J Nanostruct 13(4): 915-932, Autumn 2023

REVIEW PAPER

Development of Nanotechnology by Artificial Intelligence: A

Comprehensive Review
Saif Al-Deen H. Hassan 1*, Mohsin Najim Sarayyih Almaliki 2, Zahraa Abed Hussein 3, Hayder M.
Albehadili 4, Shaima R. Banoon 5, Aswan Al-Abboodi 5, Moumal Al-Saady 6
1
Department Business Administrator, College of Administration and Economics, University of Misan, Maysan,
Iraq
2
Department of Accounting, College of Administration and Economics, University of Misan, Maysan, Iraq
3
Al-Manara College for Medical Sciences, Maysan, Iraq
4
Misan Oil Company, Amara, Iraq
5
Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Misan, Maysan, Iraq
6
Monash University, Clayton 3168, Victoria, Australia

ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT

The integration of Nanotechnology (NT) and Artificial Intelligence (AI)
Article History: promises significant benefits across industries like medicine, energy,
Received 19 June 2023 and materials science. This study examines AI-driven NT development,
Accepted 27 September 2023
highlighting AI’s potential to revolutionize nanomaterial and nanosystem
Published 01 October 2023 creation through accelerated discovery, design, and growth. Some
Keywords:
potential applications include enhanced medication delivery, AI-optimized
nanosensors for biological monitoring, and material property prediction
Deep Learning
for energy use. However, current AI systems face limitations, such as the
Machine Learning
need for robust datasets and methods to link theoretical models with
Nanomaterials practical validation. Ethical considerations encompass algorithmic bias,
Nanorobotics data privacy, and societal impacts. The study emphasizes the importance
Nanosensors of responsible and ethical development, transparent regulations, and
stakeholder communication to ensure fair and beneficial AI-driven NT
integration. Realizing the potential of this convergence requires addressing
technical challenges and ethical concerns while fostering academic
interdisciplinary collaboration and public engagement. This approach aims
to maximize the positive impact of AI-NT synergy across various fields.

How to cite this article

Hassan S. A. H., Almaliki M. N. S., Hussein Z. A., AlbehadiliH. M., Banoon S. R., Al-Abboodi A., Al-SaadyM. Development of
Nanotechnology by Artificial Intelligence: A Comprehensive Review. J Nanostruct, 2023; 13(4):915-932. DOI: 10.22052/JNS.2023.04.002

INTRODUCTION
Transdisciplinary dynamics enable a global (AI) and nanotechnology (NT) has the ability to
effort to create an inclusive vision of AI–NT, transform numerous sectors, with far-reaching
learning from our past and developing our beneficial effects on economies and society
future under the increasingly visible global mind around the world. Their unique compatibility is
emerging in this accelerating 21st century[1]. The based on NT’s expert material management and
multidisciplinary study of artificial intelligence their ability to achieve atomic precision. Changing
or making new nanostructures is a big deal in
* Corresponding Author Email: [email protected]

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
 S. A. H. Hassan et al. /Development of Nanotechnology by Artificial Intelligence

nanoscience [2,3]. The approaches to altering the nm, where phenomena differ significantly from
overall properties of a substance are categorized those observed in conventional materials. This
based on the interactions between atoms/ field is often described as a multidisciplinary
molecules and the substrate or surface of an playground, where quarks and galaxies, biological
object. Nanotechnology focuses on understanding cells and electronics, polymers and diamonds,
and controlling matter at dimensions between superconductors and heat transport phenomena
approximately 1 and 100 nanometers. This can be challenge collective creativity[7-10]. This study
achieved with both naturally occurring substances explores the synergistic relationship between AI
and those purposefully developed for their and NT and their potential to revolutionize various
nanoscale properties[4]. Two primary approaches fields, including medicine, energy, biology, and
guide nanostructure fabrication: “bottom-up” and materials science. It examines current applications,
“top-down.” The bottom-up method assembles limitations, and future directions of AI-driven NT
structures from atomic or molecular components, development, highlighting potential ethical and
while the top-down reduces larger materials to regulatory considerations.
the nanoscale. A hybrid approach combines these
strategies, utilizing natural molecular assembly Nanotechnology and ai integration
processes to create miniaturized systems (bottom- An interdisciplinary field, nanotechnology
up informing top-down), and applying precision encompasses a wide range of techniques for
engineering techniques to guide molecular precisely determining and manipulating matter
arrangements (top-down enhancing bottom-up). on an atomic and molecular scale [11]. When
This synergy allows for more versatile and efficient it comes to forecasting material qualities and
nanofabrication, leveraging the strengths of both phenomena and balancing the experimental
methodologies[5]. effort needed, artificial intelligence (AI) has the
In antiquity, technological advancements were potential to take nanotechnology to new heights
primarily based on empirical knowledge and [12]. In order to address preprocessing issues
characterized by slow demand. In fields like modern with AI used for cancer cell segmentation, which
warfare, urban development, and economy, necessitates specific image contraste methods for
macroscopic investigations were primary, while optimal detection [14], researchers are using AI
in others like industrial chemistry, medicine, frameworks to study the shape of nanoparticles
biology, and astronomy, mechanisms and forces and the influence of biomolecules, leading to
were applied practically despite lacking accurate the development of more specific and efficient
underlying theories [6](Fig. 1). Nanotechnology, image contrast agents [13]. To create a new
involving the controlled manipulation of atoms high-produced contrast within the theoretical
and molecules, operates at scales below 100 limits, scanning transmission electron microscopy

Fig. 1. Multidisciplinary areas of nanotechnology

916 J Nanostruct 13(4): 915-932, Autumn 2023

 S. A. H. Hassan et al. /Development of Nanotechnology by Artificial Intelligence

(STEM) imaging primarily relies on phase contrast nanorobots show promise in intracellular medicine
detection, which can be achieved by combining AI for combating diseases. For instance, self-
techniques from a deep learning framework with organized drug administration could potentially
a classical physical model approach in a single AI reduce or eliminate chemotherapy doses, while
simulation program [15]. By combining AI with minimizing off-target effects. These systems
electron microscopy, the interaction between might utilize wireless energy supply and multi-
nanoparticles and cells can be better understood. level communication networks within the body
The intricacy of dynamic biological properties can [18]. This section explores crucial aspects such as
be managed by using AI to anticipate surface- localization, movement control, communication,
interface-environment interactions of any and cooperation, which are essential for
nanomaterial, according to recent work using developing 3D nanorobot swarm operating
hybrid techniques [16]. In addition, there are techniques. These techniques envision the use of
AI-powered methods for predicting the body’s area-specific online robots and cell-swarm robots
chaotic reaction to nanoparticles while keeping equipped with advanced technologies like machine
tabs on the residence time (a critical parameter intelligence [19]. Concurrently, numerous studies
for predicting how nanomaterials will behave in focus on nanorobotic applications involving single-
the human body) and the equilibrium binding axis motion [20-22]. Various nanorobot designs
constant, which is influenced by surface charge have emerged (Fig. 2), including the lens-shaped
and encapsulation [17]. “cheetah” nanorobot, the kener parapheto
nanorobot, and the lemniscate nanorobot, all
Nanorobotics utilizing bounce motion for propulsion [23]. This
As pivotal components in local systems groundbreaking work has inspired subsequent
independent of external infrastructure, research aimed at exploring the potential of

