CHAPTER - 5 (1)

Gases
 CONTENTS (2)

5-1. Properties of Gases: Gas Pressure

5-2. The Simple Gas Laws
5-3. Combining the Gas Laws:
The Ideal Gas Equation and
The General Gas Equation
5-4. Applications of the Ideal Gas Equation
5-5. Gases in Chemical Reactions
5-6. Mixtures of Gases
5-7. Kinetic – Molecular Theory of Gases
5-8. Gas Properties Relating to the Kinetic – Molecular Theory
5-9. Nonideal (Real) Gases
 5-1. Properties of Gases: Gas Pressure (3)
Ø Four properties determine the physical behavior of a gas: the amount of the gas (in
moles), volume, temperature, and pressure of gas.

Ø The gaseous states of three halogens.

Ø Most common gases are colorless.

Ø H2, O2, N2, CO, and CO2.
 The Concept of Pressure (4)
Ø Pressure is defined as a force per unit area, that is, a force
divided by the area over which the force is distributed.

Ø The pressure exerted by a solid.

𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑁 → 𝑘𝑔. 𝑚. 𝑠 !"

𝑃 𝑃𝑎 =
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑚"

𝑃𝑎 = 𝑘𝑔. 𝑚!# . 𝑠 !" = 𝑁⁄𝑚"

 Liquid Pressure (5)
Ø The pressure exerted by a liquid depends on:
Ø The height of the column of liquid
Ø The density of the column of liquid

𝑃 = 𝑔. ℎ. 𝑑

𝐹 𝑊 𝑔×𝑚 𝑔×𝑉×𝑑 𝑔×ℎ×𝐴×𝑑

𝑃= = = = = =𝑔×ℎ×𝑑
𝐴 𝐴 𝐴 𝐴 𝐴

g: acceleration of gravity
h: height of column
d: density of liquid
 Barometric Pressure (6)
Ø The height of mercury in a barometer provides a measure of barometric pressure.
Ø Barometric pressures may be expressed in a unit called millimeter of mercury
(mmHg), defined as the pressure exerted by a column of mercury.

Standard Atmospheric Pressure

1.00 atm, 760 mmHg, 760 torr, 101.325 kPa, 1.01325 bar
 Manometers (7)

If Pgas and Pbar are expressed in mmHg, then ∆P is numerically

equal to the height “h” expressed in millimeters.
 5-2. Simple Gas Laws (8)
1
Boyle 1662 Pµ
V
PV = constant
 EXAMPLE (9)
Relating Gas Volume and Pressure – Boyle’s Law:

The volume of a large irregularly shaped, closed tank can be determined. The tank is first
evacuated and then connected to a 50.0 L cylinder of compressed nitrogen gas. The gas
pressure in the cylinder, originally at 21.5 atm, falls to 1.55 atm after it is connected to the
evacuated tank. What is the volume of the tank?
 EXAMPLE (10)

𝑃# × 𝑉# = 𝑃" × 𝑉"

21.5 𝑎𝑡𝑚 × 50.0 𝐿 = 1.55 𝑎𝑡𝑚 × 𝑉" %& '()*

𝑉" = 𝑉'()* = 693.5 𝐿

 Charles’s Law (11)
Charles 1787
VµT V = b T (where b is a constant)
Gay – Lussac 1802
 Standard Temperature and Pressure (12)
Ø Gas properties depend of conditions.

Ø Define standard conditions of temperature and pressure (STP).

𝑃 = 1 𝑎𝑡𝑚 = 760 𝑚𝑚𝐻𝑔

𝑇 = 0 ℃ = 273.15 𝐾

𝑉+ 𝑉,
= 𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡, 𝑃 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
𝑇+ 𝑇,
 Avogadro’s Law (13)

Vµn or V=cxn

At STP
1 mol gas = 22.4 L gas
5-3. Combining the Gas Laws: The Ideal Gas Equation and the General Gas Equation(14)

Ø Boyle’s law describes the effect of pressure, 𝑉 ∝ 1⁄𝑃.

