2.
MEU624 S 2025 Question Bank - Engine Design & Operating Parameters
Engine Design & Operating Parameters
Q. 1. What is displacement volume? What is the relevance of displacement volume with
regards to engine power output? Suggest reasons why multi-cylinder engines prove more
attractive than single-cylinder engines once the total engine displaced volume exceeds a few
hundred cubic centimeters.
Points to cover: Engine power output principally depends on mass of air-fuel mixture which is
burned during combustion process which in turn depends on the displacement volume, For
higher engine power output, higher engine cubic capacity is essential, advantages of having
more number of cylinders adding to the desired engine cubic capacity due to lower inertia losses
and weight, lower piston speeds for a bulky piston cylinder, even distribution of power stroke
among multiple engine cylinders thereby resulting in a uniform power output.
Engine Design & Operating Parameters
Q. 2. Provide the precise definition of engine performance. How is the basic engine
characteristics defined? Define (i) Maximum rated power and maximum engine speed and (ii)
Normal rated engine power and normal rated speed. Why the engine power is always specified
in terms of engine speed?
The engine characteristics are usually defined by:
i) The engine’s performance over its operating range
ii) The engine’s fuel consumption over its operating range and the cost of the fuel
iii) The engine’s noise and pollutant emissions within this operating range
iv) The reliability and durability of the engine, its maintenance requirements and how these
affect the engine availability and operating costs
1. More precise definition of engine performance is:
i) The maximum power or torque available at each engine speed over its useful engine
operating range
ii) The range of speed and power for which the engine operation is satisfactory
Maximum Rated Power: The highest power an engine is allowed to develop for short periods of
operation.
Normal Rated Power: The highest power an engine is allowed to develop for continuous
operation.
Rated Speed: The crankshaft rotational speed at which rated power is developed.
Engine Design & Operating Parameters
Q. 3. Engine performance is precisely defined by which parameters? Briefly explain the
following performance definitions: (i) Maximum rated power (ii) Normal rated power (iii) Rated
speed. In this context, justify the statement that, an engine cannot operate to develop
maximum rated power and at the same time result in fuel economy, with the help of a curve
representing variation of brake power and specific fuel consumption with air-fuel ratio.
Points to cover:
Engine performance is more precisely defined by (a) The maximum power (or the maximum
torque) available at each speed within the useful operating range (b) The range of speed and
power over which engine operation is satisfactory. (i) Maximum rated power: The highest power
which an engine is allowed to develop for short periods of operation (ii) Normal rated power:
The highest power which an engine is allowed to develop during continuous operation (iii) Rated
speed: The crankshaft rotational speed at which rated power is developed. To develop
maximum rated power at rated speed, the engine is required to be supplied with a richer than
stoichiometric air-fuel mixture which will result in higher specific fuel consumption and less fuel
economy, To operate the engine with highest fuel economy, the engine is supplied with just
required quantity of fuel with a moderate air-fuel ratio which will not be sufficient to develop
maximum rated power, Hence the range of speed at which the engine will be operated to
develop maximum rated power and to obtain highest fuel economy are different.