Fig. 2. Core structure of nanorobots with their components [29]

J Nanostruct 13(4): 915-932, Autumn 2023 917

 S. A. H. Hassan et al. /Development of Nanotechnology by Artificial Intelligence

mesoporous “nanotube-based” structures as guarantee that communication, energy collection,

carriers for “short strand” media containing single localization, and localized collaborations are all
or multiple tumor cells [24, 25]. properly addressed for any specific formation
These advancements in nanorobotics type.
demonstrate the field’s potential to revolutionize
targeted drug delivery and cancer treatment (Fig. Nanosensors
3). By combining precise localization, controlled As far as nano-sensors and AI are concerned,
movement, and intelligent communication human health might be among the most
systems, nanorobots could offer unprecedented dynamic areas where the fastest progress
accuracy in navigating the complex cellular has been observed. Fabricating nano-sensors
environment. Furthermore, the development of is now possible thanks to advancements in
specialized nanorobot designs tailored to specific nanotechnology and manufacturing. The great
medical applications highlights the versatility and sensitivity and selectivity of the point-of-care
adaptability of this emerging technology [26-28]. system are achieved by using nano-scale polymeric
As a commercial sector, nanorobotics—the use materials, metals, graphene, carbon nanotubes,
of nanotechnology to robotics—is still in its early and quantum dots [31]. Although systems based
stages. Advanced group-oriented nanorobots on nano-sensors have the potential to be useful,
are planned for use in broader contexts, like the use of big data and AI to achieve these goals
industrial processes and environmental cleaning, raises ethical questions because they involve the
while autotelic and localized nanorobots are collection of vast quantities of personal and in-vivo
anticipated to primarily operate in-vivo in the near data. Their current uses are the Internet of Things
future [30]. Heavy research is being conducted technologies that people use. Once again, sensors
on high-level supervisory challenges for big integrated with nano-technological breakthroughs
groups of offline, networked robots in many fall within the category of communication and
prospective applications because to the lack of networking. The future of bio-electronic devices
relevant practical experience at the idea level. will be determined by the extent of integration of
Starting with nanorobot operating platforms in 3D nano-sensors, AI, and the Internet of Things [12].
environments, where practical problems do not The capabilities of nano-sensors (NS) have
greatly impact movement strategies, the next step been enhanced through the integration of
is to realize these platforms in order to test critical artificial intelligence (AI). Machine learning
clustered autonomous technologies. This will (ML) techniques and artificial intelligence (AI)

Fig. 3. Illustration of the potential applications of nanorobots in combating cancers [28]

918 J Nanostruct 13(4): 915-932, Autumn 2023

 S. A. H. Hassan et al. /Development of Nanotechnology by Artificial Intelligence

have made it possible to accurately recognize better therapeutics in biomedicine, so “smart”

and identify target molecules. Making sensors nanomaterials must be developed (Fig. 7). Modern
that are both smaller and more sensitive and science developed a nanomaterial that changes
repeatable has been the primary focus of most its physical, chemical, or biological properties
recent developments in nano-sensors. But there significantly in response to modest environmental
have been higher-level reports of applications changes [42].
where nano-sensors and AI have demonstrated Rapid microbial lysis was achieved by
the capacity to work on real-time data acquisition interacting with the bacterial cell membrane
and accurate prescriptive solutions for cancer using nanoparticles of titania (nano-TiO2) in
genetics [32], pathogen detection (Fig. 4), bio- conjunction with vancomycin or gramicidin S [42].
marking [35], agriculture [36], etc. (Fig. 5). A low- such as the production of ROS and the subsequent
cost sensing system that is secure, accurate, and triggering of cell death in response to bacterial
made possible by the successful combination of cell disruptions. By releasing oligodynamic ions,
two fast-growing technologies—nano-sensors and metallic silver inhibits microbial development by
AI. There is almost limitless potential in healthcare severely damaging microbial DNA and proteins
(Fig. 6), the food sector, mobile applications, as well as bacterial anions. The weakening of
energy conversion, and social life [39, 40,41], the influenza virus envelope and a decrease in
although most applications and research studies the virus’s infectivity are the first two causes of
in these areas have been primarily concentrating antiviral activity in nanomaterials like TiO2-Vanc or
on industrial and military uses now. TiO2-GS. The second cause is the development of
huge Mont. By attaching to lipids on the influenza
Smart Nanomaterials virus’s envelope, mont complexes establish robust
Nanotechnology developments have HC contacts with the virus [43]. Zinc oxide and
necessitated multifunctional materials. silver nanoparticles bound to acrylonitrile, sodium
Nanomaterials have excellent physio-chemical dodecyl sulfate, trisodium citrate, and citric acid,
properties for their small size, including enhanced in varying proportions, may also possess antiviral
absorption and reactivity, surface area, molar properties[44]. Beyond their antimicrobial and
extinction coefficients, tunable plasmonic antiviral effects, nanomaterials can also exhibit
capabilities, quantum effects, magnetic and antioxidant properties[45], which are essential
optical properties. Non-biocompatible, poor for human health. Antioxidants protect cells from
photostabilities, low targeting capacity, rapid the damaging effects of reactive oxygen species
renal clearance, side effects on other organs, (ROS), which are implicated in a wide range
insufficient cellular uptake, and small blood of diseases, including cardiovascular disease,
retention make nanomaterials difficult to use for cancer, and neurodegenerative disorders[46].

