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 Introduction to
Computer Science
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ISBN: 978-1-63487-673-5 (pbk) / 978-1-63487-674-2 (br)

cognella~I ACADE MIC

PUBLIS HI NG
 Introduction to
Computer Science

FIRST EDITION

Perry Donham
Boston University

~.. cognella"I
"'~
ACAD EM IC
PUBLI SHING
For Colleen, en amour et amitie.
 CONTENTS

Preface .................................................................................. xi Botton1 Line .................................................................... 36

Figure Credits ................................................................ 36
Chapter 1 A Short History of
Computation ........................................................................1 Chapter 4 Data Conversion and
Early Calculatio,1. ...........................................................1 Compression .................................................................... 39
Calculators versus Con1puters.................................4 Audio: Some Definitions ......................................... 39
Jacquard and Punched Cards...................................4 Analog to Digital Conversion ............................... 40
Charles Babbage ..............................................................5 Digital to Analog Conversion ............................... 4 1
The 1930s and Electro1nechanical Relays .... ..6 Sa1npling Levels ............................................................ 4 1
The Second World War................................................7 Data Co1npression ....................................................... 43
The Space Race .................................................................9 Coinpressing bnages.................................................. 46
Oh, IC ................................................................................. 10 Botton1 Line .................................................................... 48
The Personal Con1puter ........................................... 11 Figure Credits ................................................................ 48
What's Next? ................................................................... 12
Botto1n Line .................................................................... 12
Chapter 5 Binary Logic and
Hardware............................................................................. 49
Figure Credits ................................................................ 13
Electricity and Switches ........................................... 49
Chapter 2 Numbers and Bases.....................15 Transistors........................................................................ 50
What a Number Is ....................................................... 15 Gates .................................................................................... 51
Symbols, Numbers, and Bases.............................. 16 Binary Logic.................................................................... 52
Binary Nun1bers ........................................................... 17 De Morgan's Law .......................................................... 54
Bits and Bytes ................................................................. 19 Expressing Logical Equations \Vith Gates...... 56
Converting Decimal Nun1bers to Binary....... 20 From Gates to Circuits.............................................. 57
Octal Nun1bers .............................................................. 21 Adding Binary Numbers ......................................... 58
Hexadeci1nal Numbers ............................................. 23 Botton1 Line .................................................................... 60
Botto1n Line .................................................................... 25
Chapter 6 Networking: An
Figure Credit.................................................................. 25
Introduction....................................................................... 6 1
Chapter 3 Data Representation ....................27 Protocols ........................................................................... 6 1
Wired Nehvorks............................................................ 62
Storing Characters....................................................... 27
Encoding Data............................................................... 63
Storing Colors................................................................ 31
Fiber-Optic Cable ........................................................ 65
viii I Introduction to Computer Science

Encoding with Audio Tones .......................................66 Chapter 10 Introduction to HTML................113

Connecting Devices ........................................................67 HTML and Structure................................................... 117
Addressing ............................................................................67 HTML Tags ....................................................................... 117
Local Area Networks ......................................................67 Sin1ple HTML Tags....................................................... 119
Fran1ing the Bits ................................................................70 Bottoni Line ...................................................................... 120
Connecting Devices Together ...................................72 Figure Credits .................................................................. 120
Bluetooth ...............................................................................74
Other Protocols..................................................................75 Chapter 11 Programming Languages. . 121
Leaving the LAN ...............................................................75 Living Switches ................................................................ 12 l
Botto1n Line .........................................................................75 The Language of Ones and Zeros......................... 123
Figure Credits .....................................................................76 BASIC ................................................................................... 123
The First Co1nputer Prograin ................................. 125
Chapter 7 Networking: The lnternet...........77 Two Approaches to Prograin,ning....................... 125
Three Ways to Connect .................................................77 Libraries............................................................................... 127
Packet S\vitching................................................................79 Hello, World ...................................................................... 127
Internet Addresses............................................................81 Co1n1non Laiiguage Features .................................. 128
Routers ....................................................................................82 Loops..................................................................................... 132
Internet Na,nes ...................................................................86 Input and Output (I/0) .............................................. 132
Botto1n Line .........................................................................88 Math ...................................................................................... 133
Figure Credits .....................................................................89 Bottoni Line ...................................................................... 133
Figure Credits .................................................................. 133
Chapter 8 Networking: Services
and the Cloud ........................................................................91 Chapter 12 An Introduction to
Botto1n Line ...................................................................... 101 JavaScript. ...........................................................................135
Figure Credits .................................................................. 101 Some History.................................................................... 136
Front End versus Back End JavaScript .............. 137
Chapter 9 FOSS and Web Servers............... 103
Running Progra1ns fro1n the Co1n1nand
Richard Stallman and the Open-Source Move- Line \Vith [Link] ........................................................... 137
nient ....................................................................................... 103 Variables .............................................................................. 139
The Open-Source Con1niunity .............................. 107
Co1n1nents.......................................................................... l 43
Open-Source and Security ....................................... 108
Printing Out Values...................................................... 144
The Apache Web Server ............................................. 108
Reading in Values .......................................................... 146
Server Operations .......................................................... 109
The Senlicolon Controversy .................................... 146
The Universal Resource Locator (URL).... ... 110
Math Operators............................................................... 146
What Is in the Returned File? ................................. 111
JavaScript Libraries ....................................................... 149
Botto1n Line ..................................................................... 112
Boolean Values and Conditional
Figure Credits .................................................................. 112 Statements .......................................................................... 150
A Brief History of HTML......................................... 113 Loops..................................................................................... 153
Strings ................................................................................... 157
 Contents I ix

Arrays ................................................................................... 161 Chapter 16 Making Money on the

.
F unctions ............................................................................ 163 lnternet ....................................................................................215
. ...................................................................... 166
Botto1n L111e Selling Bits.......................................................................... 216
Figure Credit.................................................................... 166 Selling Atoms ................................................................... 217
Selling Services ................................................................ 219
Chapter 13 JavaScript and HTML................ 167 Selling Space ..................................................................... 219
Event-Driven Programming.................................... 167 Selling Access ................................................................... 22 1
The Doctunent Object Model (DOM) .............. 172 Botton1 Line ...................................................................... 222
Input Boxes........................................................................ 177
Botto1n Line ...................................................................... 18 l Chapter 17 Operating Systems .. ..... 223
Figure Credit.................................................................... 182 What It Isn't ....................................................................... 224
Windo\v Managers ........................................................ 224
Chapter 14 JavaScript Objects. ....... 183 A Brief History of the Operating System ......... 224
Styles of Progran1n1ing ............................................... 183 What the Operating Syste1n Does........................ 227
Parts of an Object .......................................................... 184 Files and Directories .................................................... 232
Object Constructors..................................................... 189 Which Operating Systen1? ........................................ 233
Solving a Proble1n with Objects ............................ 191 Botton1 Line ...................................................................... 233
Botto1n Line ...................................................................... 199 Figure Credits .................................................................. 234

Chapter 15 Security and Privacy on the Chapter 18 Computer Components.............235

lnternet ....................................................................................201
General-Purpose Computers.................................. 235
On the Internet, Security Is Not Job One ........ 202
Three Things to Look For.......................................... 236
Attacks on Privacy and Freedon1 .......................... 207 Do-It-Yourself. ................................................................ 243
What Can You Do? ....................................................... 211
Botton1 Line ...................................................................... 244
Botto1n Line ...................................................................... 213
Figure Credits .................................................................. 245
Figure Credits .................................................................. 213
 PREFACE
elcome to Lectures in Computer Science, a series of discussions on a wide-ranging
series of topics in the field of computing. The book is a companion text to CSlOl:
An Introduction to Con1puter Science as taught at Boston University.
As an introductory course, we try to give students a taste of what it's like to work in th e
technology sector by covering just enough material in each topic to whet the appetite, but
not to over,vhehn. In particular th ere are quite a few sin1plifications and generalizations
n1ade that I'n1 sure would 1nake a CS professor's hair stand on end, but these are 1neant to
provide a general kno\vledge of a topic, not an in-depth understanding. Most of the students
who take CSlOl are not con1puter science n1ajors, but many find th at there's a strong tie-in
bet,veen tools and techniques covered in the course and their own field of interest. It isn't
unusual for non-CS majors to add a CS n1inor after taking CSlOl.
About one quarter of the course is dedicated to learning a little about the art of pro-
granuning. To keep the material interesting to a non-CS audience, I've focused on applying
JavaScript progra1nming to HTML pages, including 1nanipulating CSS. It's fun to see your
programs come to life on the web page, and many students come out of th e section eager
to learn n1ore on their o,vn.
I'm ahvays looking for \vays to improve the course and the text; if you have an idea, please
share it with me at perryd@[Link]. I hope that you enjoy th e course!

X1
 CHAPTER
A Short History
of Computation

he history of con1putation is really the story ofhun1an civilization and its developn1ent

T over thousands of years. We often think of co1nputing as a recent endeavor, but in

fact we as a species have been figuring th ings out with the aid of 111echa nical devices
since ,ve started walking a round on two feet. That's not to say that Homo erectus roamed
grasslands ,vith slide rules, but even pri1nitive 111an 1nade use of th e tools at hand- sto nes,
notched sticks, length s of knotted grass- to solve th e si1nple math em atical problem s of
everyday life.
Many of those proble1ns related to the rhythn1s of the natural world, and so we see early
atten1pts at tools to predict the seasons. The m egalithic structures of Great Britain, such
as Stonehenge, were constructed such th at the sun, 1110011, a nd prominent stars would line
up in predictable patterns m arking transitions from gro,ving season to harvest, from flood
time to planting ti1ne, from ne,v moon to full. Today we rely on sophisticated electronic
devices to 1nake these calculations, but prin1itive 111an did seem ingly just fi ne.
An interesting thread runs through this history, ,vhich is t hat con1putation hasn't changed
all that 1nuch. Basic mathe1natical truths laid down m illennia ago still hold, as do the
1neth ods for transforn1ing ntunbers based on then1; adding two nu 1nbers together is the
san1e now as it was in Ron1an ti1nes. What has changed is the speed a nd precision of our
calculations; th e con1puting devices th at we use in our daily lives are capable of executing
billions of calculations every second, a rate that, even just 50 years ago, ,vould have seemed
utterly in1possible. W hen ,ve think about the current state of computing, it see1ns that we
have fulfilled Clarke's Third La,v: "Any sufficiently advanced technology is indistinguish-
able fron1 n1agic."

