INTERNATIONAL ISO

STANDARD 16924

First edition
2016-12-01

Natural gas fuelling stations — LNG

stations for fuelling vehicles
Stations-service de gaz naturel — Stations GNL pour le ravitaillement
de véhicules

Reference number
ISO 16924:2016(E)

© ISO 2016
ISO 16924:2016(E)


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Contents Page

Foreword....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... vii
1 Scope.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 1
2 Normative references....................................................................................................................................................................................... 1
3 Terms and definitions...................................................................................................................................................................................... 2
4 Abbreviated terms............................................................................................................................................................................................... 9
5 Risk management..............................................................................................................................................................................................10
5.1 Risk assessment................................................................................................................................................................................... 10
5.1.1 General................................................................................................................................................................................... 10
5.1.2 Protection against overpressure...................................................................................................................... 10
5.1.3 Static electricity.............................................................................................................................................................. 11
5.2 Fire protection....................................................................................................................................................................................... 11
5.2.1 Hazardous area classification............................................................................................................................. 11
5.2.2 Sources of ignition........................................................................................................................................................ 11
5.2.3 Fire fighting........................................................................................................................................................................ 12
5.3 Explosion protection measures.............................................................................................................................................. 12
6 General design requirements...............................................................................................................................................................12
6.1 General......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 12
6.1.1 Design philosophy........................................................................................................................................................ 12
6.1.2 Buildings and civil works....................................................................................................................................... 13
6.1.3 Installation and construction.............................................................................................................................. 14
6.2 Site layout.................................................................................................................................................................................................. 15
6.2.1 Separation distances.................................................................................................................................................. 15
6.2.2 Traffic management.................................................................................................................................................... 15
6.2.3 Security.................................................................................................................................................................................. 15
6.2.4 Requirements for location of equipment.................................................................................................. 15
6.3 Environmental considerations................................................................................................................................................ 16
6.3.1 Noise attenuation.......................................................................................................................................................... 16
6.3.2 Prevention of venting of natural gas............................................................................................................. 16
7 Fuel supply to the fuelling station....................................................................................................................................................16
7.1 Application............................................................................................................................................................................................... 16
7.2 Equipment compatibility............................................................................................................................................................. 16
7.3 Filling connector.................................................................................................................................................................................. 17
7.4 Requirements for filling................................................................................................................................................................ 17
7.4.1 General requirements................................................................................................................................................ 17
7.4.2 Prevention of overpressurization and overfilling............................................................................. 17
7.5 Prevention of back flow................................................................................................................................................................. 17
7.6 Bleed connections.............................................................................................................................................................................. 17
7.7 Draining of liquid from the LNG storage tank............................................................................................................ 18
7.8 LNG tanker................................................................................................................................................................................................ 18
7.8.1 Immobility........................................................................................................................................................................... 18
7.8.2 Anti-drive-away equipment................................................................................................................................. 18
7.8.3 Turning off the engine............................................................................................................................................... 18
7.8.4 Equalizing the potentials........................................................................................................................................ 18
8 Storage.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 18
8.1 LNG storage.............................................................................................................................................................................................. 18
8.1.1 Design and construction......................................................................................................................................... 18
8.1.2 Safety requirements.................................................................................................................................................... 20
8.1.3 Installation guidance.................................................................................................................................................. 24
8.2 CNG buffer storage............................................................................................................................................................................. 25
9 Pumps and compressors............................................................................................................................................................................25
9.1 Connection of LNG pumps to the LNG storage tank.............................................................................................. 25