Fig. 4. Nanosensors in the detection of pesticides [34]

J Nanostruct 13(4): 915-932, Autumn 2023 919

 Some nanomaterials, such as those containing promise for developing novel treatment strategies
selenium or zinc, have shown promise as for many diseases caused by microbes[49].
antioxidants in preclinical studies. The ability to Nanomaterials with biocompatibility, directed
design nanomaterials with tailored antioxidant cell proliferation and destruction, resistance
properties could lead to the development of novel to macrophage recognition, immune response
therapies for these conditions. The fight against inhibition, and controlled release of therapeutic
popular parasites such as Plasmodium lead to agents that interact with target cells specifically
malaria [47], and biofilms [48] also benefits from are ideal for nanosmart functionality [50].
nanotechnology. These microorganisms can cause
severe complications. Nanomaterials have been Challenges and opportunities
investigated as potential anti-parasitic and anti- Artificial intelligence (AI) will be an integral
bacterial agents, targeting various stages of their life part of the upcoming scientific and industrial
cycle. For example, nanoparticles can be designed revolution, both as a tool for cooperation and
to disrupt the cell membrane, inhibit metabolic in practical industrial applications. The use of
processes, or even deliver drugs directly to the site AI in conjunction with human supervision has
of infection. This area of research holds immense the potential to greatly facilitate the processing

Fig. 5. Nanosensor architecture and its application by [37,40] with modification

920 J Nanostruct 13(4): 915-932, Autumn 2023

 S. A. H. Hassan et al. /Development of Nanotechnology by Artificial Intelligence

of anatomical and functional images, the processes involved in human cell and tissue
enhancement of human knowledge agents, and cultures. In light of the worldwide demand for
the acceleration of the exceedingly complicated cutting-edge AI treatments and the present rate of

Fig. 6. SARS-CoV-2 schematic RapidPlex multisensor telemedicine platform analyzes SARS-CoV-2 viral proteins,
antibodies (IgG and IgM), and CRP. Wirelessly deliver data to a mobile interface. CE, counter electrode; RE, reference
electrode [38].

Fig. 7. Classification and biomedical applications of smart nanomaterials as a function of their nanostructure [42].

J Nanostruct 13(4): 915-932, Autumn 2023 921

 S. A. H. Hassan et al. /Development of Nanotechnology by Artificial Intelligence

AI medical device development, nanomaterials will human knowledge and action. Within the more
play an essential role in AI interventions within the specific realm of unsocialized nano-AI evaluations,
pharmaceutical and healthcare industries. In the there are ethical considerations regarding
future, AI can help in the design and development operationalization and the handling of nano-AI
of smarter, more efficient, and more tailored mobile devices in a space-sharing setting [58].
nano-therapies for human disease [41,51]. Numerous moral concerns arise from the
Innovative nanomaterials, nanodevices, and potential use of AI in the advancement of
nanosystems form the basis of the fast expanding nanotechnology. Combining nanofabrication with
field of nanotechnology. Nanotechnology molecular computation, for instance, has the
has come a long way since its inception, with ability to bring forth new degrees of control and
notable advancements in fields including new physical systems (such synthetic molecular
electronics, biosensors, field effect transistors, systems or biological cells). Elaborate analysis
and nanoparticles. There are several important of the sociological, economic, and technical
challenges that need to be addressed when effects of this convergence is necessary. The
applying artificial intelligence (AI) to nanosciences. purpose of this chapter is to analyze the potential
These include ensuring the reliability of ethical problems that might arise from using AI
methodologies and results, balancing physical to advance nanotechnology. New methods of
and algorithmic models, adaptability of materials, conducting ethical assessments are necessary in
and predicting the accuracy and uncertainty of light of the emerging technology of global nano-
generative models. One area of nanomedicine transformations [59,60]. Given the abundance of
that is seeing fast growth is artificial intelligence other applications for artificial intelligence and
(AI) in medication delivery. By combining AI with nanotechnology, this raises concerns about how to
nanotechnology, researchers and pathologists balance the potential benefits of nano-AI systems
can overcome medical challenges [52,53,54]. on human health with the potential risks that
Indeed, models powered by AI can be employed unsocialized, worldwide nano-AI systems pose to
to expedite the creation of medication delivery human health [8,61].
materials and to evaluate anomalies that are The integration of AI and NT in medical
specific to both the system and individual tissues. applications must be approached with careful
Robust designs, guided by genetic and evolutionary consideration of ethical and regulatory
algorithms, can produce new smart nanomaterials issues. These include ensuring patient data
that overcome many biological obstacles and privacy, addressing algorithmic biases, and
pathological causes, leading to successful targeted developing transparent regulatory frameworks
drug delivery in cancer treatment [17]. to oversee the development and deployment
of these technologies. Continuous stakeholder
Ethical considerations communication and collaboration are essential to
Ethical considerations surrounding artificial address these concerns and ensure the responsible
intelligence in nanotechnology extend far beyond development of AI-driven NT in medicine [81].
the realm of employment and into every aspect
of life on Earth. Additionally, AI now has several Current applications and limitations
ramifications for development, privacy, security, Nanomedicines improve cancer cell drug
and safety [51,55,56]. Structures are often delivery compared to free pharmaceuticals in
amplified by AI. The historically oppressed in lab experiments. Nanoparticles with targeting
nano-tech may find themselves further excluded components can take in more cancer cells. A
as a result. The medium of human understanding successful target is the scavenger receptor class
will be used by AI to support human meaning B type I (SR-B1), which is abundantly expressed
and culture infrastructures, and by scientists and in numerous malignant cancer cells and murine
doctors to consider the social and cultural impacts HSCs. SR-BI-functionalized nanoparticles improve
of AI-assisted systems [57]. AI also has plans for cancer cell uptake and restore HSC function in
future formal moral agency. gene therapy. Nanomedicines’ uneven human
The Anthropocene or Multitudeocene, a performance is the main impediment to clinical
world that is becoming more algorithmically translation, despite encouraging preclinical
interfacialized, has ethical issues that connect with outcomes. Understanding how nanomedicine’s

922 J Nanostruct 13(4): 915-932, Autumn 2023

 S. A. H. Hassan et al. /Development of Nanotechnology by Artificial Intelligence

key components—polymer, drug, and active these target cells. Cell-based screens have proven
tumor-target ligand (P, D, A)—interact in healthy valuable in providing critical information about the
and malignant tissues is essential to closing cellular uptake of nanomedicines. However, these
this gap. Here, AI is powerful. AI may improve screens are time-consuming, involving numerous
nanomedicine clinical outcomes by analyzing low- and high-throughput experiments. To address
nanomedicine properties and their interactions this challenge and identify optimal nanocarriers
with target cancer cells across models [10, 62]. more efficiently, researchers have developed new
computational approaches utilizing AI. These AI-
AI also aids in the design of nanoformulations driven methods can predict nanocarrier uptake
for specific therapeutic targets. A key premise of by specific cells, streamlining the design process
nanotechnology is its ability to design formulations and potentially accelerating the development
that overcome biological barriers and enhance of effective nanomedicines [12]. Multimodality
the efficacy of therapeutic drugs. For these therapy utilizing nanomedicines and conventional
formulations to effectively reach cells responsible pharmaceuticals can be better planned and
for the pathology, they must be recognized by executed with the use of artificial intelligence.

