10/8/2024

Structural Concrete Design

Chapter Two
Design of Two-Way Slabs

Bedar R.Hassan

Halabja University
Bedar R.Hassan
Civil Engineering Department

• 1. Introduction:
• Slabs are supported in such a way that two-way action results.
• When loaded, at any point the slab is curved in both principal directions.
• Moments also exist in both directions.
• To resist these moments, the slab must be reinforced in both directions.

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• The larger share of the load is carried in the short direction.

• Equating the center deflections of the short and long strips gives:

• This result is approximate because the actual behavior of a slab is more complex
than that of the two intersecting strips.

• Because the moments in the long direction are the smaller ones, it is economical to
place the steel in that direction on top of the bars in the short direction.
• The total load on the slab is carried not only by the bending moments in two
directions but also by the twisting moments.

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• Types of reinforced concrete Two-Way Slab:

• 1. Beam Slab system.
• 2. Flat Plate Slab
• 3. Flat Slab
• 4. Waffle Slab

• Methods for Design of Two-Way Slab:

• 1. Coefficient method.
• 2. Computer and finite element programs FEM.
• 3. Semiempirical direct design method DDM.
• 4. Approximate elastic analysis known as the equivalent frame method EFM.
• 5. Strip Method.
• 6. Yield Line theory.

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• 2. Design of slabs with beams in all sides (Direct design method DDM):
• Is the semi-empirical method used for design of Two-way slabs based on ACI
code.
• Procedure: Assume thickness of the slab (150mm-220mm)
• 1. Conditions:
• Moments in two-way slabs can be found using the semiempirical direct design
method, subject to the following restrictions:
• A. There must be a minimum of three continuous spans in each direction.
• B. The panels must be rectangular and L/B< 2.
• C. The successive span lengths in each direction must not differ by more than one
third of the longer span.
• D. Columns may be offset a maximum of 10 percent of the span in the direction of
the offset from either axis between centerlines of successive columns.
• E. Loads must be due to gravity only, and the unfactored LL ≤ 2 unfactored DL.

• F. If beams are used on the column lines, the relative stiffness of the beams in the
two perpendicular directions;
𝛼𝑓1 𝑙22 𝐸𝑐𝑏 𝐼𝑏
• 0.2 ≤ ≤5 𝛼𝑓 =
𝛼𝑓2 𝑙12 𝐸𝑐𝑠 𝐼𝑠
• Where:
• 𝑙1 is defined as the span in the direction of the moment analysis.
• 𝑙2 is the span in the lateral direction measured center to center of the support.
• αf is the relative stiffness of the beams and slabs.
• Ecb and Ecs are the moduli of elasticity of the beam and slab concrete.
• Ib and Is are the moments of inertia of the effective beam and the slab.
• Subscripted parameters αf1 and αf2 are used to identify α computed for the
directions of ℓ 1 and ℓ 2.
• Note: The flexural stiffnesses of the beam and slab may be based on the gross
concrete section, neglecting reinforcement and possible cracking, and variations
due to column capitals and drop panels may be neglected.

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• For exact calculation of moment of inertia of the beam: Two methods are
applicable:
• First (ACI 8.4.1.8): In the case of monolithic construction, beams are defined to
include that part of the slab on each side of the beam extending a distance equal to
the projection of the beam above or below the slab h w (whichever is greater) but
not greater than 4 times the slab thickness
• Second: By using Simplified method
𝑏ℎ3
• 𝐼𝐿−𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚 = 1.5
12
𝑏ℎ3
• 𝐼𝑇−𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚 = 2.0
12

• Note: Circular or Regular-polygon shaped support shall be treated as square

support with the same area as shown in the Figure below.
• For a circular or regular polygon-shaped column in case of flat plate and flat slabs,
critical sections for two-way shear shall be permitted to be defined assuming a
square column of equivalent area with d/2 as minimum requirement.

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• 2. Depth limitation of the slab:

• First: Assume trial thickness and
checked for deflection.
• Second: Determine the minimum
thickness of the slab.
• Note: At discontinuous edges of
slabs conforming to 8.3.1.2, an edge
beam with αf ≥ 0.80 shall be
provided, or the minimum thickness
required by (b) or (d) of Table
8.3.1.2 shall be increased by at least
10 percent in the panel with a
discontinuous edge.

• 3. Check For Shear:

• Determine the applied shear at the critical section which located at a distance d
from the face of the long beam, because of the short direction is critical due to
tributary area. ∅𝑉𝑐 = 0.17𝜆 𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏𝑑 ≥ 𝑉𝑢
• 4. Total static ultimate moments:
2
𝑞𝑢 𝑙2 𝑙𝑛
• 𝑀° =
8
• Note: The clear span is defined to extend from face to face of the columns,
capitals, brackets, or walls but is not to be less than 0.65ℓlong span C/C.

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• 5. Assignment of Moments to Critical Sections:

• A. For interior spans:
• −𝑀 = 0.65𝑀° and +𝑀 = 0.35𝑀°
• Note: The critical section for negative bending is taken at the face of rectangular
supports or at the face of an equivalent square support having the same cross-
sectional area as a round support.

• B. For end spans:

• Depends upon the flexural restraint provided for the slab by the exterior column or
the exterior wall, as the case may be, and depends also upon the presence or
absence of beams on the column lines.
• Note: At interior supports, negative moments may differ for spans framing into
the common support. In such a case, the slab should be designed to resist the
larger of the two moments, unless a special analysis based on relative stiffnesses is
made to distribute the unbalanced moment.

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• 6. Define the Column-strip and middle strip ACI 318M-19-8.4.1:

• Width of Column strip equal to lesser of : Each side of a column centerline equal
to the lesser of 0.25ℓ2 and 0.25ℓ1.
• A middle strip is a design strip bounded by two column strips.

• 7. Lateral Distribution of Moments:

• The designer still must distribute these
design moments across the width of the
critical sections.
• Torsional resistance:
𝐸𝑐𝑏 𝐶 𝑥 𝑥3𝑦
• 𝛽𝑡 = ; 𝐶 = σ 1 − 0.63
2𝐸𝑠𝑏 𝐼𝑠 𝑦 3
• Use maximum C as shown.
• Beams between supports shall resist the
portion of column strips as follows:
𝑙2
• If 𝛼𝑓1 ≥ 1; Beam’s portion=85%.
𝑙1
𝑙2
• If 𝛼𝑓1 = 0; Beam’s portion=0%.
𝑙1
• When linear interpolation is permitted.

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• 8. Summarize moments:
• Summarize moments in the critical locations, then determine the moments per one
meter length based on the width of C.S and M.S.
• 9. Check for minimum effective depth required for flexure:
𝑓𝑐′ 𝜀𝑢
• Assume 𝜌 = 𝜌0.005 = 0.85𝛽1 ( ) to ensure ∅ = 0.9
𝑓𝑦 𝜀𝑢 +0.005
𝑓𝑦
• Determine required (d): 𝑀𝑢 = ∅𝜌𝑏𝑑 2 𝑓𝑦 (1 − 0.59𝜌 ′ )
𝑓𝑐
• Must be: 𝑑𝑟𝑒𝑞. ≥ 𝑑𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒
• 10. Determine required flexural reinforcement:
𝑓𝑦
• 𝑀𝑢 = ∅𝜌𝑏𝑑 2 𝑓𝑦 (1 − 0.59𝜌 ′ )
𝑓𝑐
• Note: For design of steel reinforcement of slabs taken average effective depth.

• 11. Check with minimum and maximum reinforcement:

• 𝐴𝑠 (𝑚𝑖𝑛.) = 0.0018𝑏ℎ
• 𝐴𝑠 (𝑚𝑖𝑛.) ≤ 𝐴𝑠(𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑) ≤ 𝐴𝑠(0.005)
• 12. Find space and check with maximum space in direction of loading (S):
𝐴𝑏
•𝑆= ≤ 𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑟 2ℎ 𝑜𝑟 450𝑚𝑚
𝐴𝑠
• 13. Making detail for construction.

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• Example (1): In the 3 equal spans

building; A two-way reinforced
concrete building floor system is
composed of slab panels measuring
6m × 7.5m in plan, supported by
shallow column line beams cast
monolithically with the slab, as
shown in Figure below . Using
concrete with fc’ = 21MPa and steel
with fy = 420 MPa, design a typical
exterior panel to carry a service live
load of 7 kN/m2 in addition to the
self-weight of the floor.
• γconcrete=24 kN/m3

• Assume First trial h=200mm

• 1. Conditions:
• A. Three Spans. B. L/B=7.5/6=1.25≤2 (Two-Way slab)
• C. Equal spans. D. Equal spans.
• E. Gravity load only, and (7kN/m ≤ (2×0.2×24=9.6kN/m2)).
2

350(500)3
• F. For Edge beam: 𝐼𝐸.𝐵𝑒𝑎𝑚 = 1.5 = 5.468 × 109 𝑚𝑚4
12
350(500)3
• For Interior beam: 𝐼𝐼.𝐵𝑒𝑎𝑚 = 2 = 7.291 × 109 𝑚𝑚4
12
• I for slab:
6000(200)3
• For 7.5m span: 𝐼𝑆 7.5𝑚 = = 4 × 109 𝑚𝑚4
12
• For 6m span:
7.5 0.35 3925(200)3
• Exterior face ( + = 3.925𝑚): 𝐼𝑆−𝐸 6𝑚 = = 2.616 × 109 𝑚𝑚4
2 2 12
7500(200)3
• Interior face: 𝐼𝑆−𝐼 6𝑚 = = 5 × 109 𝑚𝑚4
12