Engine Design & Operating Parameters
Q. 4. A automobile has a 2.8-liter SI V6 engine that operates on a four-stroke cycle at 3500
rpm. The compression ratio is 8.5, the length of connecting rods is 16.4 cm and the engine is
square (B = S). At this speed, combustion ends at 18° aTDC. Calculate
1. Cylinder bore and stroke length
2. Average piston speed
3. Clearance volume of one cylinder
4. Piston speed at the end of the combustion
5. Distance the piston has traveled from TDC at the end of the combustion
6. Volume in the combustion chamber at the end of the combustion
1) Solution: For one cylinder, with S = B:
2) Average piston speed
𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑃𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑛 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑, 𝑆𝑝 = 2𝑆𝑁
= 2 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑘𝑒𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑣 (0.0860 𝑚 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑘𝑒)(3600 60 𝑟𝑒𝑣 𝑠𝑒𝑐 ) = 10.32 𝑚 𝑠𝑒𝑐
3) Clearance volume of one cylinder
𝑟𝑐 = 9.5 = (𝑉𝑑 + 𝑉𝑐 ) 𝑉𝑐
𝑟𝑐 = 9.5 = (0.005 + 𝑉𝑐 ) 𝑉𝑐
𝑉𝑐 = 0.000059 𝑚3 = 59 𝑐𝑚3
4) Crank Offset ,
𝑎 = 𝑆 2 = 0.0430 𝑚 = 4.3 𝑐𝑚
𝑅 = 𝑟 𝑎 = 16.6 𝑐𝑚 4.30 𝑐𝑚 = 3.86
To find instantaneous speed
𝑆𝑝 𝜋 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 1 +
𝑆𝑝 2 𝑅 2 −𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝜃 1 2
𝑆𝑝 = 0.668 𝑆𝑝 = 0.668 (10.32 𝑚 sec
) = 6.89 𝑚 𝑠𝑒𝑐
5) Piston position
𝑠 = 𝑎. 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑟 2 − 𝑎2 . 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 =
0.0430 𝑚 . 𝑐𝑜𝑠. 20° + 0.166𝑚 2 − 0.0430 𝑚 2 . 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 (20°)
𝑠 = 0.206 𝑚
Distance from TDC:
𝑥 = 𝑟 + 𝑎 − 𝑠 = 0.166𝑚 + 0.043𝑚 − 0.206𝑚 = 0.003𝑚 = 0.3 𝑐𝑚
6) To find instantaneous volume
1
𝑉 𝑉𝑐 = 1 + 2 𝑟𝑐 − 1 𝑅 + 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠. 𝜃 − 𝑅 2 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 . 𝜃
1 2
= 1 + 2 9.5 − 1 + 3.86 + 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠. 20° − 3.86 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 . 20° = 1.32
𝑉 = 1.32𝑉𝑐 = 1.32 59𝑐𝑚3 = 77.9 𝑐𝑚3 = 0.000079 𝑚3
Engine Design & Operating Parameters
Q. 5. Define mean effective pressure. Why it is a preferred parameter to compare engines for
design or output. Write down the equations for engine torque and power and explain each of
the terms involved. Briefly explain how the engine torque is measured. Draw the engine
performance curve representing variation of engine torque (N-m) and power (W/KW) with
engine speed (RPM). Comment on (i) Decrease in engine power at higher engine speeds & (ii)
Why torque initially increases with engine speed and then decreases at higher engine speeds.
Ans.: The pressure in the engine cylinder is changing continuously. An average or mean
effective pressure is defined by:
𝑤 = (𝑚𝑒𝑝)Δ𝑣
Or
𝑚𝑒𝑝 = w Δv = W Vd
Δ𝑣 = 𝑣𝐵𝐷𝐶 − 𝑣𝑇𝐷𝐶
Where W = Work of one cycle, w = specific work of one cycle, 𝑉𝑑 = 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒
Mean effective pressure is a good parameter to compare engines for design or output because
it is independent of the engine size and/ or speed. If torque is used for comparison, larger
engines will always look better. If power is used for comparison, speed becomes important.
Torque is a good indicator of engine’s ability to do work. It is defined as force acting at a
moment distance and has units of N-m. Torque 𝜏 is related to work by
2𝜋𝜏 = 𝑊𝑏 = 𝑏𝑚𝑒𝑝 𝑉𝑑 𝑛
𝑊𝑒𝑟𝑒, 𝑊𝑏 = 𝐵𝑟𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑉𝑑 = 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒
𝑛 = 𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑒 𝑐𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑘𝑠𝑎𝑓𝑡
Power is defined as the rate of work of the engine. If n = number of revolutions per cycle, and N
= engine speed, then:
𝑊 = 𝑊𝑁 𝑛
𝑊 = 2𝜋𝑁𝜏
Where
𝑊 = 𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒, 𝐴𝑝 = 𝑝𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑝𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑠, 𝑆𝑝 = 𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑃𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑛 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑
Fig.: Brake torque and Power output of a typical reciprocating engine as a function of engine
speed. Speed at which peak torque is obtained is called as Maximum Brake Torque (MBT)
speed.