Fig. 8. Drug delivery using machine learning algorithms is utilized to treat infectious diseases [65]

J Nanostruct 13(4): 915-932, Autumn 2023 923

 S. A. H. Hassan et al. /Development of Nanotechnology by Artificial Intelligence

Traditionally, trials that take a very long time ML, and DL are changing the field of advanced
to find formulations or dosages exhibiting robotics, making robots more intelligent, efficient,
certain behavior have been used to evaluate and adaptive to complicated jobs and situations.
the synergistic or antagonistic effect of various Some of the applications of AI, ML, and DL (Figs. 8
medications. Consistent with these limitations, and 9) in advanced robotics include autonomous
AI has demonstrated the ability to foretell drug- navigation, object recognition and manipulation,
nanoparticle interactions, which may pave the natural language processing, and predictive
way for the development of nanomedicines with maintenance. These technologies are also being
fewer side effects for patients [63]. employed in the development of collaborative
robots (cobots) that can work alongside humans
Machine Learning and adapt to changing environments and tasks.
Artificial Intelligence (AI), Machine Learning The AI, ML, and DL can be applied in sophisticated
(ML), and Deep Learning (DL) have changed the transportation systems in order to bring safety,
field of sophisticated robotics in recent years. AI, efficiency, and convenience to the passengers

Fig. 9. AI-ML application in wide sectors and their intrinsic worth in shaping human life [66]

924 J Nanostruct 13(4): 915-932, Autumn 2023

 S. A. H. Hassan et al. /Development of Nanotechnology by Artificial Intelligence

and transportation businesses . Also, the AI, data [68]. Many articles have examined carbonized
ML, and DL are playing a crucial role in the pitches and syncarbons’ supercapacitor
evolution of manufacturing assembly robots, characteristics. The quantity of affordable
enabling them to work more efficiently, safely, carbon materials and the ability to alter their
and intelligently. Furthermore, they have a wide properties are driving interest in their application
range of applications in aviation management, in electrodes. Recent applications like controlling
helping airlines to enhance efficiency, cut costs, cytochrome c aggregation, manipulating iron–
and improve customer happiness. Moreover, the sulfur protein structural differences, and precisely
AI, ML, and DL can enable taxi firms in order to decorating proteins with small molecules show
give better, more efficient, and safer services to great promise in this area. While it is still difficult to
clients [64]. link structural changes to functionality in catalytic
cycles, this research can help rationally design
Natural Language Processing next-generation biomimetic systems that retain
A significant link between carbon material the redox and reactivity properties of natural metal
structure and qualities is scientifically intriguing centers while rationally incorporating protein-
and promising for practical applications, according derived structural and dynamic features. The
to [67]. Pressure coatings, sensors, fuel cells, genotype/phenotype inconsistencies discovered
catalysts, supercapacitors. Systematic research during viral shedding indicate that the chemo-
in this field are difficult because they require enzymatic synthesis of glycoproteins is still poorly
a diversity of carbon materials and physical– understood. Assembly and modulation of signaling
chemical characteristics. Thermogravimetric complexes can occur quicker than enumerating all
analysis provides crucial structural transformation conceivable interactions, and relative free energy

Fig. 10. Applications of artificial intelligence algorithms in diabetes management. CGM, continuous glucose
monitoring; ISF, interstitial fluid [75].

J Nanostruct 13(4): 915-932, Autumn 2023 925

 S. A. H. Hassan et al. /Development of Nanotechnology by Artificial Intelligence

calculation outperforms explicit thermodynamics. For example, they can identify circulating tumor
Kinases and multi-domain targets give a model for DNA or specific proteins associated with cancer.
promiscuity and molecular recognition in networks Conduct clinical trials with patients at high risk
using non-random, organized excitations [69]. of cancer to validate the efficacy of AI-enhanced
nanosensors in early detection. These trials
Diagnostic Applications and Data Analysis can compare the performance of traditional
AI-enhanced nanosensors represent a diagnostic methods with AI-enhanced nanosensor
groundbreaking advancement in medical technology. The steps of nanotechnology test
technology, combining the sensitivity and the sensitivity and specificity of AI-enhanced
specificity of nanotechnology with the data nanosensors in detecting various biomarkers
processing and predictive capabilities of artificial associated with diseases such as cancer,
intelligence. These sensors are capable of detecting cardiovascular diseases, and infectious diseases.
minute biological and chemical changes within Develop nanosensors with different sensing
the body, enabling early diagnosis and precise materials and configurations. Use AI algorithms
monitoring of diseases. AI algorithms process to process the data and compare the results with
the vast amounts of data generated by these traditional diagnostic methods [71,72].
nanosensors, identifying patterns and providing
actionable insights for medical professionals. Infectious Disease Detection
Nanosensors are devices that operate at the Nanosensors can be used to detect pathogens
nanoscale (1 to 100 nanometers) and can detect such as bacteria and viruses. AI can analyze the
physical, chemical, or biological signals. They sensor data to quickly identify the type of pathogen
typically consist of a sensing element and a and its concentration. During an outbreak of a
transducer that converts the detected signal into novel virus, AI-enhanced nanosensors can be
a measurable response. In medical applications, deployed in hospitals and clinics to rapidly identify
nanosensors can be designed to detect specific infected individuals, enabling swift isolation and
biomarkers—molecules that indicate the presence treatment [73,74].
or progression of a disease[70].
AI algorithms, particularly machine learning Chronic Disease Management
and deep learning models, can analyze the data Wearable devices with nanosensors can
generated by nanosensors. These models are continuously monitor glucose levels in diabetic
trained on large datasets to recognize patterns and patients (Fig. 10), while AI algorithms analyze
anomalies that may be indicative of disease. For the data to provide personalized insulin dosage
instance, in cancer detection, AI can analyze the recommendations. Additionally, AI-driven analysis
concentration and behavior of specific biomarkers can improve the accuracy of insulin dosing and
detected by nanosensors, distinguishing between heavily reduce the risk of complications compared
benign and malignant cells with high accuracy. to patient or algorithmically driven dosing [75,76].
AI can optimize the sensitivity and specificity
of nanosensors by fine-tuning their design and Personalized Medicine
functionality. This involves adjusting parameters As shown in Fig. 11, AI-enhanced nanosensors
such as the type of sensing material used, the can monitor how a patient’s body responds to a
configuration of the sensor, and the signal particular medication, providing real-time data
processing methods. In detecting viral infections, on drug efficacy and side effects. These sensors
AI can enhance nanosensors to differentiate can be implemented in clinical settings to tailor
between various strains of a virus, providing treatments based on individual responses,
precise diagnostics and aiding in timely treatment optimizing therapeutic outcomes and minimizing
decisions[52]. adverse effects [77,78].
Nanorobots or nanoparticles can be designed
PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS to deliver drugs directly to cancer cells, minimizing
Cancer Diagnosis side effects on healthy tissues. For this, AI can
AI-enhanced nanosensors can detect cancer optimize the delivery process, ensuring the right
biomarkers at very low concentrations, enabling quantity of drug reaches the target cells at the
early diagnosis when the disease is more treatable. right time. Clinical trials can be conducted with AI-