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𝐼𝑏 5.468
• 𝛼𝑓𝐴 = = = 2.09
𝐼𝑠 2.616
𝐼𝑏 7.291
• 𝛼𝑓𝐵 = = = 1.45
𝐼𝑠 5
𝐼𝑏 7.291
• 𝛼𝑓𝐶 = = = 1.82
𝐼𝑠 4
• May be moment analysis in two-directions:
• For span 6m:
2.09 7.52
• 0.2 ≤ = 1.79 ≤ 5
1.82 62
1.45 7.52
• 0.2 ≤ = 1.24 ≤ 5
1.82 62
• For span 7.5m:
1.82 62
• 0.2 ≤ = 0.55 ≤ 5
2.09 7.52
1.82 62
• 0.2 ≤ = 0.80 ≤ 5
1.45 7.52

• 2. Depth of the slab:

1.82+1.82+2.09+1.45
• 𝛼𝑓𝑚 = = 1.795 < 2
4
7.5−0.35
•𝛽= = 1.265
6−0.35
420
(7500−350) 0.8+ 7865
•ℎ= 1400
= = 170.65
36+5(1.265)(1.795−0.2) 46.08
• Increased by (10%) because of discontinuous edge panel. ∴ ℎ = 187.71
• Use h=200mm (Self weight=0.2(24)=4.8kN/m2)
• 3. Check for shear: 𝑤𝑢 = 1.2 4.8 + 1.6 7 = 16.96 kN/m2
12
• 𝑑𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑡 = 200 − 20 − = 174𝑚𝑚
2
6 0.35
• 𝑉𝑢 @𝑑 = 16.96 − − 0.174 = 44.96𝑘𝑁/𝑚
2 2
• ∅𝑉𝑐 = 0.17 1 21 1000 174 10−3 = 135.55𝑘𝑁 ≥ 𝑉𝑢 = 44.96𝑘𝑁
• ∴ The thickness is safe for shear.

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• 4. Ultimate static moments:

2
𝑞𝑢 𝑙2 𝑙𝑛
• 𝑀° =
8
• For span 6m:
• 6-0.35=5.65m>(0.65×7.5m=4.875m)
• Width (7.5m):
16.96(7.5)5.652
• 𝑀° = = 507.56𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
8
• Width (3.925m):
16.96(3.925)5.652
• 𝑀° = = 265.62𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
8
• For span 7.5m:
• 7.5-0.35=7.15m>(0.65×7.5m=4.875m)
16.96(6)7.152
• Width (6m): 𝑀° = = 650.27𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
8

• 5. Assignment of Moments to Critical Sections:

• For span 6m with width (7.5m): Interior span
• -M=0.65(507.56)=329.91 kN.m
• +M= 0.35(507.56)=177.65 kN.m
• For span 6m with width (3.925m): Interior span
• -M=0.65(265.62)=172.65 kN.m
• +M= 0.35(265.62)=92.97 kN.m
• For span 7.5m with width (6m): Exterior span from table
• -M(Exterior)=0.16(650.27)=104.04 kN.m
• +M=0.57(650.27)=370.65 kN.m
• -M(Interior)=0.70(650.27)=455.18 kN.m

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• 6. Define the Column-strip and middle strip:

• For Span 6m:
6 0.35
• C. S = + = 1.675m (Exterior Face)
4 2
6
• C. S = = 1.50m (Interior Face)
4
• M. S = 7.5 − 1.5 − 1.5 = 4.50𝑚
• For Span 7.5m:
6
• C. S = = 1.5m
4
• 𝑀. 𝑆 = 6 − 2 1.5 = 3𝑚

• 7. Lateral Distribution of Moments:

• For span 6m (7.5m width):
• -M=0.65(507.56)=329.91 kN.m
𝑙2 7.5
• = = 1.25
𝑙1 6
𝑙2
• 𝛼𝑓𝐵 = 1.25 1.45 = 1.81 > 1
𝑙1
• By linear interpolation in the table:
• C.S=0.675
• C.S=0.675(329.91)=222.69kN.m
• C.S (Beam portion)=0.85(222.69)=189.28 kN.m
• C.S (Slab portion)=0.15(222.69)=33.40 kN.m
• M.S=1-0.675=0.325
• M.S=0.325(329.91)=107.22kN.m

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• 7. Lateral Distribution of Moments:

• For span 6m (7.5m width):
• +M=0.35(507.56)=177.65 kN.m
𝑙2 7.5
• = = 1.25
𝑙1 6
𝑙2
• 𝛼𝑓𝐵 = 1.25 1.45 = 1.81 > 1
𝑙1
• By linear interpolation in the table:
• C.S=0.675
• C.S=0.675(177.65)=119.91 kN.m
• C.S (Beam portion)=0.85(119.91)=101.92 kN.m
• C.S (Slab portion)=0.15(119.91)=17.98 kN.m
• M.S=1-0.675=0.325
• M.S=0.325(177.65)=57.73 kN.m

• 7. Lateral Distribution of Moments:

• For span 6m (3.925m width):
• -M=0.65(265.62)=172.65 kN.m
𝑙2 7.5
• = = 1.25
𝑙1 6
𝑙2
• 𝛼𝑓𝐴 = 1.25 2.09 = 2.61 > 1
𝑙1
• By linear interpolation in the table:
• C.S=0.675
• C.S=0.675(172.65)=116.54 kN.m
• C.S (Beam portion)=0.85(116.54)=99.06 kN.m
• C.S (Slab portion)=0.15(116.54)=17.48 kN.m
• M.S=1-0.675=0.325
• M.S=0.325(172.65)=56.11 kN.m

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• 7. Lateral Distribution of Moments:

• For span 6m (3.925m width):
• +M= 0.35(265.62)=92.97 kN.m
𝑙2 7.5
• = = 1.25
𝑙1 6
𝑙2
• 𝛼𝑓𝐴 = 1.25 2.09 = 2.61 > 1
𝑙1
• By linear interpolation in the table:
• C.S=0.675
• C.S=0.675(92.97)=62.75 kN.m
• C.S (Beam portion)=0.85(62.75)=53.33 kN.m
• C.S (Slab portion)=0.15(62.75)=9.42 kN.m
• M.S=1-0.675=0.325
• M.S=0.325(92.97)=30.21 kN.m

• 7. Lateral Distribution of Moments:

• For span 7.5m (6m width):
• -M(Exterior)=0.16(650.27)=104.04 kN.m
𝑙2 6
• = = 0.8
𝑙1 7.5
𝑙2
• 𝛼𝑓𝐶 = 0.8 1.82 = 1.456 > 1
𝑙1
𝑥 𝑥3𝑦
• 𝐶 = σ 1 − 0.63
𝑦 3
• Case (1):
200 2003 (650) 300 3003 (350)
• 𝐶 = 1 − 0.63 + 1 − 0.63
650 3 350 3
• 𝐶 = 1,397,333,333 + 1,449,000,000
• 𝐶 = 2,846,333,333𝑚𝑚4

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• Case (2):
𝑥 𝑥3𝑦
• 𝐶 = σ 1 − 0.63
𝑦 3
200 2003 (300) 350 3503 (500)
• 𝐶 = 1 − 0.63 + 1 − 0.63
300 3 500 3
• 𝐶 = 464,000,000 + 3,994,520,833 = 𝟒, 𝟒𝟓𝟖, 𝟓𝟐𝟎, 𝟖𝟑𝟑𝒎𝒎𝟒
6000(200)3
• 𝐼𝑆 7.5𝑚 = = 4 × 109 𝑚𝑚4
12
𝐸𝑐𝑏 𝐶 𝐶 4,458,520,833
• 𝛽𝑡 = = = 0.557
2𝐸𝑠𝑏 𝐼𝑆 2𝐼𝑆 7.5𝑚 2(4×109 )
• 0 ≤ 𝛽𝑡 ≤ 2.5 from Table:
𝑙 0.9−1 𝑥−1
• When ( 2 = 0.5): = →∴ 𝑥 = 0.97772
𝑙1 2.5−0 0.557−0
𝑙2 0.75−1 𝑦−1
• When ( = 1.0): = →∴ 𝑦 = 0.9443
𝑙1 2.5−0 0.557−0
𝑙2 0.9443−0.97772 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟−0.97772
• When ( = 0.8): = →∴ 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = 0.957
𝑙1 1.0−0.5 0.8−0.5

• C.S=0.957
• C.S=0.957(104.04)=99.56 kN.m
• C.S (Beam portion)=0.85(99.56)=84.62 kN.m
• C.S (Slab portion)=0.15(99.56)=14.93 kN.m
• M.S=1-0.957=0.043
• M.S=0.043(104.04)=4.47 kN.m

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• 7. Lateral Distribution of Moments:

• For span 7.5m (6m width):
• -M(Interior)=0.70(650.27)=455.18 kN.m
𝑙2 6
• = = 0.8
𝑙1 7.5
𝑙2
• 𝛼𝑓𝐶 = 0.8 1.82 = 1.45 > 1
𝑙1
• By linear interpolation in the table:
• C.S=0.81
• C.S=0.81(455.18)=368.69 kN.m
• C.S (Beam portion)=0.85(368.69)=313.38 kN.m
• C.S (Slab portion)=0.15(368.69)=55.30 kN.m
• M.S=1-0.81=0.19
• M.S=0.19(455.18)=86.48 kN.m

• 7. Lateral Distribution of Moments:

• For span 7.5m (6m width):
• +M=0.57(650.27)=370.65 kN.m
𝑙2 6
• = = 0.8
𝑙1 7.5
𝑙2
• 𝛼𝑓𝐶 = 0.8 1.82 = 1.45 > 1
𝑙1
• By linear interpolation in the table:
• C.S=0.81
• C.S=0.81(370.65)=300.22 kN.m
• C.S (Beam portion)=0.85(300.22)=255.18 kN.m
• C.S (Slab portion)=0.15(300.22)=45.03 kN.m
• M.S=1-0.81=0.19
• M.S=0.19(370.65)=70.42 kN.m

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• 8. Summarize moments:
• For 6m span:
• *1.325m came from ((1.5m (C.S)-(0.35/2)=1.325m)

Mu(kN.m)/1
Face Location Moments Mu’ (kN.m) Width (m)
m length
Exterior Negative 17.48 1.325* 13.19
C.S
face Positive 9.42 1.325* 7.11
3.925m Negative 56.11 4.5/2=2.25 24.93
width M.S
Positive 30.21 4.5/2=2.25 13.42
Negative 33.4/2=16.7 1.325* 12.60
Interior C.S
Positive 17.98/2=8.99 1.325* 6.78
face 7.5m
width Negative 107.22/2=53.61 4.5/2=2.25 23.82
M.S
Positive 57.73/2=28.86 4.5/2=2.25 12.82

• 8. Summarize moments:
• For 7.5m span:
• **The design moments must be based on the slab width only without beams.

