ANATOMY to cut off, study of the structure of the

body
it derives from the greek word anatomé that means
cutting up
PHISIOLOGY it study how the body works, it study
processes
DISSECTION process of cutting of the corpse
Anatomy in indian texts is called RACHANA SHARIR:
study of the body
LANGUAGE OF ANATOMY
1. positions: supine (lying on the back on the
ground, arms by side, palms facing upward and
feet toghether), prone (lying on face, chest and
abdomen)
2. terms/region

WHAT INDIAN TEXTS SAY ABOUT BODY?

⁃ Charaka Samhita (Acharya Charaka):
Medecine
⁃ Sushruta Samhita (Acharya Sushruta):
Surgery
Sharir stana: anatomy.
These texts are written in sanskrit (ancient indian
language).
Definition of body is contained in these books and
definition of health, too.

DEFINITION OF BODY (Charaka Samhita)

PRAKRURTI: what our body is

TATRA SHARIRAM NAAM CHETNADHISTAAN
BHOOTAM PANCHRIKAAN SAMUDAYATKAM
SAMYOGRAHI

The name of our body is said as body has chetna

(consciousness).

MAHABHOOTAS (5) Five part of our body:

AKASH empty space, consciousness, ether
VAYU' air, empty space filled with air, cavity
AGNI' heat, digestion
JALA water
PRITHVI hard substance (es. bones)

There are 13 types of AGNI':

JATHARAGNI' responsible for digestion, enzimatic
reactions
BOOTHAGNÌ 5 types
AKASH AGNÌ
VAYU AGNÌ
AGNÌ
JALA AGNÌ
PRITHVI AGNÌ
DATHU AGNI' 7 types
SAPT DATHU, 7 elements wich form our body:

RASA watery part, fluid (it derives from digestion

of food: AHARA RASA)
RAKTA blood
MANSA muscolar tissue
MEDA fat
ASTHI' bone
MAJJA bone marrow
SUKRA sperma/ova
These are also known as RASAGNÌ', RAKTAGNÌ,
MAMNSAGNÌ, MEDAGNÌ, ASHTIAGNÌ, MAJJAGNÌ,
SUKRAGNÌ.
Every AGNÌ transforms into the following agnì by
using agnì.
Eg. RASA is transformed into RAKTA by using AGNÌ.

There are TRIDOSHA:

- VATA air/movement
- PITTA heat/enzymatic reactions
- KAPHA mucous/saliva

PLACES OF VATA (air) IN THE BODY:

- urinary bladder (BHASTHÌ)
- large intestine or colon/rectum (POORISHADANÁ:
which contains stools)
- pelvic region (KATÌ)

PLACES OF PITTA
- sweat (SWEDA)
- plasma (RASA)
- limph (LASEEKA)
- blood (RAKTA)

PLACES OF KAPHA
- junctions, joints (SANDHÌ)
- chest region (URAH)

SHAREEK DOSHA: DOSHA present in our body

(VATA, PITTA, KAPHA)
MANSHIK: SATTVA, RAJA, TAMA
IMMUNITY: OJAS

VIKAAR
- TRIDOSHA
- SAPTDATHU
- MALA, impurities: MUTRA (urine, kidney,
nephrons), PURISH (stool, large intestine: ileum,
ciecum, colon, rectum, anum), SWEDA (sweat, skin
and bile, kidney).

DEFINITION OF VATA

VA GATÌ GANDHANIYÒ

VATA is responsible for movement and for

knowledge (GYANA).
Due to VATA there is a movement in our energy
(KUNDALINI).

DEFINITION OF PITTA

TAPA SANTAPE
TAPA: heat
SANTAPE: provide

It provides heat.

DEFINITION OF KAPHA/SLESHMA

SLISH ALINGANÉ

It has the ability to combine, it originates from

water.

KEN JALEN PANATI ITI KAPHA.

SAMUDAYATMAK SAMYOGRAHI

All combines to/ these all together form a whole

body.

DEFINITION OF BODY (Sushruta Samhita)

DOSHA DHATU MALA MULAM HI SHARIRAM

DOSHA: 3 elements (VATA, PITTA, KAPHA)

DATHU: 7 elements (RASA, RAKTA, MANSA, MADA,
ASTHÌ, MAJJA, SUKRA)
MALA: 3 escretions (MUTRA, POORISH, SWEDA)

All these combine to form a body.

DEFINITION OF HEALTH

Acharya Vagbhatta

DOSHA DATU MALA MOOTAN SAFA DEHASHYA

SADA: always
DEHASHYA: body

Imbalance in these elements is always a cause of

disease.

OMS Geneva

Health is a state of physical mental and social well

being not merely absence of disease or infermity.