926 J Nanostruct 13(4): 915-932, Autumn 2023

 S. A. H. Hassan et al. /Development of Nanotechnology by Artificial Intelligence

controlled nanorobots loaded with chemotherapy managing patient health [80].

drugs, monitoring their ability to selectively target
and destroy cancer cells while sparing healthy Ethical and Regulatory Considerations
tissues [28]. AI can enhance the precision of The integration of AI and nanotechnology in
drug delivery systems, leading to more effective medical applications raises several ethical and
treatments with fewer side effects. AI can analyze regulatory challenges. Continuous communication
genetic and molecular data to design personalized with stakeholders, including patients, healthcare
nanomedicines tailored to an individual’s specific providers, and regulatory bodies, is essential to
disease profile [63]. AI algorithms can be used address these concerns and ensure the responsible
to identify genetic mutations in patients (Fig. development of AI-enhanced nanosensors [81].
12), and nanoparticles can be engineered to
deliver treatments that specifically address these Imaging and Detection
mutations [79]. Personalized nanomedicine, AI can improve the imaging capabilities of
guided by AI, can significantly improve treatment nanoparticles used in MRI, CT scans, and other
outcomes by targeting the unique aspects of each imaging techniques, providing clearer and
patient’s disease [17]. more detailed images of tissues and organs.
Nanoparticles can be engineered to target specific
EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH tissues, and AI algorithms can be used to analyze
Integration with IoT imaging data, distinguishing between healthy and
AI-enhanced nanosensors can be integrated diseased tissues with high precision. AI-driven
with Internet of Things (IoT) devices and systems analysis of nanoparticle-based imaging can lead
to create a comprehensive and bespoke health to better differentiation between various types
monitoring system, Developing a network of of tissues, aiding in more accurate diagnosis and
connected devices that continuously collect and treatment planning [82].
transmit data to a central AI system for analysis.
The system can be tested in a healthcare setting, Real-Time Monitoring
evaluating its effectiveness in monitoring and Wearable devices with embedded nanosensors

Fig. 11. A sophisticated solution involving nanotechnology forming an IoMT, could take the form above, incorporating
patients and their smart devices (left), medical data storage (bottom) and personal practitioners (right).

J Nanostruct 13(4): 915-932, Autumn 2023 927

 S. A. H. Hassan et al. /Development of Nanotechnology by Artificial Intelligence

can continuously monitor vital signs and healing processes, leading to breakthroughs in
biochemical markers, with AI analyzing the data regenerative medicine [84].
in real time to detect any abnormalities. Develop
and test wearable devices in a controlled study, Future prospective
monitoring participants’ health metrics and using The field of materials research known as
AI to predict potential health issues before they “informatic tools” has achieved tremendous
become critical. Continuous real-time monitoring strides. To this day, investigating high-dimensional
with AI analysis can lead to early intervention and possibilities—where the guiding principle is
better management of chronic diseases [83]. that only machine-learning models can manage
such complicated data sets—has been the most
Regenerative Medicine prevalent and fruitful generic use of “informatics”
AI can design and optimize nanomaterials for in the context of materials development [85]. New
tissue engineering, promoting the regeneration tools and procedures, for instance, have much
of damaged tissues and organs. Conduct studies shorter development cycles thanks to machine
on the effectiveness of AI-designed nanomaterials learning models used in medication and material
in promoting cell growth and tissue repair in development. New thermoelectric materials can
animal models. AI-optimized nanomaterials be suggested by utilizing global substitution sites,
can significantly enhance the body’s natural clusters of substitutions, intrinsic substitution

Fig. 12. AI driven gene therapy process [79].

Fig. 13. Simplified technology architecture for smart healthcare services [80].

928 J Nanostruct 13(4): 915-932, Autumn 2023

 S. A. H. Hassan et al. /Development of Nanotechnology by Artificial Intelligence

effects, and potential dopants; however, these from systematic investigations performed with
ideas are complex and costly to implement in dedicated computer programs, which can lead to
practice. Another area where machine learning the development of novel solutions. New types of
has proven to be highly effective is high-entropy nanostructures applied, for instance, in molecular
alloying. This field makes use of tools like “data electronics or innovative healthcare tools using
mining” to discover patterns, like combinatorial electrochemical detectors, as well as confirmed
mixing of materials, or Venn diagrams that or undiscovered ideas pertaining to interactions
show distributions of elemental species, which between the environment and quantum systems,
allow for the rapid exploration of regions where methods for power and communication filtration
many possible elements are mixed in a many- at dimensions up to new types of nanostructures,
dimensional phase space [86,87]. and so on will all be attainable. We have seen a
It is necessary to create efficient computational rise in interest in the design and development
prediction methods and high-throughput of intelligent software systems across several
experimental methods in order to comprehend domains in recent years. Numerous publications
and manipulate nanoscale natural phenomena. not only investigate the potential uses of
Coming from a computational standpoint, the emerging technologies and software development
majority of the advancements in materials methodologies (such as deep learning) but also
simulation methods and other fields during the test the veracity and explain the inner workings of
last twenty years have resulted from meticulously intelligent algorithm software in various domains,
combining expert-crafted approximations like such as medical diagnosis, meteorology, structural
force fields and density functional theory with analysis, and the design of advanced materials.
predictive modeling techniques like molecular Several of our publications demonstrate that
dynamics and density functional theory. This has artificial intelligence (AI) offers numerous new,
been done in an effort to fit these to as much high- unanticipated possibilities when used to the design
quality experimental data or higher-level theory as of new modern materials, particularly those based
can be found. Here, the human predictions made on nanotechnology. Applying the right software
during method selection and parameter fitting and hardware is essential for making fine-grained
determine the computer technique’s quality. optimization advances. Because of the critical
There are many things that can’t be seen or importance of modeling, synthesis, optimization,
predicted in large-scale data sets at the nanoscale, and material science in nanotechnology, AI
including surface and quantum behaviors, flaws, technologies are seeing increased application in
nonequilibrium, stochastic systems, and goals. As this area.
a result, physical modeling and its incorporation
into experiments require a paradigm shift [88,91]. CONFLICT OF INTEREST
The authors declare that there is no conflict
CONCLUSION of interests regarding the publication of this
Models that integrate quantum and classical manuscript.
descriptions of systems are essential to the
advancement of AI-based nanotechnology. When REFERENCES
it comes to explaining features at scales ranging 1. Fu G, Sun P, Zhu W, Yang J, Cao Y, Yang MY, Cao Y. A deep-
from the atomic to the macro, chemistry and learning-based approach for fast and robust steel surface
solid-state physics typically discriminate between defects classification. OptLE. 2019;121:397-405.
2. Adir O, Poley M, Chen G, Froim S, Krinsky N, Shklover J, et
multiple model levels. Developing and improving al. Cancer Treatment: Integrating Artificial Intelligence and
efficient algorithms and software to address the Nanotechnology for Precision Cancer Medicine (Adv. Mater.
remaining unanswered issues is crucial because 13/2020). Adv Mater. 2020;32(13).
to the exponential growth in computational 3. Lai C-S, Chakraborty I, Tai H-H, Verma D, Chang K-P, Wang
cost as these systems become larger and more J-C. Advanced Impacts of Nanotechnology and Intelligence.
IEEE Nanotechnology Magazine. 2023;17(1):13-21.
sophisticated. Properties of systems ranging from 4. Mansoori GA. Principles of Nanotechnology. WORLD
small biomolecules to big proteins are included in SCIENTIFIC; 2005.
this category, along with open chains of interactions 5. Biswas A, Bayer IS, Biris AS, Wang T, Dervishi E, Faupel
and phase transitions in condensed matter. Various F. Advances in top–down and bottom–up surface
scientific and technological domains can benefit nanofabrication: Techniques, applications and future