Mu(kN.m)/1m
Location Moments Mu’ (kN.m) Width (m)
length
Ext. Negative 14.93 5.63
3-
C.S Positive 45.03 16.99
0.35=2.65m
Int. Negative 55.30 20.86
Ext. Negative 4.47 1.49
M.S Positive 70.42 3 23.47
Int. Negative 86.48 28.82

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• 9. Check for minimum required effective depth for flexure:

21 0.003
• 𝜌 = 𝜌0.005 = 0.85 0.85 = 0.0135
420 0.003+0.005
𝑓𝑦
• 𝑀𝑢 = ∅𝜌𝑏𝑑 2 𝑓𝑦 (1 − 0.59𝜌 ′ )
𝑓𝑐
• Maximum moment from two previous tables: Mu=28.82 kN.m
420
• 28.82 × 106 = 0.9(0.0135)(1000)𝑑2 (420) (1 − 0.59 × 0.0135 × )
21
• 𝑑𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 = 81.96𝑚𝑚
• First layer: 𝑑𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒 = 200 − 20 − 6 = 174𝑚𝑚 ≥ 𝑑𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 = 81.96𝑚
• Second layer: 𝑑𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒 = 200 − 20 − 12 − 6 = 162𝑚𝑚 ≥ 𝑑𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 = 81.96𝑚
• 10 and 11. Determine flexural reinforcement:
174+162
• 𝑑𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 = = 168𝑚𝑚
2
1 2𝑚𝑅𝑢
•𝜌= (1 − 1 − )
𝑚 𝑓𝑦

• For 6m span:
𝑓𝑦 420
•𝑚= = = 23.53 , 𝐴𝑠 (𝑚𝑖𝑛.) = 0.0018𝑏ℎ =360mm2
0.85𝑓𝑐′ 0.85(21)
• 𝐴𝑠 (𝑚𝑎𝑥.) = 0.0135 1000 168 = 2268𝑚𝑚2
• All of the reinforcement smaller than maximum reinforcement.
Face Location Moments Mu(kN.m)/1m length Ru As (mm2)
Exterior Negative 13.19 0.52 211.12
C.S
face Positive 7.11 0.28 112.89
3.925m Negative 24.93 0.98 403.39
width M.S
Positive 13.42 0.53 215.24
Interior Negative 12.60 0.49 198.76
C.S
face Positive 6.78 0.26 104.76
7.5m Negative 23.82 0.93 382.23
width M.S
Positive 12.82 0.50 202.88

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• For 7.5m span:

𝑓𝑦 420
•𝑚= = = 23.53 , 𝐴𝑠 (𝑚𝑖𝑛.) = 0.0018𝑏ℎ =360mm2
0.85𝑓𝑐′ 0.85(21)
• 𝐴𝑠 (𝑚𝑎𝑥.) = 0.0135 1000 168 = 2268𝑚𝑚2
• All of the reinforcement smaller than maximum reinforcement.
Location Moments Mu(kN.m)/1m length Ru As (mm2)
Ext. Negative 5.63 0.22 88.54
C.S Positive 16.99 0.67 273.22
Int. Negative 20.86 0.82 335.90
Ext. Negative 1.49 0.06 24.04
M.S Positive 23.47 0.92 378.00
Int. Negative 28.82 1.13 467.29
• 12. Detailing: Using #8mm, 10mm, and 12mm for detailing

• 3. Design of Flat plate slabs:

• Two-way slabs are supported directly by
columns, as in flat slabs and flat plates.
• When slabs carry concentrated loads, as in
footings, shear near the columns is critical.
• Shear in Flat plate slabs:
• A. One-Way Shear (Beam type shear):
• Applicable particularly to long narrow slabs or
footings.
• The critical section is taken a distance d from
the face of the column.
• Seldom controls in Two-Way floor systems.
• ∅𝑉𝑐 = 0.17𝜆 𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏𝑑 ≥ 𝑉𝑢

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• B. Two-Way Shear (Punching shear):

• The potential diagonal crack following the surface of
a truncated cone or pyramid around the column as
shown in the Figure below.
• The angle of inclination with the horizontal θ
depends upon the nature and amount of
reinforcement in the slab (20-45⁰).
• ∅𝑉𝑐 ≥ 𝑉𝑢 (∅=0.75)
• Taken smallest value of the following equations.
• The value of 𝑓𝑐′ used to calculate Vc for two-way
shear shall not exceed 8.3 MPa.
• 𝑉𝑐 = 0.33𝜆𝜆𝑠 𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏𝜊 𝑑
0.33
• 𝑉𝑐 = (0.17 + )𝜆𝜆𝑠 𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏𝜊 𝑑
𝛽
0.083𝛼𝑠 𝑑
• 𝑉𝑐 = (0.17 + )𝜆𝜆𝑠 𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏𝜊 𝑑
𝑏𝜊

• Critical sections shall be located so that the perimeter bo is a minimum, but need
not be closer than d/2 (For square or rectangular column, Edges or corners of
columns, concentrated loads, or reaction areas)
• Note: For a circular or regular polygon-shaped column, critical sections for two-
way shear in accordance with (a) and (b) shall be permitted to be defined
assuming a square column of equivalent area.
• Take dav for calculation.

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• Note: For L-Shaped column, used this

requirement as shown in the Figure.

• 𝜆 Based on ACI 318M-19 (19.2.4):

• 𝜆 =0.75 for lightweight concrete,
• 𝜆 =1.0 for normal-weight concrete.

2
• Size Factor: 𝜆𝑠 = ≤1
1+0.004𝑑
• (d) shall be the average of the effective depths
in the two orthogonal directions.
• (β) is the ratio of long to short sides of the
column, concentrated load, or reaction area.
• Note: For shapes other than rectangular, β is
taken to be the ratio of the longest overall
dimension of the effective loaded area to the
largest overall perpendicular dimension of the
effective loaded area as shown.
• The value of αs is 40 for interior columns, 30
for edge columns, and 20 for corner columns.

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• Note: If an opening is located

closer than 4h (4×Thickness of
slab) from the periphery of a
column, concentrated load, or
reaction area, the portion of bo
enclosed by straight lines
projecting from the centroid of the
column, concentrated load or
reaction area and tangent to the
boundaries of the opening shall be
considered ineffective.

• Procedure:
• 1. Conditions:
• Moments in two-way slabs can be found using the semiempirical direct design
method, subject to the following restrictions:
• A. There must be a minimum of three continuous spans in each direction.
• B. The panels must be rectangular and L/B< 2.
• C. The successive span lengths in each direction must not differ by more than one
third of the longer span.
• D. Columns may be offset a maximum of 10 percent of the span in the direction of
the offset from either axis between centerlines of successive columns.
• E. Loads must be due to gravity only, and the unfactored LL ≤ 2 unfactored DL.
• F. Not included in the case of flat slabs and flat plate slabs.

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• 2. Depth limitation of the slab:

• Determine the minimum thickness of the slab, and Limits of Table 8.3.1.1 should
be satisfied: h in Slabs without drop panels>125 mm.
• For fy exceeding 550 MPa, the calculated deflection limits in 8.3.2 shall be
satisfied assuming a reduced modulus of rupture=0.41 𝑓𝑐′ .

• 3. Check for One way and two ways shear:

• Based on the previous procedure.
• 4. Total static ultimate moments:
2
𝑞𝑢 𝑙2 𝑙𝑛
• 𝑀° =
8
• Note: The clear span is defined to extend from face to face of the columns,
capitals, brackets, or walls but is not to be less than 0.65ℓlong span C/C.
• 5. Assignment of Moments to Critical Sections:
• A. For interior spans:
• −𝑀 = 0.65𝑀° and +𝑀 = 0.35𝑀°
• Note: The critical section for negative bending is taken at the face of rectangular
supports or at the face of an equivalent square support having the same cross-
sectional area as a round support.

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• B. For end spans:

• Depends upon the flexural restraint provided for the slab by the exterior column or
the exterior wall, as the case may be, and depends also upon the presence or
absence of beams on the column lines.
• Note: At interior supports, negative moments may differ for spans framing into
the common support. In such a case, the slab should be designed to resist the
larger of the two moments, unless a special analysis based on relative stiffnesses is
made to distribute the unbalanced moment.

• 6. Define the Column-strip and middle strip ACI 318M-19-8.4.1:

• Width of Column strip equal to lesser of : Each side of a column centerline equal
to the lesser of 0.25ℓ2 and 0.25ℓ1.
• A middle strip is a design strip bounded by two column strips.