Ø Charles’s law describes the effect of temperature, 𝑉 ∝ 𝑇.

Ø Avogadro’s law describes the effect of the amount of gas, 𝑉 ∝ 𝑛.

𝑛×𝑇
𝑉∝
𝑃

𝑃𝑉 = 𝑛𝑅𝑇
 The Gas Constant (15)
𝑃×𝑉 =𝑛×𝑅×𝑇

𝑃 × 𝑉 1 𝑎𝑡𝑚 × 22.4140 𝐿
𝑅= = = 0.082057 𝑎𝑡𝑚. 𝐿. 𝑚𝑜𝑙 -. . 𝐾 -.
𝑛×𝑇 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 × 273.15 𝐾

Using the SI unit of m3 for volume and Pa for pressure gives:

𝑃 × 𝑉 101.325 𝑃𝑎 × 2.24140 𝑥 10!" 𝑚#

𝑅= = = 8.3145 𝑃𝑎. 𝑚#. 𝑚𝑜𝑙 !$. 𝐾 !$
𝑛×𝑇 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 × 273.15 𝐾

𝑅 = 8.3145 𝐽. 𝑚𝑜𝑙 -. . 𝐾 -.
𝑅 = 62.364 𝐿. 𝑇𝑜𝑟𝑟. 𝑚𝑜𝑙 -. . 𝐾 -.
𝑅 = 1.987 𝑐𝑎𝑙. 𝑚𝑜𝑙 -. . 𝐾 -.
 EXAMPLE (16)
Calculating a Gas Volume with the Ideal Gas Equation:

What is the volume occupied by 13.7 g Cl2 (g) at 45 oC and 98.4 kPa?

𝑃 = 98.4 𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝑉 =?
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶𝑙/
𝑛 = 13.7 𝑔 𝐶𝑙/ × = 0.193 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶𝑙/
70.90 𝑔 𝐶𝑙/
𝑅 = 8.314 𝑘𝑃𝑎. 𝐿. 𝑚𝑜𝑙 -. . 𝐾 -.
𝑇 = 45 ℃ + 273 = 318 𝐾
𝑛𝑅𝑇 0.193 𝑚𝑜𝑙 × 8.314 𝑘𝑃𝑎. 𝐿. 𝑚𝑜𝑙 -. . 𝐾 -. × 318 𝐾
𝑉= = = 5.19 𝐿
𝑃 98.4 𝑘𝑃𝑎
The General Gas Equation (17)

𝑃I 𝑉I 𝑃J 𝑉J
𝑅= =
𝑛I 𝑇I 𝑛J 𝑇J

𝑃I 𝑃J
=
𝑇I 𝑇J
Using the Gas Laws (18)
 5-4. Applications of the Ideal Gas Equation (19)

Molar Mass Determination:

𝑚
𝑃𝑉 = 𝑛𝑅𝑇 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑛=
𝑀
𝑚
𝑃𝑉 = 𝑅𝑇
𝑀
𝑚𝑅𝑇
𝑀=
𝑃𝑉
 EXAMPLE (20)

Determining a Molar Mass with the Ideal Gas Equation:

Propylene is an important commercial chemical used in the synthesis of other

organic chemicals and in production of plastics (polypropylene). A glass vessel
weighs 40.1305 g when clean, dry, and evacuated; it weighs 138.2410 g when filled
with water at 25.0 oC (density of water = 0.9970 g/mL) and 40.2959 g when filled
with propylene gas at 740.3 mmHg and 24.0 oC. What is the molar mass of
propylene?
 EXAMPLE (21)

First determine the mass of water required to fill the vessel:

𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑡𝑜 𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑙 𝑣𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑙 = 138.2410 𝑔 − 40.1305 𝑔 = 98.1105 𝑔

Use the density of water in a conversion factor to obtain the volume of water (and
hence, the volume of the glass vessel):

$ &' ()*+,
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑣𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑙 = 98.1105 𝑔 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 × -.//0- 1 ()*+,
=
98.41 𝑚𝐿 = 0.09841 𝐿
 EXAMPLE (22)
The mass of the gas is the difference between the weight of the vessel filled with propylene gas
and the weight of the empty vessel.

𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑔𝑎𝑠 = 40.2959 𝑔 − 40.1305 𝑔 = 0.1654 𝑔

The values of temperature and pressure are given.

𝑇 = 24.0 + 273.15 𝐾 = 297.2 𝐾

1 𝑎𝑡𝑚
𝑃 = 740.3 𝑚𝑚𝐻𝑔 × = 0.9741 𝑎𝑡𝑚
760 𝑚𝑚𝐻𝑔

Substitute data into the rearranged version of equation:

𝑚𝑅𝑇 0.1654 𝑔 × 0.082057 𝑎𝑡𝑚. 𝐿. 𝑚𝑜𝑙 !" . 𝐾 !" × 297.2 𝐾

𝑀= = = 𝟒𝟐. 𝟎𝟖 𝒈. 𝒎𝒐𝒍!𝟏
𝑃𝑉 0.9741 𝑎𝑡𝑚 × 0.09841 𝐿
 Gas Densities (23)
𝑚 𝑚
𝑃𝑉 = 𝑛𝑅𝑇 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑑= , 𝑛=
𝑉 𝑀

𝑚
𝑃𝑉 = 𝑅𝑇
𝑀

𝑚 𝑀𝑃
=𝑑=
𝑉 𝑅𝑇
 Gas Densities (24)

The density of gases differs from that of solids and liquids in two important ways:

Ø Gas densities depend strongly on pressure and temperature, increasing as the gas
pressure increases and decreasing as the temperature increases. Densities of liquids
and solids also depend somewhat on temperature, but they depend far less on
pressure.

Ø The density of a gas is directly proportional to its molar mass. No simple relationship
exists between density and molar mass for liquids and solids.
 5-5. Gases in Chemical Reactions (25)
Ø Stoichiometric factors relate gas quantities to quantities of other
reactants or products.

Ø Ideal gas equation relates the amount of a gas to volume, temperature,

and pressure.

Ø At the same temperature and pressure, the volume ratios of the

reacting and reacting gases are equal to their mole ratios.

Ø Gases combine in a simple volume ratio expressed in whole numbers.

This is called the law of combining volumes.
 EXAMPLE (26)
Using the Ideal Gas Equation in Reaction Stoichiometry Calculations:

The decomposition of sodium azide, NaN3, at high temperatures produces N2(g).

Together with the necessary devices to initiate the reaction and trap the sodium metal
formed, this reaction is used in air-bag safety systems. What volume of N2(g), measured
at 735 mmHg and 26 oC, is produced when 70.0 g NaN3 is decomposed?

NaN3 : 65.01 g/mol

∆
2𝑁𝑎𝑁- 𝑠 →2𝑁𝑎 𝑙 + 3𝑁" 𝑔
 EXAMPLE (27)
Determine moles of N2:

1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁𝑎𝑁R 3 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁/

𝑛Q! = 70.0 𝑔 𝑁𝑎𝑁R × × = 1.62 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁/
65.01 𝑔 𝑁𝑎𝑁R 2 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁𝑎𝑁R

Determine volume of N2:

𝑛𝑅𝑇 1.62 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁" × 0.08206 𝐿. 𝑎𝑡𝑚. 𝑚𝑜𝑙 !$. 𝐾 !$ × 299 𝐾

𝑉= = = 41.1 𝐿
𝑃 1.00 𝑎𝑡𝑚
735 𝑚𝑚𝐻𝑔 × 760 𝑚𝑚𝐻𝑔
 5-6. Mixtures of Gases (28)

Ø Gas laws apply to mixtures of gases.