Indicated power increases with speed while brake power increases with speed and then
decreases. This is because friction power increases with engine speed to a higher power and
become dominant at higher engine speeds.
Both torque and power are functions of engine speed. At low speed, torque increases as engine
speed increases. As engine speed increases further, torque reaches a maximum and then
decreases as shown in Figs. above. Torque decreases because the engine is unable to ingest a
full charge of air at higher speeds. Indicated power increases with speed, while brake power
increases to a maximum and then decreases at higher speeds. This is because friction losses
increase with speed and become the dominant factor at very high speeds. For many automobile
engines, maximum brake power occurs at about 6000 to 7000 RPM, about one and a half times
the speed of maximum torque.
Engine Design & Operating Parameters
Q. 6. A automobile has a 2.5-liter SI V6 engine that operates on a four-stroke cycle at 3500 rpm.
The compression ratio is 8.5, the length of connecting rods is 16.4 cm and the engine is square
(B = S). The engine is connected to the dynamometer which gives a brake torque output reading
of 202 N-m at 3500 rpm. At this speed air enters the combustion chamber at 85 kPa and 60°C.
Mechanical efficiency of the engine is 87%. Calculate: 1.Brake Power 2. Brake mean effective
pressure 3. Power lost to friction 4. Brake work per unit mass of gas in the cylinder 5. Brake
specific power 6. Brake output per displacement.
Solution: Answer: 1. Brake Power
𝑊𝑏 = 2𝜋𝑁𝜏 = 2𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑣 (3600 60 𝑟𝑒𝑣 sec )(205 𝑁𝑚)
= 77,300 𝑁 − 𝑚 𝑠𝑒𝑐 = 77.3 𝑘𝑊 = 104 𝑝
2. Brake mean effective pressure
𝑏𝑚𝑒𝑝
= 4𝜋𝜏 𝑉𝑑 = (4𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑠 𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒)(205 𝑁 − 𝑚) (0.003 𝑚3 𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒) = 859,000 𝑁 𝑚2 = 859 𝑘𝑃𝑎
3. Power Lost to Friction
𝐴𝑝 = (𝜋 4)𝐵 2 = (𝜋 4)(0.086 𝑚2 ) = 0.00581𝑚2 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑐𝑦𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟
Average piston speed
𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑃𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑛 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑, 𝑆𝑝 = 2𝑆𝑁
= 2 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑘𝑒𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑣 (0.0860 𝑚 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑘𝑒)(3600 60 𝑟𝑒𝑣 𝑠𝑒𝑐 ) = 10.32 𝑚 𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝑊𝑓 = (1 2𝑛) 𝑓𝑚𝑒𝑝 𝐴𝑝 𝑈𝑝
= (1 4) 151 𝑘𝑃𝑎 (0.00581 𝑚2 𝑐𝑦𝑙)(10.32 𝑚 sec ) (6 𝑐𝑦𝑙) = 13.6 𝑘𝑊 = 18 𝑝
4. Brake work per unit mass
First brake work per cylinder is found for one cylinder one cycle
𝑊𝑏 = 𝑏𝑚𝑒𝑝 𝑉𝑑 = 859 𝑘𝑃𝑎 0.0005 𝑚3 = 0.43 𝑘𝐽
It can be assumed that the gas entering the cylinder is air.