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 10/8/2024

• 7. Lateral Distribution of Moments:

• The designer still must distribute these
design moments across the width of the
critical sections.
𝑙2
• In flat plate slabs: 𝛼𝑓1 =0
𝑙1
• When linear interpolation is permitted.
• 8. Summarize moments:
• Summarize moments in the critical
locations, then determine the moments
per one meter length based on the width
of C.S and M.S.
• 9. Check for minimum effective depth required for flexure:
• Assume 𝜌 = 𝜌0.005 to ensure ∅ = 0.9
𝑓𝑦
• Determine (d): 𝑀𝑢 = ∅𝜌𝑏𝑑 2 𝑓𝑦 1 − 0.59𝜌 Must be: 𝑑𝑟𝑒𝑞. ≥ 𝑑𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒
𝑓𝑐′

• 10. Determine required flexural reinforcement:

𝑓𝑦
• 𝑀𝑢 = ∅𝜌𝑏𝑑 2 𝑓𝑦 (1 − 0.59𝜌 ′ )
𝑓𝑐
• Note: For design of steel reinforcement of slabs taken average effective depth.
• 11. Check with minimum and maximum reinforcement:
• 𝐴𝑠 (𝑚𝑖𝑛.) = 0.0018𝑏ℎ
• 𝐴𝑠 (𝑚𝑖𝑛.) ≤ 𝐴𝑠(𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑) ≤ 𝐴𝑠(0.005)
• 12. Find space and check with maximum space in direction of loading (S):
𝐴𝑏
•𝑆= ≤ 𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑟 2ℎ 𝑜𝑟 450𝑚𝑚
𝐴𝑠
• 13. Making detail for construction

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 10/8/2024

• Example (2): An interior flat plate slab (190mm) for the structure with three equal
spans in each direction as shown in the Figure below; Design this panel of slab,
when the slab subjected to service live load 3.75 kN/m2 and a service dead load
equal to 5.25 kN/m2 (including slab weight). fy=420 MPa, and fc’=21 MPa
(Normal-weight concrete), and column heights of 3.6m. Use #12mm as flexural
bars.

• 1. Limitations:
• All conditions included in the case of example.
• 2. Find the thickness of the slab:
• Flat plate slab without beams, drop panels, and column capital.
• fy=420 MPa
𝑙𝑛 6000
•ℎ= = = 181.81𝑚𝑚 < 190𝑚𝑚 ; Also >125mm (OK)
33 33
• 3. Check for Shear:
• A. One-Way shear:
• 𝑤𝑢 = 1.2 5.25 + 1.6 3.75 = 12.3 kN/m2
12
• 𝑑𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑡 = 190 − 20 − = 164𝑚𝑚
2
4.8 0.3
• 𝑉𝑢 @𝑑 = 12.3 − − 0.164 = 25.65𝑘𝑁/𝑚
2 2
• ∅𝑉𝑐 = 0.17 1 21 1000 164 10−3 = 127.76𝑘𝑁 ≥ 𝑉𝑢 = 25.65𝑘𝑁
• ∴ The thickness is safe for shear.

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• B. Punching Shear:
• 𝑑𝑎𝑣. = 190 − 20 − 12 = 158𝑚𝑚
158 158 158 158
• 𝑏° = 2 300 + + + 2 400 + + = 2032mm
2 2 2 2
158 158 158 158
• 𝑉𝑢 = 12.3 (6 × 4.8) − ( 300 + + × 400 + + × 10−6 ) =
2 2 2 2
352.22𝑘𝑁
2
• 𝜆𝑠 = = 1.1 ≤ 1
1+0.004(158)

• The value of αs is 40 for interior columns

400
•𝛽= = 1.33
300
• 𝑉𝑐1 = 0.33 1 1 21 2032 158 10−3 = 485.52𝑘𝑁 > 𝑉𝑢
0.33
• 𝑉𝑐2 = 0.17 + 1 1 21 2032 158 10−3 = 615.17𝑘𝑁
1.33
0.083 40 158
• 𝑉𝑐3 = 0.17 + 1 1 21 2032 158 10−3 = 629.92𝑘𝑁
2032

2
𝑞𝑢 𝑙2 𝑙𝑛
• 4. Ultimate static moments: 𝑀° =
8
• For span 6m and width (4.8m): 6-0.4=5.6m>(0.65×6m=3.9m)
12.3(4.8)5.62
• 𝑀° = = 231.44𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
8
• For span 4.8m and width (6m): 4.8-0.3=4.5m>(0.65×6m=3.9m)
12.3(6)4.52
• 𝑀° = = 186.81𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
8
• 5. Assignment of Moments to Critical Sections:
• For span 6m with width (4.8m): Interior span
• -M=0.65(231.44)=150.44 kN.m
• +M= 0.35(231.44)=81 kN.m
• For span 4.8m with width (6m): Interior span
• -M=0.65(186.81)=121.43 kN.m
• +M= 0.35(186.81)=65.38 kN.m

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• 6. Define the Column-strip and middle strip:

• For Span 6m:
4.8
• C. S = = 1.2m 𝑀. 𝑆 = 4.8 − 1.2 − 1.2 = 2.4𝑚
4
• For Span 4.8m:
4.8
• C. S = = 1.2m 𝑀. 𝑆 = 6 − 2 1.2 = 3.6𝑚
4
• 7. Lateral Distribution of Moments:
• For span 6m (4.8m width): • For span 6m (4.8m width):
• -M=0.65(231.44)=150.44 kN.m • +M= 0.35(231.44)=81 kN.m
𝑙2 4.8 𝑙2 𝑙2 4.8 𝑙2
• = = 0.8 and 𝛼𝑓𝐵 =0 • = = 0.8 and 𝛼𝑓𝐵 =0
𝑙1 6 𝑙1 𝑙1 6 𝑙1
• C.S=0.75(150.44)=112.83kN.m • C.S=0.6(81)=48.6 kN.m
• M.S=150.44-112.83=37.61 kN.m • M.S=81-48.6=32.4 kN.m

• For span 4.8m (6m width): • For span 4.8m (6m width):
• -M=0.65(186.81)=121.43 kN.m • +M= 0.35(186.81)=65.38 kN.m
𝑙2 6 𝑙2 𝑙2 6 𝑙2
• = = 1.25 and 𝛼𝑓𝐵 =0 • = = 1.25 and 𝛼𝑓𝐵 =0
𝑙1 4.8 𝑙1 𝑙1 4.8 𝑙1
• C.S=0.75(121.43)=91.07kN.m • C.S=0.6(65.38)=39.23kN.m
• M.S=121.43-91.07=30.36 kN.m • M.S=65.38-39.23=26.15 kN.m

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• 8. Summarize moments:

Mu(kN.m)/1
Face Location Moments Mu’ (kN.m) Width (m)
m length
Negative 112.83/2=56.42 1.2 47.01
6m span C.S
Positive 48.6/2=24.3 1.2 20.25
with 4.8m
width Negative 37.61/2=18.81 1.2 15.67
M.S
Positive 32.4/2=16.2 1.2 13.5
4.8m span Negative 91.07/2=45.54 1.2 37.95
C.S
with 6m Positive 39.23/2=19.62 1.2 16.35
width Negative 30.36/2=15.18 1.8 8.43
M.S
Positive 26.15/2=13.08 1.8 7.26

• 9. Check for minimum required effective depth for flexure:

21 0.003
• 𝜌 = 𝜌0.005 = 0.85 0.85 = 0.0135
420 0.003+0.005
𝑓𝑦
• 𝑀𝑢 = ∅𝜌𝑏𝑑 2 𝑓𝑦 (1 − 0.59𝜌 ′ )
𝑓𝑐
• Maximum moment from previous table: Mu=47.01 kN.m
420
• 47.01 × 106 = 0.9(0.0135)(1000)𝑑2 (420) (1 − 0.59 × 0.0135 × )
21
• 𝑑𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 = 104.68𝑚𝑚
• First layer: 𝑑𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒 = 190 − 20 − 6 = 164𝑚𝑚 ≥ 𝑑𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑
• Second layer: 𝑑𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒 = 190 − 20 − 12 − 6 = 152𝑚𝑚 ≥ 𝑑𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑
• 10 and 11. Determine flexural reinforcement:
1 2𝑚𝑅𝑢
• 𝑑𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 = 158𝑚𝑚 𝜌= (1 − 1 − )
𝑚 𝑓𝑦

• 12. Detailing: Using #8mm, 10mm, and 12mm for detailing

30
 10/8/2024

• 4. Design of Flat slabs:

• A flat slab is a two-way slab reinforced in two directions
that usually does not have beams or girders, and the
loads are transferred directly to the supporting columns.
• The column tends to punch through the slab, which can
be treated by three methods (drop panel, column capital,
and together).
• Shear in Flat slabs:
• A. One-Way Shear (Beam type shear):
• Applicable particularly to long narrow slabs or footings.
• The critical section is taken a distance d from the face of
the column or capital or drop panel based on several
spans (R8.2.4 ACI).
• Seldom controls in Two-Way floor systems.
• ∅𝑉𝑐 = 0.17𝜆 𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏𝑑 ≥ 𝑉𝑢

• B. Two-Way Shear (Punching shear):

• The potential diagonal crack following the surface of
a truncated cone or pyramid around the capital, or
drop panel, as shown in the Figure below.
• The angle of inclination with the horizontal θ
depends upon the nature and amount of
reinforcement in the slab (20-45⁰).
• ∅𝑉𝑐 ≥ 𝑉𝑢 (∅=0.75)
• Taken smallest value of the following equations.
• The value of 𝑓𝑐′ used to calculate Vc for two-way
shear shall not exceed 8.3 MPa.
• 𝑉𝑐 = 0.33𝜆𝜆𝑠 𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏𝜊 𝑑
0.33
• 𝑉𝑐 = (0.17 + )𝜆𝜆𝑠 𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏𝜊 𝑑
𝛽
0.083𝛼𝑠 𝑑
• 𝑉𝑐 = (0.17 + )𝜆𝜆𝑠 𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏𝜊 𝑑
𝑏𝜊

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 10/8/2024

• Critical sections shall be located so that

the perimeter bo is a minimum, but need
not be closer than d/2 (For square or
rectangular column, Changes in slab or
footing thickness, such as edges of
capitals, drop panels, or shear caps.
• Note: Take dav in slab only for calculation.
• 𝜆 Based on ACI 318M-19 (19.2.4):
• 𝜆 =0.75 for lightweight concrete,
• 𝜆 =1.0 for normal-weight concrete.
2
• Size Factor: 𝜆𝑠 = ≤1
1+0.004𝑑
• (d) is the average of the effective depths.
• (β) is the ratio of long to short sides of the
reaction area.