Ø Simplest approach is to use ntotal, but….

Ø Partial pressure:
Ø Each component of a gas mixture exerts a pressure
that it would exert if it were in the container alone.
 Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressure (29)

The total pressure of a mixture of gases is the sum of the partial pressures
of the components of the mixture.
 Partial Pressure (30)
𝑃*2*)3 = 𝑃) + 𝑃4 + ⋯

𝑛) 𝑅𝑇
𝑉) = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑉*2*)3 = 𝑉) + 𝑉4 + ⋯
𝑃*2*)3

𝑉) 𝑛) 𝑅𝑇⁄𝑃*2*)3 𝑛)
= =
𝑉*2*)3 ⁄
𝑛*2*)3 𝑅𝑇 𝑃*2*)3 𝑛*2*)3

𝑛)
𝑅𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 𝜒) → 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑓𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑛*2*)3

𝑃) 𝑛) 𝑅𝑇⁄𝑉*2*)3 𝑛)
= = = 𝜒)
𝑃*2*)3 ⁄
𝑛*2*)3 𝑅𝑇 𝑉*2*)3 𝑛*2*)3

𝑛) 𝑃) 𝑉)
= = = 𝜒)
𝑛*2*)3 𝑃*2*)3 𝑉*2*)3
 EXAMPLE (31)

Applying the Ideal Gas Equation to a Mixture of Gases:

What is the pressure, in atm, exerted by a mixture of 1.0 g H2 and 5.00

g He when the mixture is confined to a volume of 5.0 L at 20 oC?
 EXAMPLE (32)

Determine the total mole:

1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐻/ 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐻𝑒
𝑛STSUV = 1.0 𝑔 𝐻/ × + 5.00 𝑔 𝐻𝑒 × =
2.02 𝑔 𝐻/ 4.003 𝑔 𝐻𝑒

0.50 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐻/ + 1.25 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐻𝑒 = 1.75 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑔𝑎𝑠

𝑛*2*)3 𝑅𝑇 1.75 𝑚𝑜𝑙 × 0.08206 𝐿. 𝑎𝑡𝑚. 𝑚𝑜𝑙 !$. 𝐾 !$ × 20 + 273 𝐾

𝑃*2*)3 = =
𝑉 5.0 𝐿

= 8.5 𝑎𝑡𝑚
Pneumatic Trough (Collecting a gas over water) (33)

Ptotal = Pbar = Pgas + PH2O

 EXAMPLE (34)

Collecting a Gas over a Liquid (Water):

In the following reaction, 81.2 mL of O2(g) is collected over water at 23 oC

and barometric pressure 751 mmHg. What mass of Ag2O(s)
decomposed? (The vapor pressure of water at 23 oC is 21.1 mmHg).

2𝐴𝑔! 𝑂 " → 4𝐴𝑔 # + 𝑂! $

 EXAMPLE (35)
𝑃5! = 𝑃4), − 𝑃6! 5 = 751 𝑚𝑚𝐻𝑔 − 21.1 𝑚𝑚𝐻𝑔 = 730 𝑚𝑚𝐻𝑔

1 𝑎𝑡𝑚
𝑃5! = 730 𝑚𝑚𝐻𝑔 × = 0.961 𝑎𝑡𝑚
760 𝑚𝑚𝐻𝑔

𝑉 = 81.2 𝑚𝐿 = 0.0812 𝐿

𝑃𝑉 0.961 𝑎𝑡𝑚 × 0.0812 𝐿

𝑛= = !$ !$ = 0.00321 𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑅𝑇 0.08206 𝐿. 𝑎𝑡𝑚. 𝑚𝑜𝑙 . 𝐾 × 296 𝐾

From the chemical equation, we obtain a factor to convert from moles of O2 to moles
of Ag2O. The molar mass of Ag2O provides the final factor.