Early Calculation
Prim itive hum ans did n't need a lot of complex calculations. One can i1nagine that 1nost
of their comn1unication around ntunbers ,vere focused on how m any of son1ething th ere
were: "How m any antelope a re over th at hill?" Holding up a few fingers or wavin g a n arn1

1
2 I Introduction to Computer Science
FIGURE 1-1 An ancient calculator
in the air probably sufficed to get the message across
(Figure 1-1). It isn't surprising, then, that early cal-
culations ,vere done on our fingers. In fact, even the
word digit, which we use to represent a number, is
the same word that we use for a finger.
Another word that you n1ight be familiar with that
relates to n1athen1atics is calculus. The English word
calculate co1nes from the Latin calculus, for pebble,
and is derived from methods of early calculations
done with systen1atic arrangements of stones. At first,
the stones were placed into piles, with stones being
moved around to perfonn si1nple 1nathematical
operations like addition and subtraction. In Baby-
lonian ti1nes calculating boards (Figure 1-2) were developed with shallow depressions to
hold stones in a defined pattern, and these allowed individuals to perfonn slightly more
con1plex calculations.
For thousands of years, this kind of sin1ple arithn1etic ,vas sufficient, and it ,vasn't until
the widespread developn1ent of trade and accounting that n1ore complex operations became
necessary. Four thousand to five thousand years ago, Chinese n1athe1naticians developed
the abacus (Figure 1-3), ,vhich was a representation of the earlier simple stone mechan isms

FIGURE 1-2 A counting board

 Chapter 1 A Short History of Computation I3
FIGURE 1-3 A modern abacus made
codified into a standard device. The abacus is still in use, and a skilled in Poland
user can perforn1 calculations as quickly as they can think them.
In some cases it \Vasn't a calculation per se that \Vas important, but
a prediction, or perhaps a marking of seasonal events. When we look
at neolithic installations such as Stonehenge, fron1 about 4,500 years
ago (Figure 1-4), what we see today is an enig1natic collection of stones
arranged in a very specific pattern. A lot of conjecture over the centuries
has tr ied to identify exactly what these installations were used for, but
recent research has sho\vn that at least part of t heir function was to
serve as a calendar of important events, such as solstices and equinoxes,
floods and eclipses, and the start and end of seasons.
A sophisticated and fascinating Greek device fro1n around 100 BC
\Vas discovered in the remains of an ancient ship\vreck in 1901 off of
the Greek island of Antikythera. The device, shown in Figure 1-5, was
heavily corroded and nearly in1penetrable for 100 years after its discov-
ery, but studies have shown that the device is a type of orrery, a con1plex
calculator that demonstrates the positions of the planets, t he stars,
the passage of time, and was possibly used as a teaching aid. It also tracked the dates of
Olyn1pic events, held every four years. A recent study showed that the back of the device
had the equivalent of an instruction manual, although it doesn't specify how to use the
device, but rather all of t he features that the device has, an example of so1ne very early
con1puter n1arketing n1aterial.

FIGURE 1-4 Stonehenge, a neolithic mega-calculator

4 I Introduction to Computer Science
FIGURE 1-5 A modern reproduction of the Antikythera Calculators versus Computers
device
Early devices ,vere intended for calculation, performing
n1athen1atical operations such as addition and sub-
traction. By modern definition these were not truly
computers; they didn't have a ,vay to store and execute
instructions or to store intern1ediate and final results.
We might consider the start of 1nodern computa-
tion to be the 17th century. In the early to 1nid-1600s,
mechanical devices started to appear that operated by
n1eans of a series of gears, cranks, and springs, designed
to do specific calculations. For exa1nple, in 1642 Blaise
Pascal built a 111echanical calculating 1nachine kno,vn
as the Pascaline (Figure 1-6), ,vhich ,vas designed to
add, subtract, n1ultiply, and divide. The Pascaline was
produced in 1nodest quantities and was the basis for
many other calculating n1achines in that tin1e period.
The calculator used a series of rotary dials, not all that
different from t he ones used in old-style telephone
handsets, and nun1bered discs behind s1nall ,vindows
that indicated input and output values. Although there
were earlier 1nachines, Pascal's innovation of a carry
mechanis1n that allowed nun1bers to be carried fro1n
one colun111 to another ,vas revolutionary.
The Pascaline was used for rather mundane purposes
FIGURE 1-6 A Pascaline built in 1652 for such a revolutionary instrument . The device ,vas
installed in Pascal's father's office to co1npute the tax
on sales and inventory. About 20 of these were n1ade,
and it was the first calculator to receive a royal patent.

Jacquard and Punched Cards

Another innovation that led to what ,ve know as
modern comput ing ,vas developed in the very early
1800s by Joseph Jacquard. The proble1n he was trying
to solve was that textile mills at the tilne could create
beautiful cloth ,vith elaborate patterns, but t hrough a
highly labor-intensive process. Workers had to man-
ually feed colored threads and yarns into a weaving n1achine follo,ving a written pattern,
and the 1nore complex patterns required that the machine be stopped frequently as new
threads or ne,v colors ,vere introduced into the pattern. Jacquard auton1ated this process
by creating a system that read patterns off of punched cards; multiple spools of thread
or yarn were set up on the loo1n and as a wheel turned, threads were lifted or retracted
depending on whether or not a hole was present on a punched card. The cards, each
 Chapter 1 A Short History of Computation I5
FIGURE 1-7 Punched cards in a Jacquard
represent ing a row of weaving, could be chained together. This loom
allowed extren1ely con1plex patterns to be produced ,vith very little
n1anual labor (Figure 1-7).
Although it wasn't a general-purpose solut ion, the not ion of
storing information on punched cards to be read later by a n1achine
led to early techniques in computing of storing programs on punch
cards. The loon1 could be "reprogran1med" simply by loading ne,v
cards into it . Charles Babbage was inspired by Jacquard's work to
use punched cards in the design of his analytical machine.

Charles Babbage
Around the sa1ne tin1e t hat Jacquard was perfecting his card
111echanism, 1nathematician Charles Babbage was working on the
designs for a series of \Vhat \Ve no,v ,vould call co1nputers. The first,
called the difference engine, ,vas designed to calculate polyno1nial
functions mechanically. The problen1 that Babbage was trying to
solve was that these kinds of calculations were done by human
computers, compiled into tables, and then bound into books, and
it wasn't unusual for these dense books of 1nathe1natical fonnulas FIGURE 1-8 A portion of Babbage's analyt-
and results to be riddled ,vith errors, and of course just the amount ical engine. built as a test (London Museum)
of labor required to produce then1 was vast.
The difference engine was entirely mechanical, and though it ,vas
backed by the British government, the 1netalworking and 1nachin-
ing techniques of the day were not sufficient to realize Babbage's
designs in n1etal. After several years of atten1pting to build a ,vork-
ing difference engine, the British government pulled out of the
project, and the device was never con1pleted.
The difference engine was built to solve a very specific prob-
lem, that of evaluating polyno1nials. A second device designed
by Babbage, called the analytical engine, was the precursor to our
n1odern computer (Figure 1-8). It included an arithmetic unit that
did calculations such as addition, subtraction, division, and 1nul-
tiplication, ten1porary storage in the fonn of a register that could
hold dozens of intennediate results, and, more in1portantly for the history of computing,
it was programmable in that instructions could be input to the device using punched
cards, sin1ilar to those being used by Jacquard in his auto1nated loo1n.
Unfortunately, funding and t he limitations of metalworking of the day doomed the
n1achine in the same way that the difference engine had been. Work was never con1pleted
on the analytical engine. Babbage died in 1871, perhaps not realizing the incredible legacy
that would lead to con1puters as we kno\v then1 today. It ,vasn't until 100 years later, in the
mid-l 940s, that his ideas and designs were realized in the first modern electrical con1puters.
6 I Introduction to Computer Science
FIGURE 1-9 Components of a relay: A coil of wire (1) acts as an electromagnet; when energized. it pulls down an
armature (2). opening an electrical contact (3)

""1

The 1930s and Electromechanical Relays

Prior to the 1900s, "co1nputers" \Vere entirely mechanical devices; although so111e were
po,vered by stea111 engines, they essentially relied on co1nplex interactions of gears, springs,
levers, and dials to do their work, often driven by a hand crank. In the ea rly 1900s, how-
ever, co1nputer architecture was revolutionized by a small electrical component called a
relay. You can see one in Figure 1-9. The relay is an electromagnetic device that opens and
closes a switch based on an input voltage. When voltage is applied to the relay, the switch
closes, and when voltage is released, the s,vitch opens.
You might wonder why this was such an important event in co1nputing history. A relay
that has two states, open or closed, is ideal to represent a binary number, which is either
a one or a zero. By co1nbining relays toget her into
FIGURE 1-10 A replica of the Zuse Z3 computer; banks of patterns, it now was possible to design electrical cir-
relays can be seen in each cabinet cuits that implemented binary logic. Such logic could
be applied to any arbitrary co1nputing problem. For
exa111ple, to add two nun1bers together required just
a handful of relays arranged in a specific pattern; you
can see this sort of arrangement in Chapter 5, where
we exa1nine a binary adding circuit.
During t he 1930s researchers began to build dig-
ital con1puters using relays, such as Zuse (Figure
1-10) in Germany, Io,va State, and Bell Labs, whose
team built the Mark 1 co1nputer based on designs by
Charles Babbage. The roo111-sized Mark 1 has fe,ver
capabilities than a five-dollar calculator of today: you
could store only 72 nu1nbers; it required a tenth of
a second to add t,vo nu1nbers together and over six
 Chapter 1 A Short History of Computation I7
FIGURE 1-11 Vacuum triode tubes from 1918 to 1960
seconds to multiply hvo numbers together. Still, con1-
pared to earlier atten1pts, these early mach ines ,vere
astoundingly fast.

The Second World War

It is a sad co1nmentary on our species that ou r best
innovation comes in finding better ways of killing
each other. Such it was with con1puting. In the early
1940s a device called a vacuum tube becan1e econom-
ically feasible to manufacture in large quantities. The
vacuu1n tube (Figure 1-11) had been invented at th e
tu rn of the century and ,vas essentially an electro -
n1echanical relay redesigned to use only electricity.
The relay's s,vitch ,vas replaced by two terminals, separated by a vacuun1, sitting inside a
sealed glass cylinder. Electrons would flow across the vacuu1n fro1n one tenninal to th e
other when electricity ,vas applied to a control grid placed between the t,vo. The tubes
operated very similarly to the mechanical relay, but because electrons were used instead
of n1echanical switches, they were vastly superior in tenns of speed.
As the hostilities that led up to World War II ramped up, governments around the ,vorld
searched for more efficient ,vays to perfonn th e calculations required for war. One n1ajor
application for th is kind of computing was the compilation of ballistic tables. Imagine
that you are a field co1nmander on the battlefield, and you want to shoot your cannon at
an ene1ny located on a d istant hill. You n1 ight 1nake an educated guess about the elevation
of your cannon; that is, how high up in the air you will aim, based on the distance to the
target and your relative elevation to it. That first shot is probably going to 1niss, and so a
spotter ,viii call out a correction: "T,vo degrees to the left ! And one degree up!" The second
shot is likely to n1iss, also. Eventually, though, you'll ho1ne in on the target and drop your
shells right on the ene1ny's location .
The problem is that only an exceptionally stupid ene1ny would just sit there while you
dial in the correct para1neters for your can non . By the tin1e you hon1e in on their location,
the enen1y has 1noved well away.
The difficulty is that there are 1nany factors in play that affect the flight of your projec-
tile. The temperature, wind direction and velocity, relative hu1nidity, and oth er factors
all co1nbine to make each engage1nent unique. To solve this problen1, war depart1nents
,vould e1nploy htunan calculators, prin1arily ,vomen, who would sit in rooms all day long
calculating all of the variables that need to be taken into account ,vhen firing artillery. The
result ,vould be thick books full of tables that a field co1nmander could consult, plugging
in the current conditions and reading off the correct settings to aim th eir can non.
Automating this sort of calculation was a huge boon for the n1ilitary, as it allowed for
the rapid production and disse1ninat ion of th is specialized information, and the num-
bers produced by co1nputers tended to be more accurate th an those produced by hand.
And so, many of the early computers, especially in the early 1940s, were tasked with this
sort of 1nilitary application. One of the first modern computers, ENIAC (Figure 1-12)
8 I Introduction to Computer Science
FIGURE 1-12 Glen Beck Ueft) and Betty Snyder (right)
program ENIAC (US Army photo} was built at the University of Pennsylvania in 1946.
It contained just under 20,000 vacuum t ubes and
over 1,000 relays, ,veighed 30 tons, and consumed
140,000 ,vatts of power. It was t he size of a large room,
and ,vorkers circulated behind the cabinets nonstop
replacing tubes that had burned out, or relays that
had corroded. It ,vas prin1arily used to calculate bal-
listic tables, but was also used to study the effects of
thennonuclear weapons.
Other ,varti1ne applications included breaking
enen1y codes, such as was done by the Colossus com-
puter built in 1943 by the British governn1ent based
on designs by Alan Turing.