Acharia Sushruta

Samadosha samaagnishcha samadhathu

malakriya Prasannatma indriya manaha
swastha ityabhi dhiyate

Health means:
SAMA DOSHA: dosha in balance
SAMAGNISHA: agnì in balance
SAMADATHU: 7 elements in balance
MALAKRYIA excretions
PRASSANNATMA INDRYA: 5 senses
MANA (VKCHARA): imagination
SWASTHA: healthy body

To remain healthy all these elements must be in

balance.
By practicing yoga you maintain the right amount
of vata, pitta, kapha in the body.
By practicing yoga your enzimatic activity are in
balance (e.g. VAJRASANA helps for digestion)

PRASSANATMA INDRYIA 5 senses:

ATMAN + INDRIYA (organ)
well being of 5 senses
1. EYES, NETRA
2. EAR, KARNA
3. NOSE, NASA
4. TONGUE, JIHVA
5. SKIN, TWAK/TWACHA all over the body

1. NETRA, EYES (2)

MANDALANI CH SANDISH PATLANI CH LOCHNE

MANDHAL: circles (5)

SANDHÌ: junctions (6)
PATAL: other parts (6)
LOCHNE: eye
DRISTI: to see

1. MANDHAL:
- eye lashes: PAKSMA MANDAL
- eye lid: VARTMANDAL
- conjunctive: SWETA MANDAL
- cornea: KRISHNA MANDAL
- pupil: DRISTI MANDAL
2. SANDHÌ:
- ciliary junction: PAKSMA VARTMA SANDHÌ
- fornix: VARTMA SWETA SANDHÌ
- sclera: SWETA KRISHNA SANDHÌ
- inner cantus: KARNIKA SANDHÌ
- KRISHNA DRISTI SANDHÌ
- outer cantus: APANG SANDHÌ
3. PATALA
- TEJO JALASRIT PATAL
- MANSASHRIT PATAL: iris part, muscolar part)
- MEGDASHRIT PATAL: cortical part of lens
- ASTHIASHRIT PATAL: nuclear part of lens
- outer 2 PATAL:
VARTMA PATAL: upper palpebra/lower palpebra

PHISIOLOGY OF EYE

PITTA: imagine analisis in the pupil

ALOCHARA PITTA: helps to see objects
- CHAKSU VAISHESHIK: eye normal vision
- BUDDY VAISHESHIK: elaboration of vision in the
mind
RUPA GRAHANA SHAKTI: power of image analisis

The functioning of the eye is also controlled by:

- MANA: mind
- ATMA: spirit
- INDRIYARTA (ROOP): what we see in the
surrounding

INDRYA: CHAKSU (EYE): part by which we see

INDRYAATHISTHAN: netra all organ
INDRYA BUDDHI: ROOP GYAN: knowledge to see the
image
INDRYA DRAVGA: TEJA (AGNÌ): heat, material used
in our sense organ
INDRYARTA: ROOP to see objects

Yoga helps to maintain healthy eyes.

eg. TRATAK (one of the pranayama), meditation

2. KARNA, EAR (1)

KARNASASKULI: pinna
KARNA PUTRIKA: tragus
KARNA PAALI: lobule or KARNA LEHITCA (in Acharya
Dhalan, student of Acharya Susruta, text: TIKA ON
SUSHRUTA SAMHITA)
KARNA APANANTAR: distance between eye and ear
is five finger (KARNA APANANTAR)

3. NOSE, NASA (1)

Function of nose is smelling.

3 bones: 3 ASTHÌ
cartilagine: THARUNASTÌ
24 arterier: DHAMNI
One junction
Triangular shape of external meatus.
The end part of the nose open up into the mouth.
Position: centre of face.
Septum/external nostrils.
Two chambers are divided by septum made up of
cartilagine.
Septum is covered by mucous membrane (slimy,
watery) to protect from bacteria, virus and external
agents.
Hairy structure: it filters the air to remove waste
product, dust, particles, bacteria (microscopic
organism).
Sinus: air cavities (VATA)

In our body:
conventional medicine 206 bones
Sushruta: 300
Charaka: 360

Arteries: carry oxygenated blood (except

pulmonary and umbilical)
Arterioles: smaller branches
Veins: carry deoxygenated blood (except
pulmonary and umbilical vein)

4. SKIN, TWAK/TWACHA
Protection for the body from external environment.
Touching.

Types of TWACHA are explained in Charak Samhita

(6 types) and Sushruta Samhita (7 types).

1. PRATHAMÀ-AVABHASINI- strato corneo

2. DVITIYÀ-LOHITÁ- stratum lucidum
3. TRITIYÀ-SWETÁ- stratum granulosum
4. CHATURHTÌ-TAMRÁ- Malpighi
5. PANCHAMÌ-VEDANÌ- papillary layer
6. SASTÌ-ROHINÌ- reticular layer
7- --------- MANSADHARA - tela subcutaneous

The skin is made up of 7 layers.

5. TONGUE, JIHVA

Muscular organ
RASNA INDRIYA: sense organ
Rest on lingual surface of lower incisor teeth.
Root --> hyoid bone
Parts: root/body/apex.
The apex (anterior part) is free to move.
Inferior surface: mucous membrane, mandibole.
Muscles:
- hyoglossi
- genyoglossi
- hyoglossal
Blood supply:
- lingual artery
- deep lingual veins.