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9.1.1 General................................................................................................................................................................................... 25
9.1.2 NPSH requirements..................................................................................................................................................... 25
9.1.3 Vapour return................................................................................................................................................................... 25
9.1.4 Protection against weather................................................................................................................................... 25
9.1.5 Accessibility....................................................................................................................................................................... 26
9.2 LNG centrifugal pump (including ancillaries)............................................................................................................ 26
9.2.1 General provisions....................................................................................................................................................... 26
9.2.2 Liquid inlet to the centrifugal pump............................................................................................................. 26
9.2.3 Centrifugal pump design......................................................................................................................................... 26
9.2.4 Vibration............................................................................................................................................................................... 26
9.2.5 Detection of shaft seal leak................................................................................................................................... 27
9.2.6 Detection of cavitation.............................................................................................................................................. 27
9.3 LNG reciprocating pump for LCNG fuelling stations (including ancillaries)................................... 27
9.3.1 General provisions....................................................................................................................................................... 27
9.3.2 Liquid supplied to the reciprocating pump............................................................................................ 27
9.3.3 Design...................................................................................................................................................................................... 27
9.3.4 Vibration............................................................................................................................................................................... 27
9.3.5 Pulsation............................................................................................................................................................................... 27
9.4 Commonalities for LNG centrifugal and reciprocating pumps.................................................................... 27
9.4.1 Suction line......................................................................................................................................................................... 27
9.4.2 Instrumentation............................................................................................................................................................. 28
9.4.3 Markings of a pump..................................................................................................................................................... 28
9.4.4 Instructions........................................................................................................................................................................ 28
9.5 Natural gas compressor................................................................................................................................................................ 29
10 Dispensers.................................................................................................................................................................................................................29
10.1 LNG dispensers..................................................................................................................................................................................... 29
10.1.1 General requirements................................................................................................................................................ 29
10.1.2 Breakaway system........................................................................................................................................................ 31
10.1.3 Fuelling hoses................................................................................................................................................................... 31
10.1.4 Fuelling nozzles.............................................................................................................................................................. 32
10.1.5 Dispenser enclosure................................................................................................................................................... 32
10.1.6 Other requirements..................................................................................................................................................... 33
10.2 CNG dispensers..................................................................................................................................................................................... 33
11 Vaporizers and heaters................................................................................................................................................................................34
11.1 Application............................................................................................................................................................................................... 34
11.2 Design of vaporizers and heaters.......................................................................................................................................... 34
11.3 Ambient air vaporizer..................................................................................................................................................................... 35
11.3.1 General................................................................................................................................................................................... 35
11.3.2 Defrosting............................................................................................................................................................................ 35
11.3.3 Aluminium vaporizers.............................................................................................................................................. 35
11.4 Electric vaporizer/heater............................................................................................................................................................ 35
11.5 Water bath vaporizer....................................................................................................................................................................... 36
11.6 Fired vaporizers................................................................................................................................................................................... 36
11.7 Remotely heated vaporizers...................................................................................................................................................... 36
12 Odorization..............................................................................................................................................................................................................36
12.1 General requirements..................................................................................................................................................................... 36
12.2 High-pressure odorizer................................................................................................................................................................. 37
12.3 Safety............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 37
12.4 Monitoring................................................................................................................................................................................................ 37
12.5 Odorant........................................................................................................................................................................................................ 38
12.6 Dynamics of function....................................................................................................................................................................... 38
13 Pipework..................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 38
13.1 General......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 38
13.2 Pipework design.................................................................................................................................................................................. 38
13.2.1 General................................................................................................................................................................................... 38
13.2.2 Overground pipework............................................................................................................................................... 39

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13.2.3 Underground pipework........................................................................................................................................... 39