J Nanostruct 13(4): 915-932, Autumn 2023 929

 S. A. H. Hassan et al. /Development of Nanotechnology by Artificial Intelligence

prospects. Advances in Colloid and Interface Science. and kinematic analysis of a 5-DOFs robotic arm with three-
2012;170(1-2):2-27. fingered gripper for physical therapy. Materials Today:
6. Gentili PL. Untangling Complex Systems. CRC Press; 2018. Proceedings. 2020;28:2121-2132.
7. Bayda S, Adeel M, Tuccinardi T, Cordani M, Rizzolio 24. Mazaafrianto DN, Maeki M, Ishida A, Tani H, Tokeshi
F. The History of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology: M. Recent Microdevice-Based Aptamer Sensors.
From Chemical–Physical Applications to Nanomedicine. Micromachines. 2018;9(5):202.
Molecules. 2019;25(1):112. 25. Cheraghi AR, Shahzad S, Graffi K. Past, Present, and Future
8. P.S A, Aithal S. Nanotechnology based Innovations and of Swarm Robotics. Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems:
Human Life Comfortability –Are we Marching towards Springer International Publishing; 2021. p. 190-233.
Immortality? International Journal of Applied Engineering 26. Sun T, Chen J, Zhang J, Zhao Z, Zhao Y, Sun J, Chang H.
and Management Letters. 2018:71-86. Application of micro/nanorobot in medicine. Frontiers in
9. Mohajerani A, Burnett L, Smith JV, Kurmus H, Milas J, Bioengineering and Biotechnology. 2024;12.
Arulrajah A, et al. Nanoparticles in Construction Materials 27. Chen Y, Chen D, Liang S, Dai Y, Bai X, Song B, et al. Recent
and Other Applications, and Implications of Nanoparticle Advances in Field‐Controlled Micro–Nano Manipulations
Use. Materials. 2019;12(19):3052. and Micro–Nano Robots. Advanced Intelligent Systems.
10. Ferreira MAM, Filipe JA. Nanotechnology Applications – 2021;4(3).
The Future Arrived Suddenly. Computational Approaches in 28. Kong X, Gao P, Wang J, Fang Y, Hwang KC. Advances of
Biomedical Nano‐Engineering: Wiley; 2018. p. 23-41. medical nanorobots for future cancer treatments. Journal
11. Nasrollahzadeh M, Sajadi SM, Sajjadi M, Issaabadi Z. An of Hematology and Oncology. 2023;16(1).
Introduction to Nanotechnology. Interface Science and 29. Mavroidis C, Ferreira A. Nanorobotics: Past, Present, and
Technology: Elsevier; 2019. p. 1-27. Future. Nanorobotics: Springer New York; 2012. p. 3-27.
12. Chen W, Liu X, Zhang S, Chen S. Artificial intelligence for 30. Giri G, Maddahi Y, Zareinia K. A Brief Review on Challenges
drug discovery: Resources, methods, and applications. in Design and Development of Nanorobots for Medical
Molecular Therapy - Nucleic Acids. 2023;31:691-702. Applications. Applied Sciences. 2021;11(21):10385.
13. Kumar A, Gadag S, Nayak UY. The Beginning of a New 31. Chugh V, Basu A, Kaushik NK, Kaushik A, Mishra YK, Basu
Era: Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare. Advanced AK. Smart nanomaterials to support quantum-sensing
Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 2020;11(3):414-425. electronics. Materials Today Electronics. 2023;6:100067.
14. Kaur C, Garg U. Artificial intelligence techniques for cancer 32. Khazaei M, Hosseini MS, Haghighi AM, Misaghi M.
detection in medical image processing: A review. Materials Nanosensors and their applications in early diagnosis of
Today: Proceedings. 2023;81:806-809. cancer. Sensing and Bio-Sensing Research. 2023;41:100569.
15. Zheng H, Lu X, He K. In situ transmission electron microscopy 33. Verma SK, Anjali, Dubey D, Verma RK. Recent
and artificial intelligence enabled data analytics for energy advancements in Skin tissue engineering in the application
materials. Journal of Energy Chemistry. 2022;68:454-493. of Nanotechnology. Research Journal of Biotechnology.
16. Wang C, Lv Z, Yang W, Feng X, Wang B. A rational design 2023;18(2):127-136.
of functional porous frameworks for electrocatalytic 34. Virk V, Deepak H, Taneja K, Srivastava R, Giri S. Amelioration
CO2 reduction reaction. Chemical Society Reviews. in nanobiosensors for the control of plant diseases: current
2023;52(4):1382-1427. status and future challenges. Frontiers in Nanotechnology.
17. Das KP, J C. Nanoparticles and convergence of artificial 2024;6.
intelligence for targeted drug delivery for cancer therapy: 35. Ramathulasi T, Babu R, Yousuff M, Ramathulasi T. Patient
Current progress and challenges. Frontiers in Medical Monitoring Through Artificial Intelligence. Artificial
Technology. 2023;4. Intelligence for Health 40: Challenges and Applications:
18. He C, Liu D, Lin W. Self-Assembled Core–Shell Nanoparticles River Publishers; 2023. p. 91-128.
for Combined Chemotherapy and Photodynamic Therapy of 36. Srivastava AK, Dev A, Karmakar S. Nanosensors and
Resistant Head and Neck Cancers. ACS Nano. 2015;9(1):991- nanobiosensors in food and agriculture. Environ Chem Lett.
1003. 2017;16(1):161-182.
19. Chen X, Zou D, Cheng G, Xie H, Su F. Effects of flipped 37. Oukhatar A, Bakhouya M, Ouadghiri DE. Electromagnetic-
language classrooms on learning outcomes in higher Based Wireless Nano-Sensors Network: Architectures and
education: A Bayesian meta-analysis. Australasian Journal Applications. JCom. 2021:8-19.
of Educational Technology. 2023;39(2):65-97. 38. Tovar-Lopez FJ. Recent Progress in Micro- and
20. Škorc G, Čas J, Brezovnik S, Šafarič R. Position Control Nanotechnology-Enabled Sensors for Biomedical and
with Parameter Adaptation for a Nano-Robotic Cell. Environmental Challenges. Sensors. 2023;23(12):5406.
Strojniški vestnik – Journal of Mechanical Engineering. 39. Dhahi TS, Yousif Dafhalla AK, Tayfour OE, Mubarakali
2011;57(04):313-322. A, Alqahtani AS, Tayfour Ahmed AE, et al. Advances in
21. Safaric R, Cas J, Skorc G, Protsenko SI. Micro and nano nano sensors for monitoring and optimal performance
robotics. 2009 XXII International Symposium on Information, enhancement in photovoltaic cells. iScience.
Communication and Automation Technologies; 2009/10: 2024;27(4):109347.
IEEE; 2009. 40. Sun T, Feng B, Huo J, Xiao Y, Wang W, Peng J, et al. Artificial
22. Oubellil R, Voda A, Boudaoud M, Regnier S. A 2-DOF H Intelligence Meets Flexible Sensors: Emerging Smart
control strategy for a 3 axes robotic system operating at the Flexible Sensing Systems Driven by Machine Learning and
nanometer scale. 2016 20th International Conference on Artificial Synapses. Nano-Micro Letters. 2023;16(1).
System Theory, Control and Computing (ICSTCC); 2016/10: 41. Nandipati M, Fatoki O, Desai S. Bridging Nanomanufacturing
IEEE; 2016. and Artificial Intelligence—A Comprehensive Review.
23. Narayan J, Mishra S, Jaiswal G, Dwivedy SK. Novel design Materials. 2024;17(7):1621.