The Von Neumann Archi tecture

All of these early machines designed and built in the
1940s were single-purpose computers. The progran1 of interest ,vould be loaded in to the
computer, data input, and the con1puter essentially ,vorked as a giant auton1ated calculator
outputting results, albeit n1uch faster than calculators could, and probably more accurately.
If you wanted to run a different progran1, the current progran1 had to be stopped, unloaded,
and the new program loaded in, often by configuring jumper cables on the front of the
con1puter console, si1nilar to the way that a telephone s,vitchboard worked at the time.
John von Neun1ann, a Hungarian n1athematician ,vorking in the United States at the Uni-
versity of Pennsylvania, coauthored a paper in 1945 describing an architecture that allowed
the computer to store a logical program for sequence of operations in internal memory,
along ,vith the data that ,vas being operated on. This design had a logical unit, a control
unit, input and output devices, and 1nemory to store the progra1n in data. In practice, the
computer ,vould fetch instruction fro1n 1nemory, fetch data, process it, and place the results
back in n1en1ory. It becan1e known as the Von Neun1ann architecture, sho,vn in Figure 1-13.
You might recognize the Von Neumann architecture as being si1nilar to Babbage's ana-
lytical engine, and you ,vould be correct . It took 100 years of thought and developn1ent
to realize Babbage's drea1n of a universal co1nputer.
FIGURE 1-13 The basic Von Neumann architecture Nearly all general-purpose co1nputers bu ilt in the
1950s on,vard e1nploy the funda1nental architecture,
and it's the san1e architecture that you'll find in your
Central Processing Unit
laptop or desktop computer. That's not to say that

I ControlUntt
I
the architect ure was a cu re-all and that in1n1edi-
ately follo,ving publication of the tea1n's paper the
Input
Device
I
[Link] Unit I Output
Device
face of computing changed forever; programming
these machines ,vas still extremely tedious, and even
though the analog 1nethod of inputting a progra1n
using patch cables was eli1ninated, programming
Memory Unit
still involved putting instructions in binary code,
ones and zeros, wh ich was an arduous process and
 Chapter 1 A Short History of Computation I9

prone to error. It ,vasn't until the 1950s and later that higher-level programming languages
,vere developed that used hun1an readable keywords to implen1ent progra1nming logic.

The Space Race

The introduction of digital computers in the 1930s and 1940s, po,vered by electromechan-
ical relays, and then later on by vacuun1 tubes, set the stage for the next large revolution
in con1puting. In the 1940s the team of Bardeen, Brattain, and Shockley developed a new
device called a transistor. The transistor operates in essentially the sa1ne way as a vacuum
tube or relay in that it can turn on or off, depending on the application of a control signal.
The n1ajor diffrence is that transistors are solid-state devices and have no n1oving parts;
they are manufactured out of silicon, which is derived fro1n sand, and even the earliest
transistors ,vere orders of n1agnitude sn1aller than any relay or vacuun1 tube that had been
produced up until that time. Further, they were sn1aller, faster, n1ore reliable since there
are many parts, and 1nuch cheaper to 1nass-produce than either relays or vacuu1n tubes.
They also constuned significantly less power than earlier devices.
Since the transistor was essentially an in1provement on the electromechanical relay and
the vacuu1n tube, the architecture of co1nputers designed around those two devices could
be extended by using transistors in their place. As the 1950s 1noved into the 1960s and the
space race began to heat up, transistors 1noved to the forefront of electronic developn1ent.
Imagine tllat you were sending n1en into space on top of a n1assive rocket. Electronic devices
on that rocket can't really be made of vacuu1n tubes, ,vhich are made of glass and easily
break, nor can they be n1ade of relays, which are 1nechanical devices and prone to jan1n1ing,
bending, and corruption of their contacts. Neitller of those devices could really withstand
tile enorn1ous forces generated by launching a rocket. Transistors, ho,vever, have no 1noving
parts and are tiny, which means that they are light, and they require far less po,ver than either
tubes or relays. They were ideal for designing electronics n1eant to be launched into space.
This was the age of the transistor radio and other consun1er devices that fell out of the
enormous engineering development effort undertaken by space agencies around the world.
As consumer electronics became 1nore popular, t he cost of manufacturing individual
devices fell significantly, which n1eant that co1nputers in general beca1ne less expensive
to manufacture. We started to see large co1nputers being deployed not just for 1nilitary
purposes but also in businesses to do all sorts of tasks; accounting, human resources,
docu1nentation, design, and just about anything else that a business needed.
Along with the spread of these new con1puters into environn1ents such as business and
education can1e a need for new and n1ore efficient ways to progra1n them. This ,vas the
golden age of progra1nming languages, with new languages such as Fortran in 1957 and
COBOL in 1960 being developed to serve specific populations. Fortran, ,vhich stands for
FORn1ula TRANslation, was designed for academic and research purposes, ,vhile COBOL,
,vhich stands for C01nmon Business Oriented Language, was developed for generating
reports and doing t he kinds of accounting that businesses required. Other languages
fro1n this time included the Beginners All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code, or BASIC,
developed in 1959, and LISP (LISt Processor), also developed in 1959 at MIT.
10 I Introduction to Computer Science
FIGURE 1-14 Katherine Johnson
This era also sa,v the rise of strictly co1nputer-oriented companies,
such as Digital Equipment Corporation, founded in 1957, and Interna-
tional Business Machines, IBM, ,vhich had in fact been in the business
of co1nputing for a very long time, but now sa,v new markets open up
as the demand for con1puting resources ramped up.
This ,vas a n1assive shift; in the 1950s a calculator literally was a person
sitting at a desk ,vith a slide rule or table of logarithms doing complex
calculations by hand. For exan1ple, Katherine Johnson, shown in Figure
1-14, ,vorked at the agency that would become NASA as a n1athe1nati-
cian, designing airfoils, calculating trajectories of rockets, and other
highly co1nputationally intensive tasks. John Glenn, the first American
to orbit the earth in his Mercury aircraft, distrusted the numbers that
had been generated by NASA's con1puters, and asked Katherine Johnson
to verify the calculations by hand. Johnson went on to work with the
Apollo moon n1issions and the space shuttle progran1.

Oh, IC
There was one n1ore enormous innovation to come. The transistor ,vas revolutionary in
that it 1nin iaturized the hardware required to build co111puters, but the designs ,vere not
all that different than the tube- and relay-based computers of the earlier era; the transistor
essentially just replaced the tube or the relay. The electric circuit boards that n1ade up these
transistor-based co1nputers were still quite complex, and the logic circuits built from the
individual transistors required quite a bit of physical space to iinplement. In tile mid-1960s
multiple teams in academia and industry were working on a way to package transistors
n1ore efficiently. Jack Kilby at Texas Instrun1ents and Bob Noyce at Fairchild Sen1iconductor
independently developed ways to package transistors togetller on a single substrate, or chip,
and this led the ,vay for further miniaturization as several transistors could be packaged
together onto a single piece of silicon. This integrated circuit (IC), as it becan1e kno,vn, fur-
ther reduced 1nanufacturing costs, reduced the size required for electronic circuits related
to co111puting, and allowed for mass production of
FIGURE 1-15 The Intel 4004 4-bit CPU chip (1971) co1nn1on building blocks for computers. For exan1ple,
the NE555 tin1er chip, a siinple circuit tllat provides
precise clock signals on a signal chip, first appeared
in 1972 and continues to be manufactured today, with
over 1 billion of the devices sold each year.
Around the sa111e time, in 1971, Intel 111arketed
the first n1icroprocessor, the 4004 chip (Figure 1-15),
that included all the circuitry necessary for gener-
al-purpose calculations, i1nplen1ented ,vith just over
2,000 transistors. This ,vas the birth of what we now
consider the n1odern era of co1nputing.
Even those advances pale in con1parison to ,vhat has
been done since. Early Intel calculator chips comprised
 Chapter 1 A Short History of Computation I 11

FIGURE 1-16 Moore's Law fitted to devices from 1971 to 2011

Microprocessor Transistor Counts 1971-2011 & Moore's Law

2,600,000,000
1,000,000,000

100,000,000
... .
-
c
:::,
10,000,000
curve snows trao$i$1or
count doubling every
two years
...
f'«llllffl lll
~}.mll
0
<.> .......
e AU>o<s

1,000,000 ...
..,.

..,...
..,.. .
100,000
..... ......
.,,, .....
10,000 ...
eceo,
J • 280

$X19• 1 • .W0Se601
2.300 _.OCM • RCA 1802

1971 1980 1990 2000 2011

Date of introduction

just a fe,v hundred individual transistors packed together onto a single integrated circuit chip,
but by the late 1970s that number was approaching 50,000 transistors. In the 1980s Intel con -
tinued to push the boundaries of how 1nany tran sistors could be packed onto a single chip
such that by 1989, the 80486 CPU chip broke the l -n1illion-transistor boundary. In 2000 the
Pentium 4 reached 42 1nillion tran sistors, an d in 2016 Intel's Core i7 Broad\vell CPU chips
packed 3.4 billion transistors onto a chip about half an inch on a side. Large-scale integration
(LSI) and very large-scale integration (VLSI) have been on a pace for the past 40 years of
doubling th e number of transistors packed into integrated circuits while at the sa1ne time
reducing the price of the circuits (Figure 1-16). Gordon Moore, cofounder of Intel, 1nade this
observation (soon after dubbed "Moore's La\v") in 1965; so far it is held up for nearly 50 years.
The questioning in circuit design these days is whether Moore's Law ,vill continue to hold
up - ,ve are starting to reach th e physical boundaries of shrinking circuits. The individual
"wires" on an integrated circuit, typically n1ade of alun1inun1, are approaching th e \vidth
of just a few aton1s, and it's unclear whether new technologies under develop1nent now
\Vill be able to push this boundary even further to the subato1nic reahn.