𝑚𝑎 = 𝑃𝑉𝐵𝐷𝐶 𝑅𝑇 = 𝑃 𝑉𝑑 + 𝑉𝑐 𝑅𝑇
= 85 𝑘𝑃𝑎 (0.0005 + 0.000059 𝑚3 ) (0.287 𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝑔. 𝐾) 333 𝐾 = 0.00050 𝑘𝑔
Brake specific work per unit mass
𝑤𝑏 = 𝑊𝑏 𝑚𝑎 = (0.43 𝑘𝐽) 0.00050 𝑘𝑔 = 860 𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝑔
5. Brake specific power
𝐵𝑆𝑃 = 𝑊𝑏 𝐴𝑝 = (77.3 𝑘𝑊) 𝜋 4 0.086 𝑚 2 (6 𝐶𝑦𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑠)
= 2220 𝑘𝑊 𝑚2 = 0.2220 𝑘𝑊 𝑐𝑚2
6. Brake Output per displacement
𝐵𝑂𝑃𝐷 = 𝑊𝑏 𝑉𝑑 = 77.3 𝑘𝑊 3𝐿 = 25.8 𝑘𝑊 𝐿
Engine Design & Operating Parameters
Q. 7. What is specific fuel consumption of an engine? Explain its significance. Draw the engine
curve representing specific fuel consumption as a function of engine speed. Explain the curve
and the reasons for higher specific fuel consumption at lower and higher engine speeds. On
which other engine parameters does the sfc depends on and how is the variation of sfc with
these parameters.
Ans: Specific fuel consumption is defined as the unit amount of fuel consumed to develop a unit
amount of power. The unit is gm/Kw-hr. It is more relevant parameter to determine and
compare the fuel economy and the ability of the engine to develop a given amount of power
output from the optimum level of fuel consumption.
𝑠𝑓𝑐 = 𝑚𝑓 𝑊
𝑤𝑒𝑟𝑒, 𝑚𝑓 = 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑢𝑒𝑙 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑜 𝑡𝑒 𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑒 & 𝑊 = 𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟
𝑏𝑠𝑓𝑐 = 𝑚𝑓 𝑊𝑏
𝑖𝑠𝑓𝑐 = 𝑚𝑓 𝑊𝑖
Brake specific fuel consumption decreases as engine speed increases due to the shorter time
for heat loss during each cycle, reaches a minimum and then increases. Fuel consumption
increases at high speed because of greater friction losses. At low engine speed, the longer time
per cycle allows more heat loss and fuel consumption goes up.
Apart from engine speed, specific fuel consumption depends on compression ratio, air-fuel
ratio, engine size.
As compression ratio increased fuel consumption decreases due to greater thermal efficiency. It
is lowest when combustion occurs in a mixture with a fuel equivalence ratio near one. The
further from stoichiometric combustion, either reach or lean, the higher will be the fuel
consumption. Brake specific fuel consumption decreases with engine size being best (lowest)
for very large engines.
Figure: Brake specific fuel consumption as function of engine speed.
Engine Design & Operating Parameters
Q. 8. A automobile has a 2.5-liter SI V6 engine that operates on a four-stroke cycle at 35600
rpm. The compression ratio is 8.5, the length of connecting rods is 16.4 cm and the engine is
square (B = S). The engine is connected to the dynamometer which gives a brake torque output
reading of 202 N-m at 3500 rpm. At this speed air enters the combustion chamber at 85 kPa
and 60°C. Mechanical efficiency of the engine is 87%.