13.2.4 Pipework in ducts......................................................................................................................................................... 39
13.2.5 Flexible connections................................................................................................................................................... 40
14 Electrical equipment and wiring.......................................................................................................................................................40
14.1 General......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 40
14.2 Main considerations......................................................................................................................................................................... 40
14.2.1 Grounding............................................................................................................................................................................ 40
14.2.2 Lightning............................................................................................................................................................................... 40
14.2.3 Contact with live parts.............................................................................................................................................. 40
14.2.4 Cables....................................................................................................................................................................................... 40
14.2.5 Static electricity.............................................................................................................................................................. 41
14.3 Other considerations....................................................................................................................................................................... 41
14.3.1 Interface................................................................................................................................................................................ 41
14.3.2 Primary seal....................................................................................................................................................................... 41
14.3.3 Additional seal................................................................................................................................................................. 41
14.3.4 Conduit seals..................................................................................................................................................................... 41
14.3.5 Detection vents................................................................................................................................................................ 42
15 Instrumentation and control system.............................................................................................................................................42
15.1 General......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 42
15.2 Gas detectors.......................................................................................................................................................................................... 42
15.3 Flame detectors.................................................................................................................................................................................... 42
15.4 Pressure gauges................................................................................................................................................................................... 42
15.5 Temperature sensors....................................................................................................................................................................... 42
15.6 Manual emergency shutdown devices............................................................................................................................. 42
15.7 Emergency power supply unit................................................................................................................................................. 43
16 Emergency shutdown....................................................................................................................................................................................43
16.1 Application............................................................................................................................................................................................... 43
16.2 Procedure.................................................................................................................................................................................................. 43
16.3 Activation................................................................................................................................................................................................... 43
16.4 ESD action................................................................................................................................................................................................. 43
16.5 Reset............................................................................................................................................................................................................... 44
17 Special configurations..................................................................................................................................................................................44
17.1 Movable LNG fuelling station................................................................................................................................................... 44
17.1.1 General requirements................................................................................................................................................ 44
17.1.2 Anchoring............................................................................................................................................................................. 44
17.1.3 Containment...................................................................................................................................................................... 44
17.2 Mobile LNG fuelling station........................................................................................................................................................ 44
17.2.1 General requirements................................................................................................................................................ 44
17.2.2 Anchoring............................................................................................................................................................................. 45
17.2.3 Containment...................................................................................................................................................................... 45
17.2.4 Design...................................................................................................................................................................................... 45
17.2.5 Additional requirements for operation...................................................................................................... 45
18 Testing and commissioning.....................................................................................................................................................................45
18.1 Testing.......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 45
18.1.1 Electrical testing............................................................................................................................................................. 45
18.1.2 Pressure strength testing....................................................................................................................................... 46
18.1.3 Leak testing........................................................................................................................................................................ 46
18.2 Commissioning..................................................................................................................................................................................... 46
18.2.1 General provisions....................................................................................................................................................... 46
18.2.2 Purging................................................................................................................................................................................... 47
18.2.3 Functional testing......................................................................................................................................................... 47
18.2.4 First filling of the LNG storage tank and other components.................................................... 47
19 Operations................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 47
19.1 LNG tanker offloading..................................................................................................................................................................... 47
19.2 Fuelling procedure............................................................................................................................................................................. 47

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19.3 Safety signs............................................................................................................................................................................................... 48

19.3.1 General on identification labels........................................................................................................................ 48
19.3.2 Equipment marking.................................................................................................................................................... 48
19.4 Equipment and pipework identification......................................................................................................................... 49
19.5 Training....................................................................................................................................................................................................... 49
19.6 Installation and operating instructions........................................................................................................................... 50
19.7 Emergency plan.................................................................................................................................................................................... 51
19.8 Maintaining the emergency shutdown............................................................................................................................ 51
20 Inspection and maintenance..................................................................................................................................................................51
20.1 Inspection.................................................................................................................................................................................................. 51
20.1.1 General requirements................................................................................................................................................ 51
20.1.2 Inspection and testing of electrical systems.......................................................................................... 52
20.1.3 Inspection and re-testing of the safety relief valves........................................................................ 52
20.1.4 Safety and fire protection equipment.......................................................................................................... 53
20.2 Maintenance............................................................................................................................................................................................ 53
20.2.1 Preventive maintenance planning.................................................................................................................. 53
20.2.2 Maintenance procedures........................................................................................................................................ 53
20.2.3 Maintenance safety...................................................................................................................................................... 53
20.2.4 Draining of the LNG storage tank.................................................................................................................... 54
Annex A (informative) Examples of hazardous zones classification.................................................................................55
Annex B (normative) Separation distances.................................................................................................................................................59
Annex C (informative) Example flow diagram of an LNG fuelling station....................................................................63
Annex D (informative) Example flow diagram of an LCNG fuelling station................................................................64
Annex E (informative) Example flow diagram of an LNG and LCNG fuelling station.........................................65
Annex F (informative) Process requirements for the effective cryogenic pump operation......................66
Annex G (informative) Recommendations for installation of a centrifugal pump.............................................68
Annex H (informative) Recommendations for centrifugal pump design......................................................................69
Annex I (informative) Recommendations for installation of a reciprocating pump........................................70
Annex J (informative) Recommendations on the content of the cryogenic pump
operation instructions..................................................................................................................................................................................72
Annex K (informative) Example flow diagram of a high-pressure odorizer.............................................................74
Annex L (informative) LNG identification mark of an LNG fuelling station...............................................................75
Bibliography.............................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 76