The Personal Computer

As the integrated circuits mak ing up computers became n1ore po,verful and less expensive
in the 1970s, \Ve started to see the design and manufacture of computers that were not
12 I Introduction to Computer Science

targeted at military, academic, or business applicat ions, but rather directly at consum-
ers. These ho1ne con1puters, or personal computers as they beca1ne kno\vn, \Vere at first
extremely expensive, but as their popularity grew, and manufacturing costs decreased
as voltunes increased, their prices dropped to the point where it was very common for
any given household to have at least one con1puter in it. Around th is tin1e Bill Gates and
Paul Allen founded Microsoft, developing a BASIC language interpreter for one of the
very first personal con1puters fro1n Altair; in 1977 Steve Wozniak and Steve Jobs founded
Apple Computer in Jobs's garage, and in 1980 IBM introduced the IBM PC, cen1enting that
tenn in the annals of history; that original PC included an operating syste1n developed
by Microsoft and licensed back to IBM. In 1984 Apple countered with its o\vn personal
co1nputer, the Macintosh, based on early work that Jobs had done at a co1npany called
NextStep, and building on the success of the Apple II computer. The Macintosh introduced
a n1odern graphical user interface, including \Vindows and a mouse for input, which had
been prin1arily developed at Xerox at their Palo Alto Research Center (PARC).

What's Next?
From a computer architecture standpoint, not much has changed since 1984. Co1nputers
have becon1e s1naller, faster, and less expensive, but the underlying design is unchanged.
The next big thing in computing seems to be the nehvork. Even more so than computing,
the net\vork has becon1e a 1najor disrupter of industries and businesses that have existed
for hundreds of years. In just the past 10 years we've moved from a world where 1nusic
\Vas something that you purchased at a record store to a \vorld where n1usic is all around
us, streaming constantly, \Vith 1nillions upon millions of songs available on demand
wherever we are. We wear computers on our wrist that not only talk to us but link with
satellites to pinpoint our location anywhere on Earth to just a few feet . The network has
beco1ne the computer, and the laptops and desktops and phones have beco1ne just a way
to access that universal con1puter.
Just as the technologies of the 1800s gave way to the Industrial Revolution and the incredible
advances of the 1nid-1900s, so it is no\v with the astonishing pace of develop1nent and inno-
vation that we're seeing in the 2000s, pri1narily driven by ubiquitous, powerful co1nputing
resources. As Clarke predicted, our technology is practically indistinguishable fron1 1nagic.

Bottom Line
We have become so used to having access to incredible computational resources, but it
is sobering to look back on those early atten1pts at co1nputation; sticks and stones, gears
and stea1n engines, all driving toward the sa1ne goal; the reality is that the techniques
that we use now for con1putation really are not 1nuch different fron1 those that have been
used for thousands and thousands of years. We compute faster, ,ve store more information,
and we are more dependent on con1putation than ever before, but the foundations of the
con1puters that are ubiquitous in our lives now were laid down in prior centuries, and it
seems unlikely that we will 1nove on to a different path anytime soon.
 Chapter 1 A Short History of Computation I 13

Figure Credits
• Fig. 1.1: Copyright © Evan-Amos (CC BY-SA 3.0) at https:/lcomm [Link]/wiki/File%3AHu-
[Link].
• Fig. 1.2: Source: https:/[Link]/w/[Link]?curid=82 J J29.
• Fig. 1.3: Copyright © Piotrus (CC BY-SA 3.0) at https:/[Link]/w/[Link]?cu-
rid=4059562.
• Fig. 1.4: Copyright © Diego Delso (CC BY-SA 3.0) at https:l/[Link]/wiki/File%3A-
Stonehenge%2C_Condado_d e_Wiltshire%2C_Inglaterra%2C_20 J4-08- J2%2C_D D_ [Link].
• Fig. 1.5: Copyright © Mogi Vicentini (CC BY-SA 3.0) at https:/[Link]/w/[Link]?cu-
rid=2523740.
• Fig. 1.6: Copyright © Rama (CC BY-SA 3.0 FR) at https:/[Link]/w/[Link]?cu-
rid=53246694.
• Fig. 1.7: Source: https:/[Link]/w/[Link]?curid=J J84856.
• Fig. 1.8: Copyright © Bruno Barra! (CC BY-SA 2.5) at https:/[Link]/w/[Link]?cu-
rid=6839854.
• Fig. 1.9: Copyright © Teslaton (CC BY-SA 3.0) at https:/[Link]/w/[Link]?cu-
rid=367 J787.
• Fig. 1.10: Copyright © Venusianer (CC BY-SA 3.0) at https:/[Link]/wiki/File%3AZ3_
Deutsches_ Museum.)PG.
• Fig. 1.11: Copyright © RJB I (CC BY-SA 4.0) at https:l/[Link]/wiki/File%3ATriody_var.
jpg.
• Fig. 1.12: Source: https:l/[Link] [Link]/wiki/File%[Link].
• Fig. 1.13: Copyright © Kapooht (CC BY-SA 3.0) at https:/[Link]/wiki/File%3AVon_
Neumann_Architecture.svg.
• Fig. 1.14: Source: [Link] [Link]/wiki/File%3AKath erineJohnson_at_NASA%2C_
in_ [Link].
• Fig. 1.15: Copyright © Thomas Nguyen (CC BY-SA 4.0) at https:1/[Link]/wiki/
File%3Alntel_C4004_b.jpg.
• Fig. 1.16: Copyright © Wgsimon (CC BY-SA 3.0) at https:l/[Link]/wiki/File%3ATran-
sistor_Count_and_ Moorc's_ Law_-_20 [Link].
 CHAPTER

Numbers and Bases

our co inputer isn't very s1nart. We like to think computers are sn1art; after all, they

Y can land a tiny probe on a comet hurtling through space, keep people alive with
sophisticated medical applications, and even drop an angry bird onto a pile of
th ieving pigs. But in reality, the co1nputer hardware is capable of only performing a very
few operations. It deals exclusively in numbers, not pigs or birds, and it can add nun1bers
together, move those numbers from one place to another in its men1ory, and shift nun1bers
to the right or to the left. That's about it.
This makes sense \Vhen you recall ho\v we got fro1n Jacquard's loom to 1nodern-day
n1achines. The early con1puters were designed to solve 1nathematical problen1s, such as the
equations used to predict the path of a mortar shell on the battlefield or the tabulations
needed for the federal census. These \Vere numeric proble1ns that resulted in machines that
could do math. Even after Von Netunann described the require1nents for a general-pur-
pose computer in his 1945 paper, t he underlying mechanism of \Vorking with numbers
re1nained unchanged.
Here's the problem, though. When you and I think of a nu1nber, \Ve treat it as, well, a
number. Take 42. What makes it 42? What is the essence of 42-ness that n1akes it different
from 41 or 43? In our minds we understand \vhat numbers represent and we're capable of
doing son1e pretty a1nazing things \Vith those concepts. While \Ve often talk about the com-
puter having a "brain" of sorts, in reality the arithmetic processing unit is just a collection
of s\vitches, very similar to the light s\vitches on your wall. The s\vitch can be either on or
off. How can we relate a switch like that to the concept of the number 42? That's the problen1
we want to solve in this chapter. In getting to the solution, \ve'll look at four different ways
to represent nun1bers: deci1nal, binary, octal, and hexadeci1nal.

What a Number Is
Before we can solve this problen1 \Ve need to pause and consider \Vhat a number really is.
The nu1nber 42 is an integer, or counting nu1nber. We could lay out 42 marshmallows on

15
16 I Introduction to Computer Science

a table and proudly say, "There, that's forty-t\vo things. Any questions?" Counting, or
measuring, or weighing things gives us some result that we express as a ntunber.
When we write the nu1nber 42 down on a piece of paper, \Ve are using a standard nota-
tion to represent the 42 1narsh1nallo\vs on the table. You probably haven't thought much
about this since third grade, but we write syn1bols like 4 and 2 in a specific order so that
we can effectively co1nmunicate nun1eric inforn1ation. The fonnat that we use in n1ost of
our daily co1n1nunications is called decimal. The English word decimal co1nes fron1 the
Latin decin1us, 1neaning tenth, and so decimal numbers use units of ten. While we are
most fa1niliar with decin1al numbers, there are several other formats in con11non use in
technical and scientific fields.

Using Exponents
Before \Ve dive into the various formats we can use to represent numbers, \ve'll need a
refresher on exponential notation. An exponent is the little number that \Ve write above
and to the right of a number to indicate that \Ve want to 1nultiply the number with itself
a certain nu1nber of times. For example, when we write 5•, \vhat we're really saying is 5 x
5 x 5 x 5. We say, "five raised to the fourth power," or just, "five to the fourth." Likewise,
"three to the fifth" is 35, or 3 x 3 x 3 x 3 x 3.
A number raised to the "zero" power is defined to be t he nu1nber l. So, 5° = l , and
4,765,442° = 1. Similarly, a nun1ber raised to the "first" power is defined to be the nun1ber
itself; 31 =3, 421 =42, and so on.

Symbols, Numbers, and Bases

We use symbols as a way to represent numbers, and each numbering system uses its own
set of symbols. We use the term base to indicate how n1any sy1nbols are being used. Dec-
in1al nu1nbers, for exa1nple, are base 10 and use 10 syn1bols: 0, l, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9.
A single decin1al nun1ber can be any of ten values. Binary numbers are base 2 and use hvo
sy1nbols: 0 and 1. A single binary number can be either of those two values.
We now have the tools we need to tackle deci1nal numbers and any other nun1bering
systen1 \Ve ,night be interested in.