The engine is running with an air-fuel ratio AF = 15, a fuel heating value of 44,000kJ/kg, and a
combustion efficiency of 97%. Calculate:
1. Rate of fuel flow into the engine
2. Brake thermal efficiency
3. Indicated thermal efficiency
4. Volumetric efficiency
5. Brake specific fuel consumption
Solution: The mass of air in one cylinder for one cycle is 𝑚𝑎 = 0.00050 𝑘𝑔. Then
𝑚𝑓 = 𝑚𝑎 𝐴𝐹 = 0.00050 𝑘𝑔 15 = 0.000033 𝑘𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑢𝑒𝑙 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑦𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒
Therefore the rate of fuel flow into the engine is
𝑚𝑓 = (0.000033 𝑘𝑔 𝑐𝑦𝑙 − 𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒) 6 𝑐𝑦𝑙 (3600 60 𝑟𝑒𝑣 sec )(1 𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒 2 𝑟𝑒𝑣)
𝑚𝑓 = 0.0060 𝑘𝑔 𝑠𝑒𝑐
Brake Thermal Efficiency
(𝜂𝑡 ) = 𝑊𝑏 ⁄(𝑚𝑓 𝑄𝐻𝑉 𝜂𝑐 )
= (77.3 𝑘𝑊) (0.0060 𝑘𝑔 sec )(44,000 𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝑔) 0.97 = 0.302 = 30.2%
Indicated thermal efficiency
(𝜂𝑡 )𝑖 = (𝜂𝑡 )𝑏 𝜂𝑚 = 0.302 0.85 = 35.5%
Volumetric efficiency
𝜂𝑣 = 𝑛 𝑚𝑎 𝜌𝑎 . 𝑉𝑑 𝑁 = (0.00050 𝑘𝑔) (1.181 𝑘𝑔 𝑚3 ) 0.0005 𝑚3 = 0.847 = 84.7 %
Brake specific fuel consumption
𝑏𝑠𝑓𝑐 = 𝑚𝑓 𝑊𝑏 = (0.0060 𝑘𝑔 sec ) 77.3 𝑘𝑊 = 7.76 × 10−5 𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑊 − 𝑠𝑒𝑐
= 279 𝑔𝑚 𝑘𝑊 − 𝑟
Engine Operating Parameters
Q. 9. Higher intake temperature of air-fuel mixture may lead to a decrease in volumetric
efficiency of the engine thereby decreasing the thermal efficiency? How? Verify the statement.
Comparison of Otto & Diesel Cycles
Q. 10. Compare the disadvantage of poor part-load operation of SI engines with CI engines?
Why CI Engines fare better in part-load operation? Does this have to do anything with the way
in which CI engines are governed or controlled?
Engine Operating Parameters
Q. 11. Explain why a rich air-fuel mixture is required for the following engine operating
conditions (i) idling (ii) maximum power and sudden acceleration. What is the effect of
operating engine with rich fuel-air mixtures on engine fuel consumption and exhaust
emissions?
Ans.:
Engine Design & Operating Parameters
Q. 12. A 3 liter SI V6 Engine operates on a four-stroke cycle at 3600 rpm. The compression ratio
is 9.5, the length of connecting rod is 16.6 cm, and the engine is square. The engine is
connected to a dynamometer which gives a break output torque reading of 205N-m and the
mechanical efficiency of the engine is 85%, Calculate:
(i) Indicated and brake power
(ii) Indicated and brake mean effective pressure
(iii) Brake work per unit mass of gas in the cylinder, and
(iv) Brake specific power
Engine Design & Operating Parameters
Q. 13. A SI engine of 4 cylinders with aggregate of 2.5 liter cubic capacity operates on a four-
stroke cycle. The air-fuel ratio is 15 and energy released by burning 1 kg of fuel is 44,300 kJ/kg.
The engine has a compression ratio of 8.6:1, a stroke-to-bore ratio of 1.025 and mechanical
efficiency of 86%. All chemical potential of air-fuel mixture is released during the combustion
process. The cylinder conditions at the start of the compression stroke are 100 kPa and 60°C.
The cylinder contents can be assumed to be a mixture of air, fuel vapor and exhaust residual
gases (4%). Calculate (i) Temperature at each state of the cycle (ii) Pressure at each state of the
cycle (iii) Individual mass of air, fuel and exhaust residual gases (iv) Net indicated work for one
cylinder during one cycle.
Engine Design & Operating Parameters
Q. 14. A six cylinder gasoline engine operates on the four stroke cycle. The bore of each cylinder
is 80 mm and the stroke is 100 mm. The clearance volume per cylinder is 70 cc. At a speed of
4000 rpm, the fuel consumption is 150 N-m. Calculate (i) brake power (ii) brake mean effective
pressure (iii) brake thermal efficiency if the heating value of fuel is 43,000 kJ/kg, and the (iv)
relative efficiency on a brake power basis assuming the engine works at constant volume cycle.