930 J Nanostruct 13(4): 915-932, Autumn 2023

 S. A. H. Hassan et al. /Development of Nanotechnology by Artificial Intelligence

42. Ammendolia MG, De Berardis B. Nanoparticle Impact systems targeting cancer cell surfaces. RSC Advances.
on the Bacterial Adaptation: Focus on Nano-Titania. 2023;13(31):21365-21382.
Nanomaterials. 2022;12(20):3616. 63. Vidhya KS, Sultana A, M NK, Rangareddy H. Artificial
43. Chakraborty A, Diwan A, Tatake J. Prospect of nanomaterials Intelligence’s Impact on Drug Discovery and Development
as antimicrobial and antiviral regimen. AIMS Microbiology. From Bench to Bedside. Cureus. 2023.
2023;9(3):444-466. 64. Soori M, Arezoo B, Dastres R. Artificial intelligence, machine
44. Alayande AB, Kang Y, Jang J, Jee H, Lee Y-G, Kim IS, Yang learning and deep learning in advanced robotics, a review.
E. Antiviral Nanomaterials for Designing Mixed Matrix Cognitive Robotics. 2023;3:54-70.
Membranes. Membranes. 2021;11(7):458. 65. He S, Leanse LG, Feng Y. Artificial intelligence and machine
45. Omran B, Baek K-H. Nanoantioxidants: Pioneer Types, learning assisted drug delivery for effective treatment of
Advantages, Limitations, and Future Insights. Molecules. infectious diseases. Adv Drug Del Rev. 2021;178:113922.
2021;26(22):7031. 66. Singh AV, Varma M, Laux P, Choudhary S, Datusalia AK,
46. Jabber Al-Saady MAA, Aldujaili NH, Rabeea Banoon S, Al- Gupta N, et al. Artificial intelligence and machine learning
Abboodi A. Antimicrobial properties of nanoparticles in disciplines with the potential to improve the nanotoxicology
biofilms. Bionatura. 2022;7(4):1-9. and nanomedicine fields: a comprehensive review. Arch
47. Al-Abboodi A, Mhouse Alsaady HA, Banoon SR, Al-Saady Toxicol. 2023;97(4):963-979.
M. Conjugation strategies on functionalized iron oxide 67. Li Y. Teaching mode of oral English in the age of artificial
nanoparticles as a malaria vaccine delivery system. intelligence. Front Psychol. 2022;13.
Bionatura. 2021;3(3):2009-2016. 68. Kop M. Abundance and Equality. Frontiers in Research
48. Ghani Al-Muhanna S, Ameer Al-Kraety IA, Rabeea Banoon Metrics and Analytics. 2022;7.
S. Statistical Analysis of COVID-19 infections according 69. Anil Kumar Y, Koyyada G, Ramachandran T, Kim JH, Sajid S,
to the gender and age in Najaf Province, Iraq. Bionatura. Moniruzzaman M, et al. Carbon Materials as a Conductive
2022;7(2):1-3. Skeleton for Supercapacitor Electrode Applications: A
49. Zhou C, Liu Y, Li Y, Shi L. Recent advances and prospects in Review. Nanomaterials. 2023;13(6):1049.
nanomaterials for bacterial sepsis management. Journal of 70. Darwish MA, Abd-Elaziem W, Elsheikh A, Zayed AA.
Materials Chemistry B. 2023;11(45):10778-10792. Advancements in nanomaterials for nanosensors: a
50. Han F, Meng Q, Xie E, Li K, Hu J, Chen Q, et al. Engineered comprehensive review. Nanoscale Advances. 2024.
biomimetic micro/nano-materials for tissue regeneration. 71. Daneshkhah A, Prabhala S, Viswanathan P, Subramanian
Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology. 2023;11. H, Lin J, Chang AS, et al. Early detection of lung cancer
51. Holzinger A, Keiblinger K, Holub P, Zatloukal K, Müller H. AI using artificial intelligence-enhanced optical nanosensing
for life: Trends in artificial intelligence for biotechnology. N of chromatin alterations in field carcinogenesis. Sci Rep.
Biotechnol. 2023;74:16-24. 2023;13(1).
52. Vora LK, Gholap AD, Jetha K, Thakur RRS, Solanki HK, Chavda 72. Chang A, Prabhala S, Daneshkhah A, Lin J, Subramanian H,
VP. Artificial Intelligence in Pharmaceutical Technology and Roy HK, Backman V. Early screening of colorectal cancer
Drug Delivery Design. Pharmaceutics. 2023;15(7):1916. using feature engineering with artificial intelligence-
53. Goswami L, Deka MK, Roy M. Artificial Intelligence in enhanced analysis of nanoscale chromatin modifications.
Material Engineering: A Review on Applications of Artificial Sci Rep. 2024;14(1).
Intelligence in Material Engineering. Adv Eng Mater. 73. Valenzuela-Amaro HM, Aguayo-Acosta A, Meléndez-
2023;25(13). Sánchez ER, de la Rosa O, Vázquez-Ortega PG, Oyervides-
54. Mobarak MH, Mimona MA, Islam MA, Hossain N, Zohura FT, Muñoz MA, et al. Emerging Applications of Nanobiosensors
Imtiaz I, Rimon MIH. Scope of machine learning in materials in Pathogen Detection in Water and Food. Biosensors.
research—A review. Applied Surface Science Advances. 2023;13(10):922.
2023;18:100523. 74. Alhalaili B, Popescu IN, Kamoun O, Alzubi F, Alawadhia