Decimal Numbers
Let's return to our good friend, the nu1nber 42. When we write it down, we first jot down
the 4 and then the 2 to the right of the 4. This very specific arrangement lets us represent
the value in decin1al, or po,vers-of-ten notation. Each nun1ber, from right to left, represents
quantities of a po\ver of ten. We start on the right with 10°; the next colu1nn to the left is
101, the column to the left of that is 102 , and so on. We say that we are working in base 10
or deci1nal. It looks like this:

1113 1112 101 100

4 2
 Chapter 2 Numbers and Bases I 17

What ,ve're really indicating is that ,ve have 4 of the 101 units, and 2 of the 10° units,
and we can add the1n up:

(4 x 101) + (2 x 10°) = (4 x 10) + (2 x 1) = 42

Let's try another example. We'd ,vrite the number 4,096 like this:

11t1 1112 101 111'

4 0 9 6

(4 x 103) +(O x H)2) + (9 x 101) + (6 x 10°) = (4 x 1000) + (20 x 100) + (9 x 10) + (6 x 1) = 4,096

We do these steps auton1atically in our heads ,vhen we FIGURE 2-1 Decimal 924
work with decimal numbers. The co1nputer hardware,
though, can't deal at all ,vith decin1al numbers; its circuits
102 10 1 10 0
can only 1nange to be either on or off. Fortunately there's
an easy way to solve this problem: The co1nputer ,vorks
in powers of2 rather than po,vers of 10. 9 2 4
Here's another way to look at decin1al ntunbers. Figure
2-1 shows how the nu1nber 924 is represented as a sum 9 x 102 + 2 x 101 + 4 X 100
of powers of 10.
9 X 100 + 2 X 10 + 4X 1

Binary Numbers
900 + 20 + 4
Deci1nal numbers use ten sy1nbols, 0, l, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7,
8, and 9, to represent values. When we represent values
using po,vers of 2, there are only two syn1bols available: 924
O and 1. A one might represent t he "on" condition of a
s,vitch and zero the "off" condition. Maybe someday someone will invent a con1puter that
uses dimn1er switches ,vith 1nany values between on and off, but for now ,ve're stuck with
this either-or, or binary, arrange1nent.
You might th ink that being limited to just t,vo symbols would not be all that useful,
but nearly every electronic device that we use has at its heart hardware that operates
exclusively on binary nu1nbers.
Just as we did ,vith deci1nal numbers, we can write out values expressed in po,vers of
two. For exa1nple, the deci1nal ntunber 42 looks like th is in binary:

21 2s 2s 2' Z3 22 2' 20
0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0
Discovering Diverse Content Through
Random Scribd Documents
“What, Sister Agatha’s ghost?” said Judy, who was not by any means
a sceptic with regard to spirits from the vasty deep in general, and
this one in particular.
“Sister Agatha’s gran’mother,” said Adam, contemptuously. “It’s my
opinion ’at it isn’t a sister at all, but a brother, an’ a precious rascal
at that, wiv ’is white smock, an’ ’is bloody breest, an’ ’is blue
bleeazes. If he dizn’t mind, he’ll get mair o’ them last sooat o’ things
then he’ll care for; bud we’ll dig ’im oot.”
The next day Adam related his midnight encounter to Farmer
Houston and Nathan Blyth, and they resolved to go and explore the
haunted spot. They were ultimately rewarded by the discovery of an
underground cave, probably the handiwork of the monkish denizens
of Cowley Priory, with whose monastery it was said Nestleton Abbey
had been connected by a subterranean passage in those “auld-
warld” times, when Rome ruled the roast in England, and when its
anchorites led not only an ignoble and wasted life, but were guilty of
evil doings and malpractices that were infinitely worse. The spacious
hollow which the explorers discovered, penetrated far into the earth.
Candles were provided to prosecute the search, and there they
found much thievish booty, including the tin box which had been
abstracted from Waverdale Hall. The astonished discoverers kept
their secret, and quickly arranged to set a secret watch on the
bramble-covered entrance to the burglar’s den. Two or three nights
afterwards they were successful in capturing a man just as he was in
the act of descending to his secret lair. He was seized by strong
hands and carried to Farmer Houston’s kitchen. As may be imagined,
the entrance of the redoubtable ghost caused no little stir among
that peaceful household, each of whom in turn came to “have a
look” at him. Among the rest came Hannah Olliver, who was plying
her needle for the good of the household wardrobe, and as soon as
she set her eyes upon the prisoner she screamed out, “Aubrey
Bevan!” and fell fainting on the floor. The quondam valet was safely
lodged in York Castle. Eventually that crafty, clever, but craven-
hearted rascal turned king’s evidence; the entire gang, which had
long been a terror to the country side, was captured, and speedily
“left their country for their country’s good.” It is gratifying to be able
to say that both poetical and practical justice was at length able to
lay its hands on Master Bevan himself, and he, too, was sent to join
his former comrades in the distant and uncomfortable settlements of
Botany Bay. Hannah Olliver, who had been instrumental in his
identification, was permitted to be the bearer of the tin box to its
rightful owner, and on giving up the precious article to Squire Fuller,
she received a kind and full forgiveness for the unwary folly of which
she had been guilty in introducing the burglars into Waverdale Hall.
 CHAPTER XXXVII.
Philip Fuller Boldly Meets his Fate.

“He says he loves my daughter;

I think so too; for never gazed the moon
Upon the water, as he’ll stand, and read,
As ’twere, my daughter’s eyes; and, to be plain,
I think there is not half a kiss to choose
Who loves the other best.”
Shakespeare.

HE short winter’s day was over, and night had closed around
Waverdale Hall, when Squire Fuller joined his son by the cosy
fire in the library, after his affecting and successful interview
with Nathan Blyth and Adam Olliver.
“Well, Master Philip,” said the squire; “what will you give me for my
news to-night?”
“My best attention and my warmest thanks,” said that young
gentleman, who divined that the intelligence hinted at was of a
pleasant nature by reason of the glow on his father’s countenance,
and the tell-tale tone in which he spoke.
“Hadn’t you better reserve your thanks until you know whether or
not my information will be welcome?” said the squire, evidently
enjoying the parley, and willing to prolong it.
“I’ll risk it, father mine, for from that happy face of yours I augur
something pleasant, and you couldn’t, if you tried, introduce bad
news by asking for a reward for bringing it.”
“Well, then,” said the squire, with mock seriousness, “prepare
yourself for a dread calamity. Nathan Blyth has withdrawn his
opposition, and if you can gain Lucy’s consent, you and I may obtain
our heart’s desire.”
True prophet as he was, Philip was hardly prepared for news so
good and so direct as this. He was touched to the quick with the
way in which his father spoke of their interests in this all-engrossing
subject, as being one and indivisible. His face lighted up with hope
as he said,—
“Thank God for that. I’ll soon ask for her verdict. But how have you
managed to overcome an opposition so determined as Nathan
Blyth’s?”
“Why, to tell the truth, it is not so much my doing as it is Adam
Olliver’s. That fine old Christian wields a marvellous influence both
with God and man.”
The squire then told of his visit to the old hedger: how he found him
and Nathan Blyth upon their knees, how he opened his heart to both
of them, how Adam Olliver had said the very wisest words in the
most impressive way, and finally how Nathan Blyth was unable any
longer to withstand the strong appeal, and had promised not to put
a straw in the way, but to leave Lucy to decide the matter for
herself.
“Dear old Adam,” said Philip, earnestly, “my debt to him is such as I
never can repay. Lucy’s decision I shall get to-morrow, and I will not
for a moment doubt that she will be true to the pleadings of her own
heart, and those, I know, are in my favour.”
“Go, my boy, and God prosper your errand, and I believe He will.
And now, if you can stoop to anything more prosy and less
interesting, what about this new chapel? I am inclined to build it
myself, and present it to the Methodist society as a token of my
admiration of their work, and a thank-offering to God. What do you
think of it?”
Philip sat thinking for a little while, and then said, “No, I wouldn’t do
that. They have already obtained a considerable sum, and many will
be eager to give and to work now that the land is secured, and it
would be a pity to deprive them of what will be a pleasure and
delight. Besides, it will do the people good to receive their offerings,
and so to let them feel that it is the outcome of their own zeal. You
can give a contribution such as the case may need, and what will be
much better, you can offer something handsome towards the
maintenance of a third minister to reside in Nestleton, and so to
secure the more effective working of this side the Kesterton Circuit.”
With this advice the squire heartily coincided, and ere long the two
retired to rest, the one to plan and contrive for a preacher’s house at
Nestleton, the other to dream of Lucy and the morrow, which
should, as he dared hope, seal her his own for ever.

Though the little sitting-room of Nathan Blyth was neither so large

nor so imposing as the spacious library of Squire Fuller, the fireside
was just as cosy, and the two who sat beside it were just as loving
and true-hearted as the pair we have just left. Lucy was seated by
her father’s side; with one hand he was stroking her dark hair, the
other was cast lovingly round her waist.
“Lucy, darling, can you guess who has been to see me and Adam
Olliver to-night?”
If Lucy had uttered the name that was uppermost in her heart, and
the first on her tongue, she would undoubtedly have said “Philip,”
and nothing else; for still, as when she mentioned his name as her
rescuer from the unwelcome attentions of Black Morris, there was no
other Philip in the world to her, but unwilling to hint at what she
regarded as a forbidden and unwelcome subject, she heaved a sigh,
and said,—
“I can’t tell, daddy; perhaps the squire has been about the plot of
land.”
“No, my dear, but you need not sigh about it; sighing doesn’t suit
those sweet lips of yours. Squire Fuller it was, but he came about
another ‘plot,’ by which he means to steal my daughter from her
father’s heart and home.”
Lucy’s fair head drooped upon his bosom, as she blushed a rosy red,
and softly said,—
“Never from his heart, my father, whatever else might happen, and,
without his permission, never from his home.”
“Aye,” said Nathan, with a tearful smile, “but with his permission,
light of my life, what then?”
Closely nestled the head upon the manly bosom in which the heart
of as true and good a father as ever bore the name was loudly
beating, and then she looked, with all her soul in her eyes, and said,
—
“What is it, father? Do not try me more than I can bear.”
“My glorious girl,” said Natty; “it is that, at last, Philip Fuller’s
welcome here on whatsoever errand he may come. I’ve had no
thought, felt no emotion, entertained no wish, but for my darling’s
happiness. I believe that happiness is in Philip Fuller’s keeping, and I
believe with all my heart that now and ever he will loyally and
lovingly fulfil the precious trust. Kiss me, sweet, and be sure that
your decision will willingly be mine.”
For all answer, Lucy kissed him again and again, then flung her arms
around his neck and burst into tears—tears which had no sorrow in
them, only a wealth of happiness and love.
Whoever overslept themselves next morning, be sure that Philip
Fuller was up betimes. Old Father Time, whose fingers force the
hands around the dial at such relentless speed, appeared to our
eager lover to be smitten with paralysis, or to have forgotten the
awful cunning of his usual despatch. But no sooner did the laggard
timepiece point to a reasonable hour for paying a morning call, than
Philip turned his steps toward Nestleton Forge. It was a glorious
winter’s morning; the clear, bracing air was quite in harmony with
Philip’s buoyant spirit, as he rapidly sped along the frost-bound road.
Long before he could see the home where dwelt the “damsel sweet
and fair,” whose “soft consent he meant to woo and win,” he heard
the musical ring of Nathan’s anvil; but this time he did not pause
even to look through the open door, much less to listen to Nathan’s
song. Had he done so, however, he would have heard strains of
good omen, for Blithe Natty was in good feather and chanted a
hopeful strain, which might well have inspired the listener with even
a more gladly expectant spirit than that which he undoubtedly
possessed. Stop a moment, Master Philip, and hear the oracle:—

Came Love one day across my way,

And with inviting finger,
Enticing smile, and subtle wile,
Said, “Follow me, nor linger.

“I offer joy without alloy,

A ceaseless round of pleasure—
A vision bright of sweet delight,
And bliss that knows no measure.

“Within my bowers the fleeting hours

Are always bright and sunny;
From rosy lip come thou and sip
The nectar and the honey.”

“O Love!” I cried, and swiftly hied

To follow, as she bade me;
 Across my path, in sturdy wrath,
Stood Duty, and he stayed me.

Quoth Duty, “Stay! That’s not the way;

Rash youth, beware her wooing!
Her magic spell, O mark it well,
May be thy soul’s undoing.

“Her beauteous things have hidden stings,

And though she proffers nectar,
The poisoned cup will conjure up
A dread, life-haunting spectre.

“Whom she leads on, they find anon

Her beauty swiftly dying;
Like bird on wing, the gleaming thing
From singing takes to flying.

“Turn, gentle youth, and mark this truth—

True love is linked with duty;
Come then with me and thou shalt see
A richer, rarer beauty.”