Engine Design & Operating Parameters
Q. 15. A 3-liter, 6 cylinder SI engine operates on 4-stroke cycle developing a brake torque of 205
N-m at 3600 rpm. The compression ratio is 9.5 and the stroke-to-bore ratio is 1. Air enters at 85
kPa and 60°C and the mechanical efficiency is 85%. The engine operates with an air-fuel ratio of
15 and uses a fuel with heating value of 44,000 kJ/kg. The combustion efficiency is 97%.
Calculate (i) mass of air at BDC (ii) rate of fuel flow into engine (iii) volumetric efficiency and (iv)
brake specific fuel consumption.
Engine Design & Operating Parameters
Q. 16. Cylinder conditions at the start of compression in an SI engine operating at wide open
throttle on an air-standard Otto cycle are 60°C and 98 kPa. The engine has a compression ratio
of 9.5:1 and uses gasoline with AF = 15.5. Combustion efficiency is 96%, and it can be assumed
that there is no exhaust residual. Calculate: (i) Temperature at all states in the cycle (°C) (ii)
Pressure at all states in the cycle (kPa) (iii) Specific work done during power stroke (kJ/kg) (d)
Heat added during combustion (kJ/kg) (e) Net specific work done (kJ/kg) (f) Indicated thermal
efficiency.
Engine Design & Operating Parameters
Q. 17. The IC engines are required to develop maximum power as well as required to consume
minimum of fuel. Is it possible to meet both of these requirements simultaneously? If not, then
how the engine is designed to operate to satisfy both of these requirements, explain using
suitable diagrams.
Q. 18. A four-cylinder, 2-Stroke cycle diesel engine with 10.9 cm bore and 12.6 cm stroke
produces 88 kW of brake power at 2000 rpm. Compression ratio is 𝑟𝑐 = 18: 1. Calculate (a)
Engine displacement 𝑐𝑚3 (b) Brake mean effective pressure 𝑘𝑃𝑎 (c) Torque 𝑁 − 𝑚 𝑑
Clearance volume of one cylinder 𝑐𝑚3 .
Solution:
(a) Find
𝑉𝑑 𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎 𝑁𝑐 𝜋 4 𝐵2 𝑆 = 4.703 𝐿 = 4703 𝑐𝑚3
(b) 𝑈𝑝 = 2 𝑆𝑁 = 8.40 𝑚 𝑠𝑒𝑐 =
𝐴𝑝 = 𝜋 4 𝐵2 . 𝑁𝑐 = 0.0373 𝑚3
𝑈
𝑊𝑏 = 𝑏𝑚𝑒𝑝 𝐴𝑝 . 𝑝 2 , 𝑏𝑚𝑒𝑝 = 561 𝑘𝑃𝑎
(c) 𝜏 = 𝑏𝑚𝑒𝑝 𝑉𝑑 2𝜋 = 420 𝑁 − 𝑚
(d) Find Clearance volume of one cylinder using, 𝑟𝑐 = 𝑉𝑑 + 𝑉𝑐 𝑉𝑐 , 𝑉𝑐 = 69.2 𝑐𝑚3
Q. 19. A 4-cylinder, 3.5 litre SI engine operates on a four-stroke cycle at 2500 rpm. At this
condition, the mechanical efficiency of the engine is 62% and 1000J of indicated work are
produced per cycle per cylinder. Calculate (a) Indicated mean effective pressure 𝑘𝑃𝑎 (b)
Brake mean effective pressure 𝑘𝑃𝑎 (c) Friction mean effective pressure 𝑘𝑃𝑎 (d) Brake
power in kW and hp (e) Torque 𝑁 − 𝑚 .