• Note: For shapes other than rectangular, β is

taken to be the ratio of the longest overall
dimension of the effective loaded area to the
largest overall perpendicular dimension of the
effective loaded area as shown.
• The value of αs is 40 for interior columns, 30
for edge columns, and 20 for corner columns.
• For a circular or regular polygon-shaped
column, critical sections for two-way shear
shall be permitted to be defined assuming a
square column of equivalent area with d/2 as
minimum requirement.

32
 10/8/2024

• Note: If an opening is located

closer than 4h (4×Thickness of
slab) from the periphery of a
column, concentrated load, or
reaction area, the portion of bo
enclosed by straight lines
projecting from the centroid of the
column, concentrated load or
reaction area and tangent to the
boundaries of the opening shall be
considered ineffective.

• Procedure:
• 1. Conditions:
• Moments in two-way slabs can be found using the semiempirical direct design
method, subject to the following restrictions:
• A. There must be a minimum of three continuous spans in each direction.
• B. The panels must be rectangular and L/B< 2.
• C. The successive span lengths in each direction must not differ by more than one
third of the longer span.
• D. Columns may be offset a maximum of 10 percent of the span in the direction of
the offset from either axis between centerlines of successive columns.
• E. Loads must be due to gravity only, and the unfactored LL ≤ 2 unfactored DL.
• F. Not included in the case of flat slabs and flat plate slabs.

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 10/8/2024

• 2. Depth limitation of the slab, drop panels, and column capitals:

• Determine the minimum thickness of the slab, and Limits of Table 8.3.1.1 should
be satisfied: h in Slabs with drop panels > 100 mm.
• For fy exceeding 550 MPa, the calculated deflection limits in 8.3.2 shall be
satisfied assuming a reduced modulus of rupture=0.41 𝑓𝑐′ .

• A depth of the drop panel in a non-prestressed slab shall not less than 0.25hslab ,
and The drop panel shall extend in each direction from the centerline of support a
distance not less than one-sixth the span length measured from center-to-center of
supports in that direction.
• A shear cap, where used to increase the critical section for shear at a slab-column
joint, shall project below the slab soffit and extend horizontally from the face of
the column a distance at least equal to the thickness of the projection below the
slab soffit.
• 3. Check for One way and two ways shear:
• Based on the previous procedure.
• 4. Total static ultimate moments:
2
𝑞𝑢 𝑙2 𝑙𝑛
• 𝑀° =
8
• Note: The clear span is defined to extend from face to face of the columns,
capitals, brackets, or walls but is not to be less than 0.65ℓlong span C/C.

34
 10/8/2024

• 5. Assignment of Moments to Critical Sections:

• A. For interior spans:
• −𝑀 = 0.65𝑀° and +𝑀 = 0.35𝑀°
• Note: The critical section for negative bending is taken at the face of rectangular
supports or at the face of an equivalent square support having the same cross-
sectional area as a round support.

• B. For end spans:

• Depends upon the flexural restraint provided for the slab by the exterior column or
the exterior wall, as the case may be, and depends also upon the presence or
absence of beams on the column lines.
• Note: At interior supports, negative moments may differ for spans framing into
the common support. In such a case, the slab should be designed to resist the
larger of the two moments, unless a special analysis based on relative stiffnesses is
made to distribute the unbalanced moment.

35
 10/8/2024

• 6. Define the Column-strip and middle strip ACI 318M-19-8.4.1:

• Width of Column strip equal to lesser of : Each side of a column centerline equal
to the lesser of 0.25ℓ2 and 0.25ℓ1.
• A middle strip is a design strip bounded by two column strips.

• 7. Lateral Distribution of Moments:

• The designer still must distribute these
design moments across the width of the
critical sections.
𝑙2
• In flat slabs: 𝛼𝑓1 =0
𝑙1
• When linear interpolation is permitted.
• 8. Summarize moments:
• Summarize moments in the critical
locations, then determine the moments
per one meter length based on the width
of C.S and M.S.
• 9. Check for minimum effective depth required for flexure:
• Assume 𝜌 = 𝜌0.005 to ensure ∅ = 0.9
𝑓𝑦
• Determine (d): 𝑀𝑢 = ∅𝜌𝑏𝑑 2 𝑓𝑦 1 − 0.59𝜌 Must be: 𝑑𝑟𝑒𝑞. ≥ 𝑑𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒
𝑓𝑐′

36
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• 10. Determine required flexural reinforcement:

𝑓𝑦
• 𝑀𝑢 = ∅𝜌𝑏𝑑 2 𝑓𝑦 (1 − 0.59𝜌 ′ )
𝑓𝑐
• Note: For design of steel reinforcement of slabs taken average effective depth.
• 11. Check with minimum and maximum reinforcement:
• 𝐴𝑠 (𝑚𝑖𝑛.) = 0.0018𝑏ℎ
• 𝐴𝑠 (𝑚𝑖𝑛.) ≤ 𝐴𝑠(𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑) ≤ 𝐴𝑠(0.005)
• 12. Find space and check with maximum space in direction of loading (S):
𝐴𝑏
•𝑆= ≤ 𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑟 2ℎ 𝑜𝑟 450𝑚𝑚
𝐴𝑠
• 13. Making detail for construction

• Note: If an opening is located

closer than 4h (4×Thickness of
slab) from the periphery of a
column, concentrated load, or
reaction area, the portion of bo
enclosed by straight lines
projecting from the centroid of the
column, concentrated load or
reaction area and tangent to the
boundaries of the opening shall be
considered ineffective.

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• Example(3):Design a
typical 7.2m × 6m interior
flat-slab panel with drop
panels only as shown in
Figure below. All panels are
supported by 500mm
square columns, 3.6m long.
The slab carries a uniform
service live load of 3.8
kN/m2 and a service dead
load of 1.15 kN/m2,
excluding self-weight. Use
fc’= 28 MPa and fy =400
MPa. Assume γconcrete=24
kN/m3. use #10mm as
flexural reinforcement.

• 1. Limitations: All conditions included in the case of example.

• 2. Find the thickness of the slab: Flat slab with drop panels and fy=420 MPa
𝑙 7200 200
•ℎ= 𝑛 = = 200𝑚𝑚 > 100𝑚𝑚 → ℎ𝑑𝑟𝑜𝑝 = = 50𝑚𝑚 → ℎ𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 =
36 36 4
250𝑚𝑚
7200 7200 6000 6000
• 𝐿𝑑𝑟𝑜𝑝 = + = 2400mm 𝐵𝑑𝑟𝑜𝑝 = + = 2000mm
6 6 6 6
• 3. Check for Shear:
• A. One-Way shear:
• 𝑤(𝑆𝑙𝑎𝑏) = 0.2 24 + 1.15 = 5.95 → 𝑤𝑢−𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑏 = 1.2 5.95 + 1.6 3.8 = 13.22
• 𝑤(𝑑𝑟𝑜𝑝) = 0.25 24 + 1.15 = 7.15 → 𝑤𝑢−𝑑𝑟𝑜𝑝 = 1.2 7.15 + 1.6 3.8 = 14.66
4(1.2×1) 4(1.2×1)
𝑤𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 13.22 1 − + 14.66
6×7.2 6×7.2
𝑘𝑁
• 𝑤𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 11.75 + 1.63 = 13.38
𝑚2

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• For edge of drop panel:

10
• 𝑑𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑡 = 200 − 20 − = 175𝑚𝑚
2
6−2(1)
• 𝑉𝑢 @𝑑 = 13.38 − 0.175 = 24.42𝑘𝑁/𝑚
2
• ∅𝑉𝑐 = 0.17 1 28 1000 175 10−3
• ∅𝑉𝑐 = 157.42𝑘𝑁 ≥ 𝑉𝑢 = 24.42𝑘𝑁 ∴ Safe
• For edge of Column:
10
• 𝑑𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑡 = 250 − 20 − = 225𝑚𝑚
2
6 0.5
• 𝑉𝑢 @𝑑 = 13.38 − − 0.225 = 33.78𝑘𝑁/𝑚
2 2
• ∅𝑉𝑐 = 0.17 1 28 1000 225 10−3
• ∅𝑉𝑐 = 202.4𝑘𝑁 ≥ 𝑉𝑢 = 33.78𝑘𝑁 ∴ Safe

• B. Punching Shear:
• For edge of drop panel:
• 𝑑𝑎𝑣.−𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑏 = 200 − 20 − 10 = 170𝑚𝑚
170 170 170 170
• 𝑏° = 2 2400 + + + 2 2000 + + = 9480mm
2 2 2 2
−6
• 𝑉𝑢 = 13.38 (7.2 × 6) − ( 2570 × 2170 × 10 )
• 𝑉𝑢 = 503.39𝑘𝑁
2
• 𝜆𝑠 = = 1.09 ≤ 1
1+0.004(170)
2400
• αs is 40 for interior columns and 𝛽 = = 1.2
2000
−3
• 𝑉𝑐1 = 0.33 1 1 28 9480 170 10 = 2814.17𝑘𝑁
0.33
• 𝑉𝑐2 = 0.17 + 1 1 28 9480 170 10−3 = 3794.86𝑘𝑁
1.2
0.083 40 170
• 𝑉𝑐3 = 0.17 + 1 1 28 9480 170 10−3 = 1957.43𝑘𝑁 > 𝑉𝑢
9480