“Lead on,” I cried, and by the side

Of Duty forth I sped me;
Resolved to go, for weal or woe,
Wherever Duty led me.

I followed still, for good or ill,

Through thorny brake and briar;
Or up the steep, or down the deep,
Through water or through fire.

And now at last, the testing’s past,

And Duty sits beside me;
Quoth Duty, “Once, and for the nonce,
Thy Love was quite denied thee.
“That tempting elf was ‘Love of Self,’
And ’neath her smile lay lurking
An aspish sting—a deadly thing—
Dire, deathless evils working.

“Now Love once more stands thee before,

To fill thine eyes with glamour;
This gift of mine is love divine,
And shall thy soul enamour.”

He waved his wand, gave his command,—

“True Love, come forth,” said Duty;
Before my eyes she did arise,
My love, of rarest beauty.

My youth’s ideal! Now mine and real;

O Love, how long I sought thee!
Cries Love, “I come; Thy heart’s my home!
’Twas Duty, love, that brought me.”

Thrice happy I to testify

Whate’er the wind and weather,
’Tis mine to prove that truest Love
And Duty dwell together.

No more I roam, for here at home,

My love and I, united,
Blessing and blest, know perfect rest,
And Duty is delighted.

And when at last our lives are past,

And we become immortals;
Through heaven’s door we two shall soar
When Duty opes the portals.

Had Natty Blyth known of Philip’s morning call, he could not have
been more wise in his choice of a song, and I have every reason to
believe that Lucy had heard the rehearsal, for Nathan Blyth knew
how to make his muse the channel alike of counsel and of cheer.
Philip Fuller, however, as I have said, had no time or will this
morning to listen to Blithe Natty’s song. Love is royal, and the king’s
business requireth haste. Now I might stay to descant on the music
of Philip’s “tap, tap, tapping at the” blacksmith’s door, for, depend
upon it, there was a tremor of excitement in the hand that did it,
and another tremor of excitement in the ear that heard it, that put it
altogether beyond comparison with ordinary tappings, even the
postman’s knock, though probably the mystic tappings of a table-
haunting spirit may have something of the same expectancy in it,
but certainly not the same delight. Lucy Blyth was never above
opening the door herself, either to visitor or shop-boy, but on this
occasion she sent her little serving-maid to the door, as the damsel
Rhoda was sent to answer Peter’s knock; and so it came to pass that
Philip was ushered into the little sitting-room to wait, and perhaps to
whistle to keep his courage up, while our little bird flew upstairs to
preen her feathers for a minute or two, and hush down the
flutterings of her heart. By-and-bye comes in Miss Lucy, and sure I
am no fairer vision ever fell on mortal sight. The tell-tale blush that
mantled on her cheek, did only lend a new and witching grace, and
as Byron has it,—

“To his eye

There was but one beloved face on earth
And that was shining on him,”

and Byron is, of course, the apostle of love, though Moore perhaps
successfully disputes his primacy. The Irish bard, with true Hibernian
fire, sings,—

“Oh, there are looks and tones that dart

An instant sunshine through the heart;
As if the soul that minute caught
Some treasure it through life had sought.
 As if the very lips and eyes,
Predestined to have all our sighs,
And never be forgot again,
Sparkled and spoke before us then!”

So Philip’s eyes “sparkled and spoke” as he advanced to meet the

idol of his heart, and as for Lucy, why, as dear old Dan Chaucer puts
it,—

“No lesse was she in secret heart affected,

But that she maskèd it in modestie.”
 NATHAN AT DINNER.—Page 265.

“Lucy!”
“Philip!”
His arms were open, her blushing face was buried on his shoulder,
and at last, long last, the two loving hearts were one. I am very
sorry that I am not able to enlarge upon this tender scene. The two
words of conversation which I have here recorded, contain really the
core and marrow of the whole interview. Doubtless, many of my
readers understand it thoroughly, and the rest of them will do so, if
they be good and patient. Multum in parvo is very true in
declarations of mutual love, and as I am in a quoting vein, I’ll e’en
quote from Tupper, so oft the butt of “witlings with a maggot in their
brain;” his writings will at any rate bear favourable comparison with
those of the sibilant geese who hiss at him. Quoth he,—

“Love! What a volume in a word! An ocean in a tear!

A seventh heaven in a glance! A whirlwind in a sigh!
The lightning in a touch!—A millenium in a moment!”

Well, the “millenium” had dawned on Philip and Lucy; they remained
long in close and peculiarly interesting conversation, but the door
was shut, and all I know about it is, that Nathan Blyth thought Lucy
unconscionably late with dinner. All things, however, have an end,
and at length Master Philip was ruthlessly expelled from Paradise,
and betook himself to the blacksmith’s shop. The gallant and noble
knight of the anvil laid down his hammer to greet his visitor, but
Philip was beforehand with him,—
“Nathan Blyth! Lucy has consented to be my wife.”
“Philip Fuller, you’ve loved her long, you’ve wooed her honourably,
you’ve won her heart, and in my soul, I believe you deserve her, and
that’s more than I could say of any other man on earth.”
A warm and hearty hand-grasp sealed the covenant. Philip Fuller
hasted to his ancestral Hall to gladden the heart of his father with
the welcome news that Lucy Blyth was his affianced wife. So Lucy
Blyth’s filial love and duty were at length rewarded, and Philip
Fuller’s loyalty to God, his father, and his love, obtained their well-
won prize.
 CHAPTER XXXVIII.
Black Morris “Wants that Brickbat Again.”

“O I have often seen the tear

From Pity’s eye flow bright and clear,
When Sympathy hath bid it stay,
And tremble on its timid way;
But there’s a tear more pure and bright,
And moulded with as soft a light,—
The tear that gushes from the eye,
Fresh from the founts of memory.”
Anon.

HE Rev. Theophilus Clayton and the earnest Methodist band of

which he was the head, did not let the grass grow under their
feet anent the scheme for the erection of the new chapel in
Nestleton. After the securing of the land, a public meeting
had been called, plans were presented, additional subscriptions
promised, and finally a day was fixed upon for the all-important
ceremony of laying the foundation stone. Philip Fuller, who was an
active member of the Building Committee, being quite aware that his
father would help to any amount that a free expenditure might
require, succeeded in getting such a scheme adopted as would
secure an elegant and attractive sanctuary, sufficiently spacious for
aggression, and so effective in its architecture as to be an ornament
to the lovely village in which it was to be erected. Again the famous
minister from York was secured. Squire Fuller himself had promised
to lay the stone, and every preparation was made for the grand
occasion when the corner-stone should be laid, and the long-hoped-
for undertaking should be inaugurated with enthusiasm and success.
A large and capacious tent was improvised by the aid of farmers’
stack-cloths, builders’ scaffold-poles, and other materials, on
Nestleton Green. Jabez Hepton and his apprentices were very busy
in rigging up temporary tables and rude forms, a platform for the
speakers, and other essentials for the great tea-meeting, and for the
public gathering which was to follow. An enormous boiler had been
borrowed from the Hall, urns and tea-pots, whose name was legion,
were requisitioned from all and sundry, and all things were ready for
the grand emprise. A glorious spring day, beautifully soft and balmy,
was providentially accorded them. Banners and bunting, evergreens
and flowers, adorned the scaffold-poles around the brick foundations
which had been already laid, waved from the summit of the tent,
and were lavishly scattered in its bright interior; while just before the
canvass doorway, John Morris and his brothers, with the help of Jake
Olliver, had erected a triumphal arch, which was quite a marvellous
triumph of village art.
The “trays” for the public tea had all been given and provided in that
bounteous and luxurious fashion for which the Yorkshire farm
mistresses are proverbial. Hams, tongues and fowls, tarts and pies,
cheese-cakes, tea-cakes, plum-cakes, rice-cakes, and other
toothsome triumphs of confectionery, mingled with a profusion of
plainer fare, and exhibited such a sum total of appetising edibilities,
that Jabez Hepton’s tables curved and creaked beneath their weight.
As for the people who gathered there on that auspicious day, it
really seemed as though the whole Kesterton Circuit had immigrated
to Nestleton Green. Kesterton was represented by scores of
sympathisers, and every village in Messrs. Clayton and Mitchell’s
pastorate sent a detachment to swell the crowd. As for Nestleton
itself, why it was there bodily. On that day, at any rate, the plough
might stand in the furrow, and the horses experienced two Sundays
in the week. The central ceremony passed smoothly off: Squire
Fuller did his unfamiliar duty in a deft and skilful way, and finished
his short address of warm congratulation, by placing a hundred
pounds upon the stone he had just “well and truly laid.” Two or three
speeches were delivered, the indispensable collection was made, the
“Doxology” and “God save the King” were sung with a perfect furore
of enthusiasm, and then a general adjournment was made to the
“tented field.” A battle royal succeeded; such an overwhelming
charge was made upon urn and teapot, loaf and pastry, flesh and
fowl, that in a very little while the boards were swept of their
supplies, and the trampled ground was strewed with shattered
fragments, the only surviving token of the fierceness of the fray. At
the evening meeting the squire of Waverdale again took the place of
honour, and delighted all his hearers with the simple relation of his
religious experience, and his grateful references to the Methodist
influences which had been brought to bear on himself and son. “As
for good old Adam Olliver,” quoth the squire, “he is one of Nature’s
noblemen. No, that won’t do either, for our grand old friend is in the
highest sense a patriarch in holiness and grace. My debt to him is
greater than he knows; greater than he will ever know until the light
of eternity flashes on the doings of time. I desire in his name to
contribute a further sum of fifty pounds, and I heartily pray that the
chapel about to be built may be the means of perpetuating and
multiplying such genuine specimens of piety, integrity, and goodness
among the villagers of Nestleton.”
Mr. Houston read a statement of a financial kind, which set forth a
very hopeful state of things, and then the squire called on Philip
Fuller to address the meeting. The young and handsome heir of the
Waverdale estates received an unmistakable ovation which said
much for his hold upon the general esteem, and promised much for
his future influence over those among whom he would one day
occupy so powerful a position for evil or for good. When Philip rose
to his feet there was a certain young lady who felt a sudden flutter
at her heart as to how he would acquit himself. He was quite as
effective, however, in his work as she had been in hers, and that is
saying much, for in the dreadful fight among the crockery and its
contents, Lucy Blyth had handled her weapons like a heroine, as
many a sated tea-bibber and muffin-eater could testify.
“My dear father and Mr. Chairman,” quoth Philip—and here the
unconscionable tipplers of the not inebriating stimulus cheered again
—“among the many causes of gratitude and joy that fill my heart to-
day, one of the very greatest is the joy of seeing you in that position.
How good God has been to me you know full well. I stand here
happy in the consciousness of a Saviour’s love, as one raised by a
miracle from the bed of death, rich in the possession of your
sympathy and love, both intensified by the power of a common faith
in Jesus, and as the prospective possessor of the fairest prize in
Waverdale.” Here the applause was almost deafening; hats and
handkerchiefs were waved in frantic excitement, and if any purblind
idiot was ignorant of Lucy’s hold upon the people’s hearts, he was
there and then enlightened fully and for evermore. “I, too, sir, must
render my acknowledgments to Adam Olliver, my spiritual father, my
trusted friend, my counsellor and guide. My heart is far too full for
fitting speech. To honest, humble, hearty Methodist people, under
God, I owe all that is worth having in this world; and I propose by
God’s help to live among them and to labour with them as long as
He shall please to spare my life. I, too, sir, with your permission,
would give £100 in token of my gratitude to the Great Giver of all my
good.”
In the same high strain of gratitude, speaker followed speaker, and
the interest of the meeting was not only sustained but heightened.
The minister from York gave a full, clear exposition of the distinctive
doctrines of Methodism and the chief peculiarities of its discipline, to
which, it was noted, the squire gave earnest, studious, and
approving heed; Mr. Clayton talked wisely and well of Methodism’s
special mission to Nestleton, and sketched in glowing colours a
prophetic history of the new chapel, and the good work that should
there be done for God. Mr. Mitchell found a thrilling and congenial
theme in the Midden Harbour mission, and the triumphs of grace
among its vicious and degraded inhabitants. Then the meeting was
thrown open for the reception of gifts and promises, and it soon
appeared as if, like Moses with the Israelites, Mr. Clayton would have
to ask them to “stay their hand.” Jabez Hepton would make and give
the pulpit; Kasper Crabtree would build the wall around the chapel
grounds and surmount it with iron palisades; George Cliffe the
carrier, and other owners of horses would “lead” the bricks, lime,
sand, stone, slates, and timber free of cost. Widow Appleton
promised the proceeds of her jargonelle pear-tree, and Piggy Morris
would give a litter of porkers to increase the swelling funds. At
length, up rose Black Morris, but so widely different was his aspect
as compared with the sad, bad times of old—clean shaven, and with
shortened locks, the old scowl conspicuous by its absence, and the
entire countenance so illuminated with the gleam of grace, that all
present felt that Black Morris was as dead as Queen Anne, that the
soubriquet was a libel, and that the “John Morris” of his innocent
youth-hood had risen from the dead. Latterly the ex-poacher had
sought with much success to gather employment as a farrier, and
there seemed to be a reasonable prospect of prosperity in that
particular line. John Morris asked permission to address the meeting;
in feeling strains that held his hearers spell-bound, he recounted his
strange and startling experience. He told the story of the brickbat,
and pointed, with tears in his eyes, to the scar on Mr. Clayton’s face;
ofttimes half-choked with sobs, he struggled through the narrative of
his never-to-be-forgotten ride in the circuit gig. He told how he
watched Mr. Clayton at Kesterton town-end with the brickbat in his
hand. “I said as I put it in my pocket,” said he, “and turned down
the Nestleton-road, ‘Hey, I shall want it again.’ And now I do want it
again. Here it is! (and he held the missile up before them), I want to
give it to the new chapel. I’ve saved five pounds, and will save, by
God’s help fifteen more, which I rejoice to give in gratitude to God;
but I want to ask you to build the brickbat into the building, for it
has been bathed many a time in tears of penitence, and I thank
God, it has also been bathed in tears of joy.” The scene which
followed baffles description. Mr. Clayton hid his face in his hands and
wept like a child, the sobs of Piggy Morris and his gentle Mary were
heard above the deep but suppressed murmurs of sympathy which
ran through the tearful crowd. By-and-bye, “Aud Adam Olliver” arose
and said,—
“Mr. Chairman! If ivver there was a man upo’ t’ ’arth ’at was a’most
ower ’appy te live, it’s me. Halleluia! Halleluia! Prayse the Lord! an’
let all the people say, Amen.” And they did say it, as if they meant it.
Adam proceeded, “Neet an’ day for mair then fotty year, ah’ve bin
prayin’ an’ waitin’ te see this day. An’ noo its cum, an’ cum iv a shap’
’at fair tonns me’ heead wi’ joy. When me an’ mah dear aud Judy
com’ here te-day, and ah saw this greeat big tent afoore uz, an’ t’
flags flappin’ on t’ top on it, ah could’nt help sayin’, ‘Judy, mi’ lass!
There’s t’ tabernacle there alriddy, an’ t’ temple ’ll be up and
oppened afoare Can’lemas-day. Prayse the Lord!’ We’ve had monny
a blessed tahme i’ mah lahtle hoose, an’ Maister Houston’s kitchen’s
been filled wi’ t’ glory o’ the Lord. Beeath on ’em’s been a Bochim wi’
t’ tears o’ penitent sowls, an’ thenk the Lord beeath on em’s been a
Bethel, wheer poor wanderin’ sinners like Jacob hez fun’ the Lord.
Ah’ve been thinkin’ o’ t’ good aud sowls ’at’s gone te heaven oot o’
mah lahtle class, since fost it wer’ started, playmaytes an’
cumpanions o’ mahne an’ Judy’s. Why scoores on ’em hez crossed
ower Jordan, dry-shod, an’ gone te be for ivver wi’ the Lord. Me an’
Judy’s aboot all there’s left o’ t’ real aud standers. We are like a
coople o’ poor, dry trimmlin’ leeaves, still shackin’ upo’ t’ tree i’
winter; when wa’ fall we sall fall as leet as they deea, an’ t’ wind ’at
bloas us doon ’ll bloa us up ageean an’ carry us inte Paradise,—