Solution:
(a) Find Indicated mean effective pressure using the formula
𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑝 = 𝑊𝑏 𝑉𝑑 = 1429 𝑘𝑃𝑎
(b) 𝑏𝑚𝑒𝑝 = 𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑝 × 𝜂𝑚𝑒𝑐 = 886 𝑘𝑃𝑎
(c) 𝑓𝑚𝑒𝑝 = 𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑝 − 𝑏𝑚𝑒𝑝 = 543 𝑘𝑃𝑎
(d) Indicated power, 𝑊𝑖 = 𝑊𝑖 𝑁 𝑛 = 104.2 𝑘𝑊 𝑊𝑏 = 𝜂𝑚𝑒𝑐 × 𝑊𝑖 = 64.6 𝑘𝑊
(e) 𝜏 = 𝑏𝑚𝑒𝑝 𝑉𝑑 4𝜋 = 247 𝑁 − 𝑚
Q. 20. A 4-cylinder, 3.5 litre SI engine operates on a four-stroke cycle at 2500 rpm. At this
condition, the mechanical efficiency of the engine is 62% and 1000J of indicated work are
produced per cycle per cylinder. Calculate (a) Specific Power (𝑘𝑊 𝑐𝑚2 ) (b) Output per
displacement 𝑘𝑊 𝑐𝑚3 (c) Specific Volume 𝑐𝑚3 𝑘𝑊 (d) Power lost to friction in kW and
hp.
Solution: Obtain 𝐵𝑜𝑟𝑒 & 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑘𝑒 𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎 𝜋 4. 𝐵 2 . 𝑆, 𝐵 = 𝑆 = 9.62 𝑐𝑚
𝑎 𝑆𝑝 = 𝑊𝑏 𝐴𝑝 = 𝑊𝑏 𝜋 4. 𝐵 2 . 𝑁𝑐 = 0.178 (𝑘𝑊 𝑐𝑚2 )
𝑏 𝑂𝑃𝐷 = 𝑊𝑏 𝑉𝑑 = 0.0185 𝑘𝑊 𝑐𝑚3
𝑐 𝑆𝑉 = 𝑉𝑑 𝑊𝑏 = 54.1 𝑐𝑚3 𝑘𝑊
𝑑 𝑊𝑓 = 𝑊𝑖 − 𝑊𝑏 = 39.6 𝑘𝑊 = 53.1 𝑝
Q. 21. A 1500-𝑐𝑚3 , four-stroke cycle, four-cylinder CI Engine is operating at 3000 rpm,
producing 48 𝑘𝑊 of brake power. Volumetric efficiency is 0.92 and air-fuel ratio is 𝐴𝐹 = 21: 1.
Calculate (a) Rate of air flow into the engine 𝑘𝑔 𝑠𝑒𝑐 (b) Brake specific fuel consumption
𝑔𝑚 𝑘𝑊 − 𝑟 (c) Mass rate of exhaust flow 𝑘𝑔 𝑟 (d) Brake output per displacement
𝑘𝑊 𝐿 .
Solution:
(a) Rate of air-flow into the engine
𝑚𝑎 = 𝜌𝑎 . 𝑉𝑑 𝜂𝑣 . 𝑁 𝑛 = 0.0407 𝑘𝑔 𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝑏 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑢𝑒𝑙 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑜 𝑡𝑒 𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑒, 𝑚𝑓 = 𝑚𝑎 𝐴 𝐹 = 6.985 𝑘𝑔 𝑟
𝑏𝑠𝑓𝑐 = 𝑚𝑓 𝑊𝑏 = 145.5 𝑔𝑚 𝑘𝑊 − 𝑟
𝑐 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓𝑒𝑥𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑡 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑙𝑠 𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑝𝑙𝑢𝑠 𝑓𝑢𝑒𝑙, 𝑚𝑒𝑥 =
0.0407 22 21 𝑘𝑔 𝑠𝑒𝑐 3600 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑟 = 153.5 𝑘𝑔 𝑟
𝑑 𝐵𝑟𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝐵𝑂𝑃𝐷 = 𝑊𝑏 𝑉𝑑 = 32 𝑘𝑊 𝐿
