Design of Bridge Components
REF CALCULATION OUTPUT
Design Properties and Parameters
BS5400-2:2006 -Total Bridge Span 40 m
cl.[Link] -Limiting RC bridge span, L= 20 m
cl.[Link] -Total Bridge Width= 10200 mm
-Total width of deck= 7400 mm
-Total Walkway Width= (10.2-7.4)/2 1.4 m
-Number of traffic lanes= 2
-Notional width of each traffic lane width b L = 7.4 / 2 = 3.7 m
-Interior Girder spacing= 1.9 m
-No. of Girder(s) = 5
-Cantilever Girder spacing= (10.2-1.9×4)/2 1.3 m
-HB Vehicle Units= 30 units
-Asphalt Concrete thickness= 50 mm
-Structure type/form= reinforced concrete (RC) bridge (beam and slab)
-Concrete cover to reinforcements c 30 mm
-Concrete density γ con. 25 kN/m³ kN/m³
-Density of Asphalt Concrete= 20
Deck transverse cross-section
Sketch 1.4 3.7 3.7 1.4 a= b= c= d= 175
a 400
b 450
225
c
d 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.3
1.3
Determine the Minimum Slab Thickness and Beam Depth
BS8110-1:1997 The concrete deck depth cannot be less than 200mm, excluding any provisional for grinding, grooving and scarificial surface. Check the assumed thickness of
cls [Link] slab and beam depth for deflection requirements.
S5400-1990, P ►deck Slab Thickness
Table 13 L/d=16, for simply supported condition, therefore; d=1900/16 = 118.75 mm Considering T10 rebars and
nominal cover to reinforcement of 30mm;
The overall depth of the slab, D = d + Ø/2 + c =118.75+(10/2)+30 = 153.75 mm
Therefore, the assumed thickness of slab i.e. 200mm > 153.75mm is safe against deflection. h=
200
►Walkway Slab Thickness
L/d=5.6, for cantiliver supported condition, therefore; d=1300/5.6 = 233 mm Considering T10 rebars and
nominal cover to reinforcement of 30mm;
Assume
The overall depth of the slab, D = d + Ø/2 + c =233+(10/2)+30 = 268 mm
Therefore, the assumed thickness of slab i.e. 300mm > 268mm is safe against deflection. h=
300
A Dead Load
►deck Road Deck Slab 200 × 25 × 1.0/1000 = 5.0 kN/m
►Walkway Road Deck Slab (Cantiliver) 300 × 25 × 1.0/1000 = 7.5 kN/m
►RC Barrier {0.5×(0.225+0.175)×0.45+0.175×0.4}×25×1.0 = 4.0 kN/m
►Asphalt Surface 50 × 20 × 1.0/1000 = 1.0 kN/m Therefore, the factored design
loads tabulated below;
Element Nominal ULS factors SLS factors Design Load
BS5400-2: cl Load γ
fL γ
f3 γ
fL γ
f3 ULS SLS
5.1.2, 5.2.2 Deck (kN/m) 5.0 1.15 1.1 1.00 1.00 6.33 5
BS5400-4: Walkway (kN/m) 7.5 1.15 1.1 1.00 1.00 9.49 7.5
cls 4.2.3 RC Barrier (kN/m) 4.0 1.75 1.1 1.20 1.00 7.7 4.8
Asphalt Surface (kN/m) 1.0 1.75 1.1 1.20 1.00 1.93 1.2
B Transient Load
0-2:2006 cls 6.1 The Road is Class-A, thus the bridge designed to resist severe of either SW + HA or SW + HB or HA + HB
6.4.1, [Link] & Note: ( HA comprise HA +KEL or alternatvely HA wheel loading whichever is severe & also HB alone can be applied under conditions as given in clause
00-2:2006 cl [Link] also HB alone can be applied under conditions as given in BS 5400-2: clause [Link]).
3.2
400-2:2006 cl 5.3.1
I HA Loading
400-2:2006 -2 The HA loading consists of a uniformly distributed load and Knife edge load (KEL). 45.15
Cl. 6.2.1 HA UDL (kN/m) 12.20
BS5400-2:2006 = 336×(1/20)⁰˙⁶⁷ = 45.15 kN/m 120.00
Cl 6.2.2 = 45.15/3.7 = 12.20 kN/m² 32.44
HA KEL (kN/m)
The KEL per notional lane shall be taken as; 120 kN
= 120/3.7 = 32.44 kN/m
art2 Cl [Link] HA lane factors 1
Table 14 As per BS5400-2: 2006-Part 2/BD 37/01, for a loaded length of a bridge (L ≤ 20) the HA lane factor would be; 12.20
-1st & 2nd lane = 0.274 ×3.7 = 1.00 1.63
Therefore, the factored HA UDL load and KEL lane; 12.20
-1st lane α2 HA UDL = 1 × 12.2 = 12.20 kN/m²
α2KEL/L = 1 × 32.44/20 = 1.63 kN/m²
-2nd lane α2 HA UDL = 1 × 12.2 = 12.20 kN/m²
II Pedestrain Loading
BS5400-2:2006 The nominal pedestrain live load on elements supporting footway or cycle tracks for loaded length of 36m and below,
Cls.7.1 a uniformly distributed live load of 5kN/m².