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• B. Punching Shear:
• For edge of column:
• 𝑑𝑎𝑣.−𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑏 = 250 − 20 − 10 = 220𝑚𝑚
• 𝑏° = 4 500 + 220 = 2880mm
• 𝑉𝑢 = 13.38 (7.2 × 6) − ( 720 × 720 × 10−6 )
• 𝑉𝑢 = 571.08𝑘𝑁
2
• 𝜆𝑠 = = 1.06 ≤ 1
1+0.004(220)
720
• αs is 40 for interior columns and 𝛽 = =1
720
−3
• 𝑉𝑐1 = 0.33 1 1 28 2880 220 10 = 1106.39𝑘𝑁 > 𝑉𝑢
0.33
• 𝑉𝑐2 = 0.17 + 1 1 28 2880 220 10−3 = 1676.35𝑘𝑁
1
0.083 40 220
• 𝑉𝑐3 = 0.17 + 1 1 28 2880 220 10−3 = 1420.24𝑘𝑁
2880

2
𝑞𝑢 𝑙2 𝑙𝑛
• 4. Ultimate static moments: 𝑀° =
8
• For span 7.2m and width (6m): 7.2-0.5=6.7m>(0.65×7.2m=4.68m)
13.38(6)6.72
• 𝑀° = = 450.47𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
8
• For span 6m and width (7.2m): 6-0.5=5.5m>(0.65×7.2m=4.68m)
13.38(7.2)5.52
• 𝑀° = = 364.27𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
8
• 5. Assignment of Moments to Critical Sections:
• For span 7.2m with width (6m): Interior span
• -M=0.65(450.47)=292.81 kN.m
• +M= 0.35(450.47)=155.61 kN.m
• For span 6m with width (7.2m): Interior span
• -M=0.65(364.27)=236.78 kN.m
• +M= 0.35(364.27)=127.49 kN.m

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• 6. Define the Column-strip and middle strip:

• For Span 7.2m:
6
• C. S = = 1.5m 𝑀. 𝑆 = 7.2 − 1.5 − 1.5 = 4.2𝑚
4
• For Span 6m:
6
• C. S = = 1.5m 𝑀. 𝑆 = 6 − 2 1.5 = 3𝑚
4
• 7. Lateral Distribution of Moments:
• For span 7.2m (6m width): • For span 7.2m (6m width):
• -M=0.65(450.47)=292.81 kN.m • +M= 0.35(450.47)=155.61 kN.m
𝑙2 6 𝑙2 𝑙2 6 𝑙2
• = = 0.83 and 𝛼𝑓𝐵 =0 • = = 0.83 and 𝛼𝑓𝐵 =0
𝑙1 7.2 𝑙1 𝑙1 7.2 𝑙1
• C.S=0.75(292.81)=219.61kN.m • C.S=0.6(155.61)=93.37 kN.m
• M.S=292.81-219.61=73.2 kN.m • M.S=155.61-93.37=62.24 kN.m

• For span 6m (7.2m width): • For span 6m (7.2m width):

• -M=0.65(364.27)=236.78 kN.m • +M= 0.35(364.27)=127.49 kN.m
𝑙2 7.2 𝑙2 𝑙2 7.2 𝑙2
• = = 1.2 and 𝛼𝑓𝐵 =0 • = = 1.2 and 𝛼𝑓𝐵 =0
𝑙1 6 𝑙1 𝑙1 6 𝑙1
• C.S=0.75(236.78)=177.59kN.m • C.S=0.6(127.49)=76.49kN.m
• M.S=236.78-177.59=59.2 kN.m • M.S=127.49-39.23=51 kN.m

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• 8. Summarize moments:

Mu(kN.m)/1
Face Location Moments Mu’ (kN.m) Width (m)
m length
Negative 219.61/2=109.81 1.5 73.21
7.2m span C.S
Positive 93.37/2=46.69 1.5 31.13
with 6m
width Negative 73.2/2=36.3 1.5 24.2
M.S
Positive 62.24/2=31.12 1.5 20.75
6m span Negative 177.59/2=88.8 1.5 59.2
C.S
with 7.2m Positive 76.49/2=38.25 1.5 25.5
width Negative 59.2/2=29.6 2.1 14.1
M.S
Positive 51/2=25.5 2.1 12.14

• 9. Check for minimum required effective depth for flexure:

28 0.003
• 𝜌 = 𝜌0.005 = 0.85 0.85 = 0.018
420 0.003+0.005
• First case: Largest effective depth
• Maximum moment: Mu=73.21 kN.m
• 73.21 × 106 = 0.9(0.018)(1000)𝑑 2 (420) (1 − 0.59 ×
420
0.018 × 28 )
• 𝑑𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 = 113.13𝑚𝑚 < 𝑑𝑎𝑣 = 250 − 20 − 10 = 220𝑚𝑚
• First case: Smallest effective depth
• Maximum moment: Mu=31.13 kN.m
• 31.13 × 106 = 0.9(0.018)(1000)𝑑 2 (420) (1 − 0.59 ×
420
0.018 × 28 )
• 𝑑𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 = 73.77𝑚𝑚 < 𝑑𝑎𝑣 = 200 − 20 − 10 = 170𝑚𝑚
• Next steps performed based on different effective depth.

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• 10. Determine required flexural reinforcement:

• Performed next steps based on the table below.
Locatio Mu(kN.m)/
Face Moments d (mm) As min.
n 1m length
7.2m Negative 73.21 220 450
C.S
span Positive 31.13 170 360
with 6m Negative 24.2 170 360
width M.S
Positive 20.75 170 360
6m span Negative 59.2 220 450
with C.S
Positive 25.5 170 360
7.2m
Negative 14.1 170 360
width M.S
Positive 12.14 170 360

• 5. Some comments about detailing:

• Cover=20mm for bar size ≤ 36mm. Otherwise=40mm.
• Minimum clear spacing shall be at least the greatest of 25
mm, db, and (4/3)dagg.
• In case of double layers, reinforcement in the upper
layers shall be placed directly above reinforcement in the
bottom layer with a clear spacing between layers of at
least 25 mm.
• Corner restraint in slabs:
• At exterior corners of slabs supported by edge walls or
where one or more edge beams have a value of (αf >1),
reinforcement at top and bottom of slab shall be designed
to resist Mu based on the maximum positive Mu per unit
width in the slab panel. Also detailing of corner must be
based on the following two options and (smax<2h).

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• Termination of reinforcement:
• Where a slab is supported on spandrel beams, columns, or walls, anchorage of
reinforcement perpendicular to a discontinuous edge shall satisfy (a) and (b):
• (a) Positive moment reinforcement shall extend to the edge of slab and have embedment,
straight or hooked, at least 150 mm into spandrel beams, columns, or walls
• (b) Negative moment reinforcement shall be bent, hooked, or otherwise anchored into
spandrel beams, columns, or walls, and shall be developed at the face of support
• Where a slab is not supported by a spandrel beam or wall at a discontinuous edge, or
where a slab cantilevers beyond the support, anchorage of reinforcement shall be
permitted within the slab.

• Termination of reinforcement:
• For slabs without beams:
• (a) Reinforcement lengths shall
be at least in accordance with
Figure, and if slabs act as
primary members resisting
lateral loads, reinforcement
lengths shall be at least those
required by analysis.
• (b) If adjacent spans are
unequal, extensions of negative
steel beyond the face of support
shall be based on the longer
span.
• (c) Bent bars permitted only
where the depth-to-span ratio
permits use of bends of 45
degrees or less.

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• 6. Special reinforcement for punching

shear:
• There are many methods for improving
punching shear instead of increasing concrete
compressive strength, depth of slabs, and
drop panels.
• A. Bent-Bar reinforcement:
• The bars are usually bent at 45 ° across the
potential diagonal tension crack and extend
along the bottom of the slab a distance
sufficient to develop their strength by bond.

• For two-way slabs with stirrups, the maximum value of Vc is taken as following
equation, because the reinforcement resist all the shear beyond that at inclined
cracking (which occurs at approximately half the capacity of a slab without shear
reinforcement (that is, 𝑉𝑐 = 0.5 × 0.33𝜆𝜆𝑠 𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏° 𝑑):
• 𝑉𝑐 = 0.17𝜆𝜆𝑠 𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏° 𝑑
𝑉𝑢 −∅𝑉𝑐
• 𝑉𝑠 = ≤ 𝑉𝑠 = 0.25 𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏° 𝑑
∅
• 𝑉𝑠 = 𝐴𝑣 𝑓𝑦 sin 𝜃
• With bars bent at 45 °, the next critical section is approximately 3/4 times the
effective depth, past the first critical section as shown.

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• Example (4): A flat plate floor has thickness h = 190mm and is supported by
450mm square columns spaced 6m on centers each way. The floor will carry a
total factored load of 14kN/m2. Check the adequacy of the slab in resisting
punching shear at a typical interior column, and provide shear reinforcement, if
needed, using bent-bar reinforcement. An average effective depth d = 150mm may
be used. Material strengths are fy = 420 MPa and fc’ = 28 MPa (Normal Concrete).
𝑑
• = 75𝑚𝑚; 𝑏° = 4 450 + 75 + 75 = 2400𝑚𝑚
2
• 𝑉𝑢 = 14 62 − 0.62 = 498.96𝑘𝑁
2 2 450
• 𝜆𝑠 = = = 1.12 ≤ 1 𝛽= = 1 and 𝛼𝑠 = 40
1+0.004𝑑 1+0.004(150) 450

• ∅𝑉𝑐 = ∅0.33𝜆𝜆𝑠 𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏𝜊 𝑑 = 0.75 × 0.33 28 2400 150 10−3 = 𝟒𝟕𝟏. 𝟒𝟕𝒌𝑵
0.33
• ∅𝑉𝑐 = ∅ 0.17 + 𝜆𝜆𝑠 𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏𝜊 𝑑
𝛽
0.33
• ∅𝑉𝑐 = 0.75 × 0.17 + 28 2400 150 10−3 = 714.35𝑘𝑁
1