2 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐴𝑔"𝑂 231.7 𝑔 𝐴𝑔"𝑂

? 𝑔 𝐴𝑔"𝑂 = 0.00321 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑂" × × = 1.49 𝑔 𝐴𝑔"𝑂
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑂" 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐴𝑔"𝑂
 5-7. Kinetic Molecular Theory (36)
Ø A gas is composed of a very large number of extremely small
particles (molecules or, in some cases, atoms) in constant, random,
straight-line motion.

Ø Molecules of a gas are separated by great distances. The gas is

mostly empty space. (The molecules are treated as so-called point
masses, as though they have mass but no volume)

Ø Molecules collide only fleetingly with one another and with the
walls of their container, and most of the time molecules are not
colliding.
 Kinetic Molecular Theory (37)
Ø There are assumed to be no forces between molecules
except very briefly during collisions. That is, each molecule
acts independently of all the others and is unaffected by
their presence, except during collisions.

Ø Individual molecules may gain or lose energy as a result of

collisions. In a collection of molecules at constant
temperature, however, the total energy remains constant.
 Pressure-Molecule Speed Distribution (38)

Ø According to kinetic theory:

1𝑁
𝑃= 𝑚𝑢1 !
3𝑉

𝑚: 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑠
𝑢Q " : 𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑠
𝑁
= 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒
𝑉
 Pressure and Molecular Speed (39)
%' !
Three dimensional systems lead to: 𝑃 = 𝑚𝑢+
&(

𝑢V is the modal speed

𝑢WX is the simple average
𝑢YVZ = 𝑢( J

𝑢V < 𝑢WX < 𝑢YVZ

 Pressure (40)
1
Assume one mole ideal gas: 𝑃𝑉 = 𝑁" 𝑚𝑢1 !
3

PV = RT so: 3𝑅𝑇 = 𝑁" 𝑚𝑢1 !

NAm = M: 3𝑅𝑇 = 𝑀𝑢1 !

3𝑅𝑇
Rearrange: 𝑢#$% =
𝑀
Distribution of Molecular Speeds (41)

3RT
u rms =
M
 Temperature (42)
1 2 1
Modify: 𝑃𝑉 = 𝑁" 𝑚𝑢1 ! = 𝑁" 𝑚𝑢1 !
3 3 2
2
PV = RT so: 𝑅𝑇 = 𝑁" 𝑒&̅
3
3𝑅
Solve for 𝑒[̅ : 𝑒&̅ = (𝑇)
2 𝑁"

Average kinetic energy is directly proportional to temperature!

5-8. Gas Properties Relating to the Kinetic – Molecular Theory(43)
Diffusion is the migration of
molecules as a result of random
molecular motion.

Effusion is the escape of gas

molecules from their container
through a tiny pinhole.
 Graham’s Law (44)
rate of effusion of A (u rms ) A 3RT/M A MB
= = =
rate of effusion of B (u rms ) B 3RT/MB MA

The rate of effusion of a gas is inversely proportional to the square root of its molar mass.
Ø Only for gases at low pressure (natural escape, not a jet).
Ø Tiny orifice (no collisions)
Ø Does not apply to diffusion
Ø Ratio used can be: Ø Ratio used can be:
Ø Rate of effusion (as above) Ø Distances traveled by molecules
Ø Molecular speeds Ø Amounts of gas effused.
Ø Effusion times
 EXAMPLE (45)

Comparing Amounts of Gases Effusing Through an

Orifice:

If 2.2 x 10-4 mol N2(g) effuses through a tiny hole in 105 s, then how much
H2(g) would effuse through the same orifice in 105 s.
 EXAMPLE (46)

? 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐻! 𝑀'R 28.014

= = = 3.728
2.2 × 10)* 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁! 𝑀+R 2.016

)* )*
? 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐻! = 3.728 × 2.2 × 10 = 8.2 × 10 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐻!
 EXAMPLE (47)

Relating Effusion Times and Molar Masses:

A sample of Kr(g) escapes through a tiny hole in 87.3 g. The same

amount of an unknown gas escapes in 42.9 s under identical
conditions. What is the molar mass of the unknown gas?
 EXAMPLE (48)

𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑢𝑛𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑤𝑛 𝑀/)*)%0)

=
𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝐾𝑟 𝑀1&

42.9 𝑠 𝑀/)*)%0)
=
87.3 𝑠 83.80

𝑀,-.-/0- = 20.2 𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙

 5-9. Non-ideal (Real) Gases (49)
The behavior of real gases can be explained as follows:

Ø According to Boyle’s law, at very high pressures the gas volume is very small
and approaches zero. However, in real gases, the molecules themselves have a
volume, and this volume cannot be suppressed. In addition, real gases have
intermolecular forces of attraction. It shows that the force of collision of gas
molecules with the walls of container due to intermolecular attraction forces is
less than expected from ideal gas.
Gases tend to behave ideally at high temperatures and low pressures.
Gases tend to behave non-ideally at low temperatures and high pressures.
 5-9. Non-ideal (Real) Gases (50)
Ø The measure of how much a gas deviates from the ideal gas condition is
determined by the compressibility factor.

Ø The compressibility factor, Z, is the PV/nRT ratio and is 1 for ideal gas.

Ø Compressibility factor PV/nRT = 1

Ø Deviations occur for real gases.

Ø PV/nRT > 1 – molecular volume is significant.
Ø PV/nRT < 1 – intermolecular forces of attraction.
Real Gases (51)
 The van der Waals Equation (52)
Ø A number of equations can be used for real gases. They carry correction terms that
depend on the volumes of the molecules and the intermolecular forces.

Ø The van der Waals equation is one of them:

Ø V = the volume of n moles of gas

Ø N2a/V2 = relates to the intermolecular force of attraction
Ø The values of “a” and “b” vary from gas to gas. It depends more or less on temperature
and pressure.
 EXAMPLE (53)
Using the van der Waals Equation to Calculate the Pressure of a Gas:

Use the van der Waals equation to calculate the pressure exerted by 1.00
mol Cl2(g) confined to a volume of 2.00 L at 273 K.

For Cl2:

a = 6.34 bar.L2.mol-2
b = 0.0542 L.mol-1
 EXAMPLE (54)
𝑛𝑅𝑇 𝑛/ 𝑎
𝑃= − /
𝑉 − 𝑛𝑏 𝑉

Then substitute the following values into the equation:

𝑛 = 1.00 𝑚𝑜𝑙; 𝑉 = 2.00 𝐿; 𝑇 = 273 𝐾; 𝑅 = 0.08314 𝑏𝑎𝑟. 𝐿. 𝑚𝑜𝑙 -. . 𝐾 -.

𝑛/ 𝑎 = (1.00)/ 𝑚𝑜𝑙 / × 6.34 𝑏𝑎𝑟. 𝐿/ . 𝑚𝑜𝑙 -/ = 6.34 𝑏𝑎𝑟. 𝐿/

𝑛𝑏 = 1.00 𝑚𝑜𝑙 × 0.0542 𝐿. 𝑚𝑜𝑙 -. = 0.0542 𝐿

 EXAMPLE (55)
𝑛𝑅𝑇 𝑛" 𝑎
𝑃= − "
𝑉 − 𝑛𝑏 𝑉

1.00 𝑚𝑜𝑙 × 0.08314 𝑏𝑎𝑟. 𝐿. 𝑚𝑜𝑙 -. . 𝐾 -. × 273 𝐾 6.34 𝑏𝑎𝑟. 𝐿/

𝑃= −
2.00 𝐿 − 0.0542 𝐿 2.00 / 𝐿/

𝑃 = 11.7 𝑏𝑎𝑟 − 1.6 𝑏𝑎𝑟 = 10.1 𝑏𝑎𝑟