Cls.7.1.3 Design loading W = 5.00 kN/m² 5.00
III HB Loading
The number of units of type HB loading that shall be considered as; = 30
One unit shall be taken as equal to 10kN per Axle (i.e. 2.5kN per wheel) 1 Unit = 10kN per axle
20.27
30 units of HB vehicle load on deck per axle per unit metre width per lane = 30×10/4 20.27 kN/m
Therefore, the factored design loads tabulated below;
Element Nominal ULS factors SLS factors Design Load
Load γ
fL γ
f3 γ
fL γ
f3 ULS SLS
-HA UDL (kN/m) 12.2 1.5 1.10 1.2 1.00 20.13 14.64
KEL (kN/m) 1.63 1.5 1.10 1.2 1.00 2.69 1.96
-HB (kN) 20.27 1.3 1.10 1.1 1.00 28.99 22.3
-Pedestrian (kN/m) 5.00 1.3 1.10 1.1 1.00 7.15 5.5
HA and HB Load Application by lanes and Girders
1.4 3.7 3.7 1.4
Pedestrian lane 1 lane 2 Pedestrian
28.99 kN 99 kN 8.99kN 28.99kN
7.15kN/m 28 2 22.82kN/m 7.15kN/m
G₁ G₂ G₃ G₄ G₅
1.3 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.3
Reaction influence line diagrams
1
Support moment influence line diagrams
0.77 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.77
Span moment influence line diagrams
0.48 0.48 0.48 0.48
Reaction and Moments by influence line on Supports and Spans
Rect. In Sup. Momnt Span Momnt Reaction Support Moment Span Moment
Live loads Girder G2 Girder G2 Span 4 ULS ULS SLS ULS SLS
Pedestrians 0.85 0.81 0.002 6.08 5.79 4.46 0.01 0.01
HB1 0.24 0.23 0 6.96 6.67 5.13 0.00 0.00
HB2 0.76 0.73 0 22.03 21.16 16.28 0.00 0.00
HB3 0.71 0.68 0 20.58 19.71 15.16 0.00 0.00
HB4 0.18 0.18 0 5.22 5.22 4.01 0.00 0.00
HA UDL 0 0 0.698 0.00 0.00 0.00 14.05 10.22
KEL 0 0 0.698 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.88 1.37
Dead loads Girder G2 Girder G2 Span 4
Deck 1.04 1.77 0.698 6.58 11.20 8.85 4.42 3.49
Wkway 0.85 0.81 0.002 8.07 7.69 6.08 0.02 0.02
Surface 1.89 2.58 0.7 3.65 4.98 3.10 1.35 0.84
Barrier 0 0 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
TOTALS (Reactions and Moments) 79.17 82.42 63.06 21.73 15.94
DESIGN OF BRIDGE DECK
REF CALCULATION OUTPUT
ULS SLS
Maximum span moment 21.73 15.94 kNm
Maximum support moment 82.42 63.06 kNm
Maximum Support reaction 79.17 79.17 kN
Design Parameters
-Assume main reinforcement bar φ = 16 mm
-Assume distribution reinforcement bar φ = 12 mm
-Concrete compressive strength fck = 30 N/mm²
-Rebar steel strength fyk = 425 N/mm²
Effective depth, deff
Effective depth, d (deck)
d= = 200 - 30 - 16 / 2 = 162 mm 162
Effective depth, d (Walkway)
d= = 300 - 30 - 16 / 2 = 262 mm 262
𝑀
Maximum design moment MEd = 82.42kNm 82.42
.