‘Te flourish in endurin’ bloom

Seeaf frae diseeases an’ decline.’

Then there’s that grand victh’ry ’at the Lord’s gi’en us i’ Midden
Harbour. Scoores o’ poor sowls ’at’s been liggin’ amang t’ pots hez
gotten ‘wings o’ silver an’ feathers o’ yallow gold.’ Prayse the Lord!
An’ noo, Mr. Chairman, let’s remember what the Lord said te t’
Israelites when they camped bi’ t’ side o’ Jordan, ’at owerfload its
banks i’ harvest-tahme. It seeamed as though they could nivver
cross it, it was sae rough an’ sae deep. He said, be’ t’ mooth ov ’is
sarvan, Joshua, ‘Sanctify ye’rsens, an’ i’ t’ mornin’ the Lord ’ll work
wunders fo’ yo’ l’ an’ sae He will for uz. Noo, Mr. Chairman, ah’ll say
nae mair, bud nobbut propooase ’at John Morris’s hoaf-brick be built
i’ t’ frunt o’ t’ chapil, i’ sitch a spot ’at ’is bairns an’ their bairns efter
’em may nivver forget hoo the Lord mak’s t’ wrath ov man te prayse
Him, an’ hoo He browt John Morris te t’ Sayviour’s feet.”
The meeting was at length brought to a conclusion, and the people
trod their homeward way, filled with precious experiences of a day
which still lives in the memories of some who are yet spared by the
sweeping scythe of Time, to tell the story of the glorious meeting on
Nestleton Green, and the episode of Black Morris’s singular
contribution. In due time the front gable reared its graceful head,
and midway in the wall was placed a slab of stone, with a square
orifice cut in the middle, in which the brickbat was inserted, and
round about it an inscription to the following effect:—

Wesleyan Methodist Chapel,

Built 1835.

One day, when Mr. Clayton was sauntering round the new erection,
noticing with much satisfaction how nearly it approached
completion, he was joined by John Morris, who paid a daily visit of
inspection to the building in which he had so deep and strong an
interest. They stood together, reading the inscription on the tablet
and looking at the suggestive square within.
“Morris,” said Mr. Clayton with a smile, “that cut in the stone will
outlast the scar on my cheek! I count that seam one of the most
precious things that I possess.”
“And I,” said Morris, “count it one of the most shameful things that
even I ever did in my reckless wickedness. But, see, there is a B
directly below it and an M immediately above it, and so it will
perpetuate Black Morris’s repentance so long as the walls endure; or,
if you read it downwards, Morris’s Brickbat is intimated quite as
clearly.”
“Well, that’s one way of looking at it,” said Mr. Clayton, laughing,
“but I have already read it downwards, and in my own mind have
translated it into Methodist Booty; and I declare to you that I would
willingly bear the brunt of another attack if I could capture another
brickbat and another warm-hearted Christian like John Morris;” so
saying he shook his companion warmly by the hand. That worthy
fellow’s answer was a grateful look, through glistening eyes, as he
silently turned away.
 CHAPTER XXXIX.
Nestleton Puts on Holiday Attire.

“Now all is done; bring home the bride again,

Bring home the triumph of our victory;
Bring home with you the glory of her gain,
With joyaunce bring her and with jollitie.
Never had man more joyful day than this,
Whom heaven would heap with bliss.
Make feast, therefore, now all this livelong day,
This day for ever to me holy is.”
Spenser.

HE spring buds had expanded into summer flowers, May

blossoms had developed into autumn fruits, and the corn-
fields were nearly white unto the harvest, when the finishing
touch was given to Nestleton Chapel, and the day came round
when that much-admired sanctuary was to be publicly opened and
solemnly consecrated to God. Great as was the stir and the
enthusiasm when the corner-stone was laid, that event had to hide
its diminished head in presence of this crowning ceremony. The top-
stone was emphatically brought on with shouting, and on that day
Nestleton, with the whole Kesterton Circuit as a boon companion,
gave itself up to an ecstacy of godly dissipation. Nor will this be
wondered at, when it is remembered that the programme of the
opening ceremonies included so joyous and important an episode as
the marriage of Philip Fuller and Lucy Blyth. The fact that this
ceremony was to take place in a “Methodist conventicle,” as the new
building was contemptuously called, an act which was just made
legally possible, thinned the number of invited guests considerably,
as well as did the fact of Philip’s plebeian choice of a bride from a
blacksmith’s hearth-stone. Both he and his father could well afford to
excuse the absence of all such pitiful slaves to an unreasonable
conventionalism, which cared more for caste than character, and
paid a grovelling homage at the shrine of Mrs. Grundy. Philip knew
that he was about to gain a first-class prize in what, as things go, is
too truly a “matrimonial lottery.” His father knew that he was about
to welcome to Waverdale Hall a member of the higher aristocracy of
goodness and virtue, compared with which, blue blood and a
pedigree dating from the Norman Conquest were trivialities too
insignificant for mention; as for a mere Plutocracy, whose merit
consists in money and acres, the old squire, even before his moral
change had come, would have looked down on it with disdain. Now,
both his own and his son’s convictions chimed in with Tennyson’s
sentiment,—

“Trust me, Clara Vere de Vere;

From yon blue heavens above us bent,
The grand old gardener and his wife,
Smile at your claims of long descent.
Howe’er it be, it seems to me,
’Tis only noble to be good;
Kind hearts are more than coronets,
And simple faith than Norman blood.”