55. Vicci DH. Emotional Intelligence in Artificial Intelligence: S, Vidu R. Nanobiosensors for the Detection of Novel
A Review and Evaluation Study. SSRN Electronic Journal. Coronavirus 2019-nCoV and Other Pandemic/Epidemic
2024. Respiratory Viruses: A Review. Sensors. 2020;20(22):6591.
56. Elliott D, Soifer E. AI Technologies, Privacy, and Security. 75. Jin X, Cai A, Xu T, Zhang X. Artificial intelligence biosensors
Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence. 2022;5. for continuous glucose monitoring. Interdisciplinary
57. Agrawal R, Tilak P, Devand A, Bhatnagar A, Gupta P. Artificial Materials. 2023;2(2):290-307.
Intelligence in Nanotechnology. Data-Intensive Research: 76. Psoma SD, Kanthou C. Wearable Insulin Biosensors
Springer Nature Singapore; 2024. p. 239-248. for Diabetes Management: Advances and Challenges.
58. Bankins S, Formosa P. The Ethical Implications of Artificial Biosensors. 2023;13(7):719.
Intelligence (AI) For Meaningful Work. J Bus Ethics. 77. Ho D, Wang P, Kee T. Artificial intelligence in nanomedicine.
2023;185(4):725-740. Nanoscale Horizons. 2019;4(2):365-377.
59. Sacha GM, Varona P. Artificial intelligence in nanotechnology. 78. Chugh V, Basu A, Kaushik A, Manshu, Bhansali S, Basu AK.
Nanotechnology. 2013;24(45):452002. Employing nano-enabled artificial intelligence (AI)-based
60. Malik S, Muhammad K, Waheed Y. Nanotechnology: A smart technologies for prediction, screening, and detection
Revolution in Modern Industry. Molecules. 2023;28(2):661. of cancer. Nanoscale. 2024;16(11):5458-5486.
61. Wahl B, Cossy-Gantner A, Germann S, Schwalbe NR. 79. Dixit S, Kumar A, Srinivasan K, Vincent PMDR, Ramu Krishnan
Artificial intelligence (AI) and global health: how can AI N. Advancing genome editing with artificial intelligence:
contribute to health in resource-poor settings? BMJ Global opportunities, challenges, and future directions. Frontiers
Health. 2018;3(4):e000798. in Bioengineering and Biotechnology. 2024;11.
62. Hong L, Li W, Li Y, Yin S. Nanoparticle-based drug delivery 80. Alshamrani M. IoT and artificial intelligence implementations

J Nanostruct 13(4): 915-932, Autumn 2023 931

 S. A. H. Hassan et al. /Development of Nanotechnology by Artificial Intelligence

for remote healthcare monitoring systems: A survey. perspectives. Materials Today: Proceedings. 2022;62:4207-
Journal of King Saud University - Computer and Information 4214.
Sciences. 2022;34(8):4687-4701. 87. Hrvat F, Aleta A, Džuho A, Hasanić O, Spahić Bećirović L.
81. Mennella C, Maniscalco U, De Pietro G, Esposito M. Ethical Artificial Intelligence in Nanotechnology: Recent Trends,
and regulatory challenges of AI technologies in healthcare: Challenges and Future Perspectives. IFMBE Proceedings:
A narrative review. Heliyon. 2024;10(4):e26297. Springer International Publishing; 2021. p. 690-702.
82. Paudyal R, Shah AD, Akin O, Do RKG, Konar AS, Hatzoglou 88. Naaz S, Asghar A. Artificial intelligence, nano-technology
V, et al. Artificial Intelligence in CT and MR Imaging for and genomic medicine: The future of anaesthesia. Journal
Oncological Applications. Cancers (Basel). 2023;15(9):2573. of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology. 2022;38(1):11.
83. Sun W, Guo Z, Yang Z, Wu Y, Lan W, Liao Y, et al. A Review 89. Jaber W. Artificial Intelligence and Nanotechnology.
of Recent Advances in Vital Signals Monitoring of Sports Artificial Intelligence in the Age of Nanotechnology: IGI
and Health via Flexible Wearable Sensors. Sensors. Global; 2023. p. 1-24.
2022;22(20):7784. 90. Kour S, Biswas I, Sheoran S, Arora S, Sheela P, Duppala SK,
84. Nosrati H, Nosrati M. Artificial Intelligence in Regenerative et al. Artificial intelligence and nanotechnology for cervical
Medicine: Applications and Implications. Biomimetics. cancer treatment: Current status and future perspectives. J
2023;8(5):442. Drug Deliv Sci Technol. 2023;83:104392.
85. López C. Artificial Intelligence and Advanced Materials. Adv 91. Jiang Z. Land Resource Management Information Platform
Mater. 2023;35(23). Based on Artificial Intelligence Technology. 2021 IEEE 2nd
86. Suhaib Kamran S, Haleem A, Bahl S, Javaid M, Prakash C, International Conference on Big Data, Artificial Intelligence
Budhhi D. Artificial intelligence and advanced materials and Internet of Things Engineering (ICBAIE); 2021/03/26:
in automotive industry: Potential applications and IEEE; 2021.

932 J Nanostruct 13(4): 915-932, Autumn 2023