𝐾 = 𝑑2𝑓
𝑏
= 82.42×1000²/(30×1000×162²) = 0.105 K=0.105
K =𝑐𝑘 0.105 < 0.167
Therefore no comp. reinforcement needed
Lever arm, z
𝑧=𝑑 05+ 0.25 𝐾
−
= 162(0.5+√(0.25-0.105/1.134)) = 145 mm 145
z = 0.95×d 1.134 = 0.95×162 = 154 mm 154
Therefore lever arm, z = 145 mm z=145mm
𝑀
Steel reinforcement requirement
𝐴 =
A
s req. = 82.42×1000²/(0.87×425×145) = 1537 mm² 1537
𝑠
0.87𝑓𝑦𝑘𝑧
cl. [Link] Check minimum area of reinforcements
f ctm = 0.3 × f ck 0.67 = 0.3×30⁰˙⁶⁷ = 2.93 MPa 2.93
Equ. 9.1N As, min = 0.26 (fctm/ fyk) bt d > 0.13%bd = 0.26×(2.93/425)×1000×162 = 290 mm² 290
cl. 9.6.2(1) Check maximum reinfocements
Max As =4%bd = 4×1000×162/100 = 6480 mm² 6480
Therefore, provide T16 @ 100 B1 Area A s = 2010 >1537mm²/m OK
cl. [Link](2) Distribution steel reinf. req'. A s ' Max A'
s = (20%Aprov,vert., As, min)
Max(0.2×2010, 290) 402 mm² 402
Therefore, provide T12 @ 200 B2 Area A s = 565 >402mm²/m OK
Shear stress check
Cl 6.2.2 Max. support shear force 79.17 79.17kN
Max. design shear resistance V Rd, c
VRd, c = {CRd, c×k×(100×ρ1×fck)1/3 ≥ (Vmin = 0.035×k1.5×√fck)}×bwd
C
Rd,c = 0.12
k = 1+√(200/d) = min (1+√(200/162) ; 2.0 ) = 2
ρ₁ = A sl /(bw d) 2010/(1000×162) = 1.24% 1.24
v
Rd, c = 0.12×2×(100×0.0124×30)^(1/3)×1000×162= 129.79 kN/m 129.79
v
min = 0.035×√30×2¹˙⁵×1000×162= 87.84 kN/m 87.84
Therefore, v Rd, c = Max(129.79, 87.84) = 129.79 kN/m
vEd = 79.17 < (vRd, c = 129.79kN/m) OK
The shear strength is satisfactory; no shear reinforcement is required
Check for Cracking of the Slab under Serviceability limit state
BS5400-4:2006 Design crack width considering sever condition i.e. the concrete exposed to driving rain and alternate wetting and drying.
3𝑎𝑐𝑟𝗌𝑚
Table 1 Maximum allowable crack width w= 0.25 mm (permitted)
=
wmax is the crack width max 1+2
𝑎
𝑐𝑟
−𝑐𝑚𝑖𝑛 (
) ℎ−𝑥
x
200
a
cr 162
30
50
1000
3.8𝑏ℎ 𝑎′ − 𝑑𝑐 𝑀𝑞
εm =ε₁-ε₂ calculated strain at level of cracking (levels 1 and 2) (-ve value indicates section not cracked)
𝑚 = 1 − ∗ 1− 10−9
𝑠 ∗ 𝐴𝑠 ∗ ℎ − 𝑑𝑐 𝑀𝑔
Determine depth 'x' = d c to the neutral axis from the compression face of the cracked section
The first area moment of concrete i c equals the first area moment of the transformed steel area 0.5bx² = αAs(d-x)
Therefore, 0.5bx² + αAsx - αAsd = 0
where; α = modular ratio = E s/Ec = 200/25 = 8 b= 1000
αAs = 8×2010 = 16080 αAsd = 8×2010×162 = 2604960
500x² + 16080x - 2604960 = 0
Therefore, from quadratic formula, neutral axis, x= 57.87 mm 57.87
Determination of strain in steel, ε s
𝑓𝑠 = (𝐴𝑠 𝑥
Service stress, f s , in steel is obtained by taking steel moment to point of concrete compression stress
𝑀/ ∗ 𝑑− )
s ervice stress, fs
3
where; M=Moment due to live and dead load at SLS 15.94 kNm
Steel cross-section Area provided A s = 2010 mm²
fs = 15.94×10⁶/(2010×(162-(57.87/3)) 56 N/mm²
𝑠 = 𝑓𝑠/𝐸𝑠
calculated strain at tension face taken up by the reinforcements, xs
= 56 / (200×10³) 0.00028
Calculated strain, ε₁ , in concrete a point of crack consideration is determined from similarity of triangles of strain diagram
0.00039
1 = ℎ−𝑥
𝑑 −𝑥
s = {(200-57.87)/(162-57.87)}×0.00028 = 0.00039
0.00039
Moment due to loads from the bridge
Mq=moment at section due to permanent loads 18.02 kNm
Mg=moment at section due to live loads 45.0 kNm
.
[1-Mq/Mg]×1 = (1-(18.021/45.041))×10 ⁻⁹ = 0.6 × 10⁻⁹
Nominal cover of concrete steel
cnom = cmin + φ/2 = 30 + 16/2 = 38 mm
Applying pythagorous theorem acr= √{(s/2)² + cnom²} =√((100/2)² + 38²) =
a'= = 200-30-16/2 162
=
𝑚 0.00039 - 3.8×1000×200×(162-57.87) × 0.6 × 10⁻⁹ (0.000204)
0.00028×2010×(200-57.87)
𝜔
𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 3×62.81×-0.000204 -0.03 < 0.25mm
1+2×(62.81-38)/(200-57.87)
Section okey in cracking serviceability check, as no crack formed
0.6 × 10⁻⁹
62.81
OK
