurs at low temperatures.

6. Adsorption Isotherm:

A curve that describes how the amount of adsorbate on the surface of an adsorbent
varies with pressure or concentration at constant temperature.

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7. Freundlich Adsorption Isotherm:

Empirical relation: x/m = kP 1/n , where x/m is the amount adsorbed per unit mass, P
is pressure, and k, n are constants.

8. Assumptions of Langmuir Adsorption Isotherm:

Adsorption occurs on specific sites.

Monolayer adsorption.

All sites are equivalent.

No interaction between adsorbed molecules.

9. Catalyst and Selectivity of Multiple Reactions:

Yes, catalysts can alter the selectivity by favoring specific reaction pathways.

10. Classification of Catalysts:

Homogeneous catalysts.

Heterogeneous catalysts.

Biocatalysts (enzymes).

11. External Surface Area Calculation:

Surface area per gram = Surface area of one particle/Mass of one particle.
A = 6/(density × particle size) = 6/(2 × 2 × 10−4 ) = 15000 cm2 /g.

12. Mercury-Penetration Method:

Mercury is forced into pores under pressure. The pressure required indicates pore size
distribution.

13. Catalyst Promoter:

A substance that enhances the activity or selectivity of a catalyst without being active
itself.

14. Catalyst Inhibition:

A phenomenon where a substance decreases the activity of a catalyst.

15. Types of Catalyst Poisoning:

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 Reversible poisoning (e.g., CO on platinum).

Irreversible poisoning (e.g., sulfur on nickel).

16. Difference Between Physical and Chemical Adsorption:

Physical Adsorption: Weak van der Waals forces, reversible, low heat of adsorption.

Chemical Adsorption: Strong covalent bonds, irreversible, high heat of adsorption.

17. Negative Catalyst:

A substance that decreases the rate of a chemical reaction.

18. Langmuir Adsorption Isotherm:

KP
θ = 1+KP , where θ is the fraction of surface covered, K is the adsorption constant, and
​

P is the pressure.

19. Components of Catalyst:

Active component.

Promoter.

Support or carrier.

20. Classification of Catalytic Agents:

Acid-base catalysts.

Redox catalysts.

Enzymatic catalysts.

21. Methods of Preparing Solid Catalysts:

Precipitation.

Impregnation.

Co-precipitation.

Sol-gel method.

22. Categories of Industrial Catalysts:

Metal catalysts.

Oxide catalysts.

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 Enzymes.

23. Co-Precipitation Method:

Simultaneous precipitation of multiple components to form a homogeneous catalyst.

24. Carriers or Supports in Catalysts:

Materials like silica, alumina, or zeolites are used to increase surface area and stabilize
the active catalyst.

25. Sol-Gel Method:

A method to prepare catalysts by transitioning a sol (colloidal suspension) into a gel,

followed by drying and calcination.

Let me know if you need detailed explanations or calculations!

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