0.083𝛼𝑠 𝑑
• ∅𝑉𝑐 = ∅(0.17 + )𝜆𝜆𝑠 𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏𝜊 𝑑
𝑏𝜊
0.083 40 150
• ∅𝑉𝑐 = 0.75 × 0.17 + 28 2400 150 10−3 = 539.34𝑘𝑁
2400
• The thickness is not adequate for punching shear and shear reinforcement is
required.
• Bars bent at 45° will be used in two directions. When shear strength is provided by
a combination of reinforcement and concrete, the concrete contribution is reduced
to (𝑉𝑐 = 0.17𝜆𝜆𝑠 𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏° 𝑑):
• ∅𝑉𝑐 = ∅0.17𝜆𝜆𝑠 𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏° 𝑑 = 0.75 × 0.17 28 2400 150 10−3 = 242.88𝑘𝑁
498.96−242.88
• 𝑉𝑠 = = 341.44𝑘𝑁 ≤ 0.25 𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏° 𝑑 = 0.25 28
0.75
2400 150 10−3 =476.24kN

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• 𝑉𝑠 = 𝐴𝑣 𝑓𝑦 sin 𝜃
341.44(103 )
• 𝐴𝑣 = = 1149.86𝑚𝑚2
420(0.707)
• A total of four bars will be used (two in each direction), and with eight legs
• 1149.86Τ8 = 143.73𝑚𝑚2
• So, use #16mm as bent bar.
3
• 𝑑 = 0.75 150 = 112.5𝑚𝑚
4
• 𝑏° = 4 825 = 3300𝑚𝑚
• 𝑉𝑢 = 14 62 − 0.8252 = 494.47𝑘𝑁
• ∅𝑉𝑐 = ∅0.33𝜆𝜆𝑠 𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏𝜊 𝑑
• ∅𝑉𝑐 = 0.75 × 0.33 28 3300 150 10−3 = 648.28𝑘𝑁 > 𝑉𝑢
• Confirming that no additional bent bars are needed.
• The No. 16 bars will be extended along the bottom of the slab the full
development length.

• 6. Special reinforcement for punching shear:

• B. Integral beams with stirrups:
• Vertical stirrups have been used in conjunction with
supplementary horizontal bars radiating outward in two
perpendicular directions from the support.
• The stirrups, if needed, are extended outward from the column
in four directions for the typical interior case (three or two
directions for exterior or corner columns, respectively).
• Single- or multiple-leg stirrups fabricated from bars or wires
shall be permitted to be used as shear reinforcement in slabs
and footings satisfying (a) and (b):
• (a) d is at least 150 mm
• (b) d is at least 16 db, where db is the diameter of the stirrups.
• Based on Table 22.6.6.3, Vu should be smaller than maximum
range of shear strength is: 𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 = ∅0.5 𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏° 𝑑

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• Concrete shear strength with punching shear with shear

reinforcement is: 𝑉𝑐 = 0.17𝜆𝜆𝑠 𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏° 𝑑
• Horizontal bar at each bend point, and the stirrups must be
terminated with a standard hook.
∅𝐴𝑣 𝑓𝑦 𝑑
• For space of stirrups: 𝑠 =
∅𝑉𝑠
• where Av is the sum of the area of all legs of reinforcement on
one peripheral line that is geometrically similar to the perimeter
of the column section, and s is the spacing of the peripheral
lines of shear reinforcement in the direction perpendicular to
the column face.
• Note:
𝐴𝑣
• If ≥ 0.17 𝑓𝑐′ (𝑏° /𝑓𝑦𝑡 ), then directly 𝜆𝑠 = 1.
𝑠

• Note: Because shear stresses are

used for two-way shear in this
chapter, shear strength provided
by transverse reinforcement is
averaged over the cross-sectional
area of the critical section.
• For two-way members reinforced
with headed shear reinforcement
or single- or multi-leg stirrups, a
critical section with perimeter bo
located d/2 beyond the outermost
peripheral line of shear
reinforcement shall also be
considered. The shape of this
critical section shall be a polygon
selected to minimize bo.

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 10/8/2024

• Single-leg, simple-U, multiple-U, and closed stirrups shall be permitted as shear

reinforcement.
• If stirrups are provided, location and spacing shall be in accordance the Table
below

• Example (5): The flat plate slab with 190mm total thickness and 150mm effective
depth is carried by 300mm square columns 4.6m on centers in each direction. A
factored load of 534kN must be transmitted from the slab to a typical interior
column. Concrete and steel strengths used are, respectively, fc’ = 28 MPa and fy =
420 MPa, and use #8mm as stirrups. Determine if shear reinforcement is required
for the slab; and if so, design integral beams with stirrups to carry the excess
shear.
𝑑
• = 75𝑚𝑚; 𝑏° = 4 300 + 75 + 75 = 1800𝑚𝑚
2
• 𝑉𝑢 = 534𝑘𝑁
2 2 300
• 𝜆𝑠 = = = 1.12 ≤ 1 𝛽= = 1 and 𝛼𝑠 = 40
1+0.004𝑑 1+0.004(150) 300

• ∅𝑉𝑐 = ∅0.33𝜆𝜆𝑠 𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏𝜊 𝑑 = 0.75 × 0.33 28 1800 150 10−3 = 𝟑𝟓𝟑. 𝟔𝒌𝑵
0.33
• ∅𝑉𝑐 = ∅ 0.17 + 𝜆𝜆𝑠 𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏𝜊 𝑑
𝛽
0.33
• ∅𝑉𝑐 = 0.75 × 0.17 + 28 1800 150 10−3 = 535.76𝑘𝑁
1

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0.083𝛼𝑠 𝑑
• ∅𝑉𝑐 = ∅(0.17 + )𝜆𝜆𝑠 𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏𝜊 𝑑
𝑏𝜊
0.083 40 150
• ∅𝑉𝑐 = 0.75 × 0.17 + 28 1800 150 10−3 = 478.62𝑘𝑁
1800
• The thickness is not adequate and shear reinforcement is required.
• The effective depth 150mm just satisfies the minimum allowed to use stirrup.
𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 = ∅0.5 𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏° 𝑑 = 0.75 × 0.5 28 1800 150 10−3 = 535.76 > 534kN
• This value satisfied the requirement of ACI Table 22.6.6.3.
• The required perimeter of the second critical section, at which the concrete alone
can carry the shear is:
• 534 103 = 0.75 × 0.33 28𝑏𝜊 150 → 𝑏𝜊 = 𝟐𝟕𝟏𝟖. 𝟐𝟗𝒎𝒎
0.33
• 534 103 = 0.75 × 0.17 + 28𝑏𝜊 150 → 𝑏𝜊 = 1794.07𝑚𝑚
1
0.083 40 150
• 534 103 = 0.75 × 0.17 + 28𝑏𝜊 150 → 𝑏𝜊 = 2347.27𝑚𝑚
𝑏𝜊
• 2718.29 = 4 300 + 𝑥 → 𝑥 = 379.57𝑚𝑚

• For each side nearly 190mm is enough from the face of

column. Also, for each side extended to about d/2=75mm
in both the end part and face of column which equal to
340mm, and in first critical section equal to 265mm.
• ∅𝑉𝑐 = ∅0.17𝜆𝜆𝑠 𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏° 𝑑 =
• 0.75 × 0.17 28 1800 150 10−3 = 182.16𝑘𝑁
• #8mm as shear reinforcement satisfied the code
requirement which d ≥16db. Also, for each side of integral
beam use #8mm@50mm C/C to cover the span length of
shear about 265mm
(265mm/4=66.25mm≈60mm≤d/2=75mm).
𝜋
∅𝐴𝑣 𝑓𝑦 𝑑 0.75(5×2× 82 )(420)(150)10−3
• ∅𝑉𝑠 = = 4
= 395.64𝑘𝑁
𝑠 60
• Use 4#12mm as stirrups holder. Now, first stirrups placed
@s/2=30mm (safety) from face of column, next set is
5#8mm@60mm C/C then extended to about d/2=75mm.
Overall equal to 345mm.

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• Double Check: New𝑏𝜊 = 4 150 + 420 2 = 2976𝑚𝑚 > 2718.29mm OK.

• ∅𝑉𝑐 = ∅0.33𝜆𝜆𝑠 𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏𝜊 𝑑 = 0.75 × 0.33 28 2976 150 10−3 = 584.62𝑘𝑁
• Note that the approach taken here is somewhat conservative because the portion of
the slab load applied inside the perimeter of the critical section does not act on that
section and can thus be subtracted from the factored load of 534kN.

• 6. Special reinforcement for punching shear:

• C. Headed shear stud reinforcement:
• Headed shear stud reinforcement widely used and
consists of large-head studs welded to steel strips.
The strips are supported on wire chairs during
construction to maintain the required concrete cover
to the bottom of the slab below the strip, and the
usual cover is maintained over the top of the head.
Because of the positive anchorage provided by the
stud head and the steel strip.
• These are more effective than either bent-bar or
integral beam reinforcement.
• They can be placed more easily, with less
interference with other reinforcement, than other
types of shear steel.

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• 6. Special reinforcement for punching shear:

• C. Headed shear stud reinforcement:
• The studs have a minimum yield strength fyt of 350 MPa and are available in
diameters of 10mm, 12mm, 16mm, and 20mm in accordance with ASTM A1044.
• Multiple strips are arranged in two perpendicular directions for square and
rectangular columns or usually in radial directions for circular columns. They are
secured in position in the forms before flexural steel is in place.
• The steel strip rests on bar chairs to maintain the needed concrete cover below the
steel and is held in position by nails through holes in the strip.