Function:
1. SABDOTPATTI: word origin, language
2. to masticate food

CELL

Acharya Charaka

SARYRA AVYANA VASTÙ PRAMANU BHEDÉ

NAAPARISANKHYEY

SARYR: body
AVYA: small
VASTÚ: part
PRAMANU: molecular structure

The cell is the small part of the body, it is a unite of

the body.

BHEDE NAPARISAVKHYEYA: more in number

Acharya Charaka explained the definition of cell

3.000 B.C.

Characteristics of cell
Cells are innumerable in multicellular animals and
are microscopic in nature.
Unicellulare: procariots.
Multicellulare: eucariotes.
Each cell has an individual existence and they have
all characteristics of life.
Cell is a structural and functional unit of life.
1. they need nutrition and energy
2. they produce energy by mitocondria
3. energy is necessary for growth and repair
4. it eliminates CO2 and metabolic waists
5. it shows immediate response to entry of external
material
6. reproduction: cell division

Membrane:
- lipid part: cholesterol/phospholipids, passive
diffusion
- electron dense layer, protein part peripheral
- integral proteins: carrier, channels, transport,
antigens

Parts of the cell:

- cell wall: hydrophobic part and hydrophilic part
- endoplasmic reticum: protein sintesis and
degradation
- Golgi reticulum: transport
- mitochondria: energy plants: chloroplasts
- lysosome: degradation, sintesis of steroids and
cholesterol
- nucleolus
- nucleus
- cytoplasma

RAKTA, BLOOD

Is one of the DATHÙ.

DHARNATH DATHUA: The definition of DHATU, witch
means it exists in the body.
DHARNA derives from DHARANA: it exists

Each DATHU derives from the previous one through

AGNÌ.
RASA
RAKTA
MANSA
MEDA
ASTHÌ
MAJJA
SUKKRA

RAKTA derives from RASA with the help of AGNÌ

(RASAGNÌ).
Blood derives from bone marrow.
Erytropoiesis: red blood cells
Blood:
- white blood cells, leucocytes
- red blood cells: erytrocites
- platelets: thrombocytes
- plasma part.

Plasma: straw colored fluid in which some proteins

are present (globulin, albumin, fibrinogen) these
help in osmotic balance (albumine), acid-base
balance (electrolytes) and clotting or coagulation.
Serum: plasma part without clotting factors.

Formed elements:
- white blood cells
- red blood cells
- platelets

Red blood cells

more in number, 5.5 millions, no nucleus,
biconcave shape, 120 days lifespan, size 5 micron,
thickness 1.1 micron/2.2 micron.
iron binding proteins hemoglobin (12-16 g/100 ml)
transport of gases (O2 and CO2)
they are destroyed in spleen
(macrophage/phagocytes)
buffer action
group antigen determination
variations in number:
- mountains more, exercise more
- children have more red blood cells
- less in sleeping/deep sleeping/variations of
barometric pression

White blood cells

are colorless due to lack of hemoglobin
destroy foreign organisms which enter into the cell
are colorless due to lack of hemoglobin
are less in number 6000-8000

White blood cells are divided into:

- granulocites: neutrophils, eosinophilis,

basophiles
neutrophils: most abundant 60-65%, phagocytes
in nature, destroy foreign organisms
basophils: secrete istamine/serotonine/heparine
involved in inflammatory reactions
inflammation: rubor, calor, dolor, tumor, functio
laesa.
eosinophiles: 2-3% allergy, infection

- agranulocites: monocites, linfocites

Limphocytes T (timus) B, they are linked to
immunity
Monocites: phagocites in nature they destroy
microorganism or foreign material which enters in
the body
Platelets: thrombocytes cell fragments formed by
megacaryocites (in bone martow)
150.000-300.000/mm3 size: 2.5 micron, 7-8 micron
cubic
coagulation
eccessive blood loss occur in case of diseases in
which the number of platelets decreas
structure and composition of platelets: cell wall,
fragments, microtubules, cytoplasm, non nucleus
Functions:
- coagulation
- blood vessels reparation/epitelium reparation
- defense mechanism
- agglutination destroy foreign material
- eccessive blood loss there is hemostasis an stop
of bleeding, vasoconstriction, plug formation and
coagulation.

GII gastrointestinal tract

Food is not only source of energy but also the

source of Carbon.
Carbohydrates, glucose.
In brain there are some receptors for hunger.
Stomach: enzyme, pepsinogen
Digestive juices are stored in:
- salivary glands
- pancreas
- liver
- gall bladder.

Respiratory system
Larynx, vocal cords: thin bands of muscles.

Circulatory system
- regulation of body temperature
- transport of respiratory gases, nutrients
molecules, waste, hormones troughout the body
- vessels: arteries, veins, capillaries
Electrical impulses start from SA node to AV
through Purkinje fibres.
Valves resists backward flow of blood.
Pumping of heart: rhythmically contraction and
relaxation.