And so it was, that no shadow of regret or drawback mingled with

the glad events of that auspicious day, which crowned the happiness
of two loyal hearts, filled the old squire’s cup with blessing,
dispersed the last vestige of fear from Blithe Natty’s mind, drove
Nestleton into hysterical delight, and filled all Waverdale with joy.
At Old Adam Olliver’s suggestion, the first service on the opening
day was held at eight o’clock in the morning, and consisted solely of
prayer and praise, with a brief address from Mr. Clayton, to whom
they were so greatly indebted, alike for the initiation of the scheme
and its triumphant completion. Herein, the wise and thoughtful
villagers happed exactly on what was indisputably the fitting thing to
do, both as to the nature of the primal service and the choice of the
individual who should line out the first hymn of praise and offer the
consecrating prayer. The custom which prevails of asking some
popular minister from a distance to perform this honourable task,
and to make a sermon the chief feature of the dedication, is one
which would be much more honoured in the breach than the
observance. He has had no sleep-depriving cares, no tireless
labours, no anxious heartaches, during the harassing history of the
work, and probably never heard of it, until he receives the invitation
to be the high priest of the day. Let those who present the gift lay it
upon the altar, and then it may be wise to summon whatever
oratorical harp, sackbut, and psaltery may add effect and interest to
the holy festival. During that early morning meeting the crowd of
worshippers had evidence prompt and potent that their gift had
“come up acceptable before God.”
“Cum an’ fill the hoose in which we sit!” pleaded Adam Olliver;
“suddenly cum te Thi’ temple. It’s Thahne! It’s nobbut a poor thing
cumpared wi’ what Thoo’s gi’en te uz, bud it’s best we can deea!
Mair sud Thoo hev, if we had mair! An’ we gi’ Thoo oorsens wiv it.
Tak’ it an’ tak’ uz, O Lord. Cum an’ live in it, an’ iv oor ’arts. Let t’
cloven tungues o’ fire sit on uz while we kneel! Greeat grace be noo
upon uz all!”
And “great grace” did come, “and the glory of the Lord filled the
temple,” for we may be assured that such a gift offered in such a
spirit, by those inspired by such motives, shall now and ever be
graciously acknowledged by Him whose name is recorded there. It
will be seen that the building was now fitly prepared for the second
ceremonial, which was nothing less than the joining together of
Philip and Lucy in the holy bands of matrimony. I am sorry to
disappoint those of my readers who are eagerly looking for “a true
and particular description of that interesting transaction.” Were I to
make the attempt my pen would be like Pharaoh’s chariots in the
Red Sea’s vacated bed, which “drave heavily,” and would lag in
tedious despondency, conscious that the feat was beyond its power.
Suffice it to say that there were all the usual accessories common to
such a rare occasion: orange flowers and veils and coaches, horses
with white rosettes and tasseled ear-caps, wedding guests in white
gloves, white waistcoats, or white robes, according as their sex
demanded. This I may note, that the Rev. Matthew Mitchell was
promoted to the high position of “best man,” adding my own opinion
that a much better man would have been difficult to discover. Mr.
Mitchell was kept in countenance by a couple of Philip’s college
chums, who loved him in his student days, and whose esteem was
of that true metal which did not lose its ring at the sight of a
Methodist chapel or a cottage-born bride. Amongst the bridesmaids
was one of Lucy’s school companions, who rejoiced in being the
daughter of “a private gentleman of competent means,” which may
probably be accepted by Mrs. Grundy as a passable certificate,
giving right of entry within the magic circle of “people of position.” It
may be depended on, however, that this was not our Lucy’s reason
for selecting her. That was because she was as good as gold, had
been for years a correspondent given to writing crossed letters, and
was a true and bosom friend. I should not like to forget that bonny
Grace Houston was also an attractive feature of the bridal train, and
more than one or two observant spectators of the day’s proceedings
were led to suspect, from certain numerous, but undefinable
phenomena, that Mr. Mitchell “had an eye in that direction.” As for
the two chief actors in this exciting and brilliant business, I can only
say that Philip bore himself as nobly as a conqueror should, and led
his captive with so proud a mien that you might have thought she
was a De Montmorency or a Fitzroy at the very least. Lucy was
simply Lucy, for I declare that yards and yards of white tulle, yards
and yards of silvery drapery, a marvellous wreath of orange
blossoms, satin shoes, and all the rest of her bridal adornments,
could not add one iota to the magical charm which dwelt in and
around the plain unvarnished “Lucy” whom we know.
“Isn’t she an angel,” said little Alice Vokes, one of the white-kilted
fairies who strewed the carpet pathway from gate to altar with
flowers.
“Isn’t she a stunner,” said Tom Raspin, a chubby youth of ten who
formed one of a Sunday-school detachment “on guard.”
My own opinion is that she was both, even with the addition of the
adjectives “perfect” and “regular” which were tacked on by the
respondents in their emphatic replies.
There! I beg to decline further penny-a-lining on this subject. Let my
readers paint the picture themselves, and then get an artist in colour
to touch it off, with special orders “not to spare the paint,” and thus
they may arrive at a satisfactory idea of Lucy’s wedding. Mr. Clayton
tied the “hymeneal knot,” and I am in a position to affirm that he
was “assisted by”—nobody; that nonsensical innovation was then
happily unknown. When the wedding party drove off to Waverdale
Hall, amid the enthusiastic applause of no end of uninvited
spectators, Adam Olliver turned to Farmer Houston, and said with a
smile,—
“There, Maister! T’ pattern’s finished. God set t’ shuttle te wark i’
answer te wer’ prayers. Nestleton Chapil was in it, Squire Fuller was
in it, Philip and Lucy’s weddin’ was in it. Noo it’s finished, bless the
Lord, an’ a pratty pattern it is.”

The wedding breakfast was a grand business. The great dining-hall

was “furnished with guests;” stately lackies with powdered hair and
abnormal calves, got as usual into each other’s way, and looked
innocently unconscious of all that was going on. The most rigid
justice was measured out to the sumptuous viands waiting
sepulture, and then, that time of test and trial, that running of the
gauntlet, that shivering plunge amid broken ice, the speechifying
time, came round. Lucy pierced the Brobdignagian Greco-Gothic
edifice of a bride-cake gallantly and resolutely, as though she had a
spite against it, an article she never possessed against anything or
anybody; then Philip gripped the weapon and speedily put it to the
sword, sending round its ice-and-sugar mailed morsels to the
expectant guests. Then followed the various toasts customary on
such occasions, connected with speeches which need not be
reported: their gist and character may be well imagined. Mr. Mitchell
was the last speaker. He could not begin with, “unaccustomed as I
am to public speaking,” as is often the case, but he displayed a
nervousness which nobody who had heard him hold forth in Piggy
Morris’s malt-kiln would ever have given him credit for. For a minute
or two he floundered, and no wonder, the surroundings were
somewhat different from those in the Midden Harbour Chapel of
Ease; but he happened to catch a suspicious smile on the face of
one of Philip’s college friends, and at once he felt the gravity of the
occasion. The honour of Methodism, of Lucy Blyth’s—I beg her
pardon, Lucy Fuller’s—clerical connections, of Philip’s choice of a
Church were at stake, so he pulled himself together, and planted his
feet firmly en the ground, as though he was about to quote Sir
Walter Scott,—

“Come one, come all! this rock shall fly

From its firm base as soon as I!”

“Mr. Chairman!” A roar of laughter and rappings that made the

glasses dance a fandango, greeted this lapsus linguæ, but he was
now equal to the occasion,—
“That is the word I should have used if ‘my foot had been on my
native heath,’ as it is I must forego the familiar formula, and at once
address myself to the attractive task before me. There can be but
one opinion as to the peculiar charm which the bridesmaids have
lent to the happy proceedings of the day. Their winning beauty, the
magic influence, shall I say, the grace,——”
“Yes, Grace Houston!” said a waggish guest, who had noted the
speaker’s marked devotion to that more than comely damsel:
whereupon our tyro blushed like a boy, and almost lost his
equilibrium, while Grace herself found something amiss with the rose
on her bosom, which required close attention to secure its proper re-
adjustment.
“I recommend the young gentlemen here present,” continued he, “to
‘use well the present moment,’ for not only may they go further and
fare worse, but they may go anywhere and not fare so well. I hope
that this bevy of fair damsels may speedily follow in the steps of the
bride, and have the promise of as fair a future.”
Of course, “all went merry as a marriage bell,” until at last the
carriage rolled up to the door, and the bridal pair departed amid
cheers, and tears, and blessings, to spend the honeymoon at
Scarborough, in which delightful resort of health and pleasure I will
leave them awhile, and proceed to chronicle the subsequent doings
of Nestleton in its holiday attire.
The entire village, together with its numerous visitors, had
immigrated bodily to Waverdale Park. A bountiful feast was spread
for all comers, an ox had been roasted whole for their delectation,
and a boundless supply of other comestibles had been provided by
the squire and his son, to an extent that defied the heavy run upon
them to exhaust. I am bound to say that there was also a sufficient
supply of foaming ale, for beneficent teetotalism had not yet
penetrated those rural regions, and Good Templary had not been
even dreamed of by the most determined and sanguine votary of
anti-Bacchus. Of course, there were more speeches, in the course of
which the squire himself proposed the health of Old Adam Olliver.
The old hedger received an ovation such as might well have turned
the heads of less humble men. For a moment or two the old man
was in danger of being mounted, chair and all, upon the shoulders
of his fellow-villagers, and carried in triumph round the park. They
contented themselves, however, by calling for a speech.
“Ah’s varry mitch obliged te yo’,” quoth Adam, “bud speeach-mackin’
at tahmes like theease is altegither oot o’ mah line. Ah will say this,
hooivver, ’at Nestleton nivver saw sitch a day as this afoore, an’ ah
deean’t think ’at it’s ivver likely te see sitch anuther. Mah poor aud
een’s run a’most dry wi’ tears o’ grattitude an’ joy. Nestleton’s getten
a chapil, an’t’ yung squire’s getten Lucy, an’ t’ aud squire’s getten a
dowter withoot a marro’, an’ Nathan Blyth’s getten a son ’at owt te
mak’ ’im stand three inches bigger iv his shoon; an’ what Nestleton’s
getten i’ hevin’ ’em all ’ll be a blessin’ tiv it for ivver an’ ivver. As for
me an’ Judy, we’ve nobbut gotten yah wish left, an’ that’s te see
Pete ageean. But that’s as the Lord will. Ah’s an aud man, an’ me’
wark’s deean. Ah’ve hed te hing up me slashin’-knife an’ hedgin’-
gluvs, an’ ah’s just waitin’ quietly te gan when t’ Maister calls ma’. Ah
pray ’at t’ yung cupple may be varry happy, an’ ah’s seear they will,
for—

‘’Tis religion ’at can give

Reeal pleasure while we live;’

an’, prayse the Lord, they hev it, beeath on ’em. Ah wop they’ll hae
their quiver full ov bonny bairns, an’ bring ’em up i’ t’ fear o’ God:
an’ efter a lang an’ ’appy an’ useful life, ’at they’ll end their days i’
peeace, an’ gan te be for ivver wi’ the Lord; for—

‘’Tis religion can supply

Solid cumfort when we die.’

May God bless ’em, an’ bless t’ aud squire, an’ bless uz all. Amen!”
Old Adam’s words were felt to be a benediction, and a deep and
earnest “Amen!” arose to float the old man’s prayer to heaven.
The day was fitly wound up with another service in the new chapel,
when a sermon was preached by a minister of mighty name and
fame from London, who had come to aid them in the dedication of
their holy and beautiful house of prayer. So ended a day, which will
long be remembered in the annals of Waverdale, as the day of
“Nestleton Chapel opening and Lucy Blyth’s wedding!”
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