• The overall height of the shear

stud assembly shall be at least
the thickness of the slab minus
the sum of (a) through (c):
• (a) Concrete cover on the top
flexural reinforcement.
• (b) Concrete cover on the base
rail.
• (c) One-half the bar diameter of
the flexural tension
reinforcement.
• Based on Table 22.6.6.3, Vu
should be smaller than
maximum range of shear
strength: 𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 = ∅0.66 𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏° 𝑑

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• Headed shear stud reinforcement location and spacing shall be in accordance with
Table below:

• Concrete shear strength with punching shear with shear reinforcement

is:
𝑉𝑐 = 0.25𝜆𝜆𝑠 𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏° 𝑑
• Note: If smooth stud shaft length not exceeding 250 mm and
𝐴𝑣
≥ 0.17 𝑓𝑐′ (𝑏° /𝑓𝑦𝑡 ), then directly 𝜆𝑠 = 1.
𝑠
𝐴𝑣 𝑓𝑦 𝑑
• The shear stud contribution is: 𝑉𝑠 =
𝑠
• Where: Av is the area of the studs on a peripheral line and s is the
spacing between the peripheral lines.
• The value of the shear stud contribution, expressed as a stress on the
critical section as:
𝐴𝑣 𝑓𝑦
• ≥ 0.17 𝑓𝑐′
𝑏° 𝑠

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• Example (6): The flat plate slab with 190mm total thickness and 150mm effective
depth is carried by 300mm square columns 4.6m on centers in each direction. A
factored load of 534kN must be transmitted from the slab to a typical interior
column. Concrete and steel strengths used are, respectively, fc’ = 28 MPa and fy =
420 MPa, and use #8mm as stirrups. Determine if shear reinforcement is required
for the slab; and if so, using headed stud reinforcement. The #16mm bars will be
used as negative flexural reinforcement. The yield strength is fyt = 350 MPa for
studs.
• Based on previous example (5), the thickness is not adequate and shear
reinforcement is required.
16
• 𝐻(𝑆𝑡𝑢𝑑)𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 190 − 20 𝐶𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 − 20 𝐶𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 − = 142𝑚𝑚
2
• A stud height of 150mm will be used, which is consistent with the effective depth
and exceeds the minimum requirement (142mm).
• 𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 = ∅0.66 𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏° 𝑑 = 0.75 × 0.66 28 1800 150 10−3 = 707.21𝑘𝑁 > 534
• This value satisfied the requirement of ACI Table 22.6.6.3.

• The required perimeter of the second critical section, at which the concrete alone
can carry the shear is:
• 534 103 = 0.75 × 0.17 28𝑏𝜊 150 → 𝑏𝜊 = 5276.68mm
• 5276.68 = 4 300 + 𝑥 → 𝑥 = 1019.17𝑚𝑚
• For each side nearly 510mm is enough from the face of column. Also, for each
side extended to about d/2=75mm in both the end part and face of column which
equal to 660mm, and in first critical section equal to 585mm.
585 3𝑑
•𝑠= = 146𝑚𝑚 ≈ 140𝑚𝑚 < = 112.5𝑚𝑚 ≈ 110𝑚𝑚
4 4
• ∅𝑉𝑐 = ∅0.25𝜆𝜆𝑠 𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏° 𝑑=0.75 × 0.25 28 1800 150 10−3 = 267.88𝑘𝑁
• The maximum spacing between the stud rails must be less than 2d, so two lines of
studs are needed for a 300mm square column; a center-to-center spacing of
275mm.

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∅𝐴𝑣 𝑓𝑦 𝑑
• ∅𝑉𝑠 =
𝑠
(534−267.88)(110)(103 )
• 𝐴𝑣 = =
0.75×350×150
743.45𝑚𝑚2
• Use #12mm stud which have cross-
sectional area about 113mm2.
743.45
• 𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑢𝑑 = = 6.58 ≈ 7.
113
• The first one placed at 50mm which
is smaller than d/2=75mm.
• Double Check:
• New 𝑏𝜊 = 4 275 + 785 2 =
5540𝑚𝑚 > 5276.68mm OK.

• 6. Special reinforcement for punching shear:

• D. Shear head:
• Consist of standard structural steel shapes
embedded in the slab and projecting beyond the
column.
• To increase the effective perimeter bo, and
contribute to the negative bending resistance.
• Normal negative slab reinforcement passes over
the top of the structural steel, while bottom bars
are stopped short of the shear head.

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• ∅𝑉𝑐 = ∅0.33 𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏° 𝑑 for out of peripheral of legs.

• Vu should be smaller than :∅ 𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 = ∅0.58 𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏° 𝑑
• Based on (EN 10025-2) for IPE sections: fy=345 MPa
• Critical sections for shear for flat plates: ( a ) no shear head; ( b ) small shear head;
and ( c ) large shear head.

• Stress resultants in shear head arm: ( a ) shear head

arm; ( b ) shear; ( c ) moment.
𝑉𝑢 𝑐
• 𝑀𝑝 = ℎ𝑣 + 𝛼𝑣 (𝑙𝑣 − 1 )
2∅𝑛 2
• Where: ϕ = 0.90 (tension-controlled members).
• The compression flange must not be more than 0.3
d from the bottom surface of the slab, and the steel
shapes used must not be deeper than 70 times the
web thickness.
• n = number of arms.
𝐸𝑠 𝐼𝑠
• Relative flexural stiffness: 𝛼𝑣 =
𝐸𝑐 𝐼𝑐
• The value of relative flexural stiffness αv must be at
least equal to 0.15.

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• Example (7): A flat plate slab 190mm thick is supported by interior 250mmm square
columns and is reinforced for negative bending with #16mm bars 125mm on centers in
each direction, with an average effective depth d of 150mm. The concrete strength fc’ is
21MPa. The slab must transfer a factored shear Vu of 475kN to the column. What special
slab reinforcement is required, if any, at the column to transfer the factored shear?
𝑑
• = 75𝑚𝑚; 𝑏° = 4 250 + 150 = 1600𝑚𝑚
2
2 2 450
• 𝜆𝑠 = 1+0.004𝑑
= 1+0.004(150)
= 1.12 ≤ 1 𝛽 = 450 = 1 and 𝛼𝑠 = 40

• ∅𝑉𝑐 = ∅0.33𝜆𝜆𝑠 𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏𝜊 𝑑 = 0.75 × 0.33 21 1600 150 10−3 = 272.2𝑘𝑁

0.33
• ∅𝑉𝑐 = ∅ 0.17 + 𝜆𝜆𝑠 𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏𝜊 𝑑
𝛽
0.33
• ∅𝑉𝑐 = 0.75 × 0.17 + 1
21 1600 150 10−3 = 412.43𝑘𝑁
0.083𝛼 𝑑
• ∅𝑉𝑐 = ∅(0.17 + 𝑏 𝑠 )𝜆𝜆𝑠 𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏𝜊 𝑑
𝜊
0.083 40 150
• ∅𝑉𝑐 = 0.75 × 0.17 + 21 1600 150 10−3 = 396.97𝑘𝑁
1600

• A shear head will be used, fabricated from I-beam section (S100×11.5kg) with
100mm depth, fy = 345 MPa, S=50300mm3, Is=2.56(106), and A=1460mm2.
• 𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 = ∅0.58 𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏° 𝑑 = 0.75 × 0.58 21 1600 150 10−3 = 478.42𝑘𝑁 >
475𝑘𝑁
• 475 103 = 0.75 × 0.33 21𝑏° 150 → 𝑏° = 2792.01𝑚𝑚
• Note that the actual shear force to be transferred at the critical section is slightly
less than 475kN, because a part of the floor load is within the effective perimeter
bo ; however, the difference is small then use small shear head.
𝑐1 3 𝑐
• 𝑏° = 2792.01 = 4 2 + (𝑙𝑣 − 1 )
2 4 2
250 3 250
• 2792.01 = 4 2 + (𝑙𝑣 − )
2 4 2
• 𝑙𝑣 = 616.42𝑚𝑚 ≈ 620𝑚𝑚
• Assume αv=0.25
𝑉𝑢 𝑐
• 𝑀𝑝 = ℎ𝑣 + 𝛼𝑣 (𝑙𝑣 − 1 )
2∅𝑛 2

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475 250
• 𝑀𝑝 = 100 + 0.25(620 − ) 10−3 = 14.76𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
2(0.9)(4) 2
• 𝑀𝑟 = 50300 345 10−6 = 17.35𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
• Taking moments of the composite cracked section about the bottom surface:
200000 1 400 200000 𝑦
× ×201 ×150 + 1460 70 +(400𝑦 )
4700 21 0.125 1000 4700 21 2
•𝑦=
200000 1 400 200000
× ×201 + 1460 +(400𝑦)
4700 21 0.125 1000 4700 21
1 400 𝑦
9.28× ×201 ×150 + 9.28 1460 70 +(400𝑦 )
•𝑦= 0.125
1
1000
400
2
9.28× ×201 + 9.28 1460 +(400𝑦)
0.125 1000
5968.9×150 + 13549 70 +(200𝑦 2 )
•𝑦= → 𝑦 = 58.9𝑚𝑚
5968.9 + 13549 +(400𝑦)

• The moment of inertia of the composite section is:

400(58.93 )
• 𝐼𝑐 = + 5968.9(150 − 58.9)2 +9.28 2.56 × 106 + 1460 11.32
3
• 𝐼𝑐 = 100.73 106 𝑚𝑚4
200,000(2.56×106 ) 512
• 𝛼𝑣 = = = 0.24 ≈ 0.25 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑑 > 0.15
4700 21(100.73 106 ) 2169.53
475 250
• 𝑀𝑝 = 100 + 0.24(620 − ) 10−3 = 14.76𝑘𝑁. 𝑚 < 17.35 Safe
2(0.9)(4) 2
• So, use I section with depth 100mm with length 620mm.

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• 6. Special reinforcement for punching

shear:
• E. Flanged collar
• Designed mainly for use with lift-slab
construction.
• It consists of a flat bottom plate with
vertical stiffening ribs. It may incorporate
sockets for lifting rods and usually is used
in conjunction with shear pads welded
directly to the column surfaces below the
collar to transfer the vertical reaction.

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