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Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see [Link]/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see [Link]/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation on the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions related to conformity assessment,
as well as information about ISO’s adherence to the World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the
Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following URL: [Link]/iso/[Link].
The committee responsible for this document is ISO/PC 252, Natural gas fuelling stations for vehicles.

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INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 16924:2016(E)

Natural gas fuelling stations — LNG stations for fuelling

vehicles

1 Scope
This document specifies the design, construction, operation, maintenance and inspection of stations for
fuelling liquefied natural gas (LNG) to vehicles, including equipment, safety and control devices.
This document also specifies the design, construction, operation, maintenance and inspection of
fuelling stations for using LNG as an onsite source for fuelling CNG to vehicles (LCNG fuelling stations),
including safety and control devices of the station and specific LCNG fuelling station equipment.
NOTE Specific CNG equipment is dealt with in ISO 16923.

This document is applicable to fuelling stations receiving LNG and other liquefied methane-rich gases
that comply with local applicable gas composition regulation or with the gas quality requirements of
ISO 13686.
This document includes all equipment from the LNG storage tank filling connection up to the fuelling
nozzle on the vehicle. The LNG storage tank filling connection itself and the vehicle fuelling nozzle are
not covered in this document.
This document includes fuelling stations having the following characteristics:
— private access;
— public access (self-service or assisted);
— metered dispensing and non metered dispensing;
— fuelling stations with fixed LNG storage;
— fuelling stations with mobile LNG storage;
— movable fuelling stations;
— mobile fuelling stations;
— multi-fuel stations.

2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 4126 (all parts), Safety devices for protection against excessive pressure
ISO 9606-1, Qualification testing of welders — Fusion welding — Part 1: Steels
ISO 12100, Safety of machinery — General principles for design — Risk assessment and risk reduction
ISO 12617, Road vehicles — Liquefied natural gas (LNG) refuelling connector — 3,1 MPa connector
ISO 13709, Centrifugal pumps for petroleum, petrochemical and natural gas industries

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ISO 15609-1, Specification and qualification of welding procedures for metallic materials — Welding
procedure specification — Part 1: Arc welding
ISO 15609-2, Specification and qualification of welding procedures for metallic materials — Welding
procedure specification — Part 2: Gas welding
ISO 15609-3, Specification and qualification of welding procedures for metallic materials — Welding
procedure specification — Part 3: Electron beam welding
ISO 15609-4, Specification and qualification of welding procedures for metallic materials — Welding
procedure specification — Part 4: Laser beam welding
ISO 15609-5, Specification and qualification of welding procedures for metallic materials — Welding
procedure specification — Part 5: Resistance welding
ISO 15609-6, Specification and qualification of welding procedures for metallic materials — Welding
procedure specification — Part 6: Laser-arc hybrid welding
ISO 20421-1, Cryogenic vessels — Large transportable vacuum-insulated vessels — Part 1: Design,
fabrication, inspection and testing
ISO 21011, Cryogenic vessels — Valves for cryogenic service
ISO 21012, Cryogenic vessels — Hoses
ISO 21013-1, Cryogenic vessels — Pressure-relief accessories for cryogenic service — Part 1: Reclosable
pressure-relief valves
ISO 21029-1, Cryogenic vessels — Transportable vacuum insulated vessels of not more than 1 000 litres
volume — Part 1: Design, fabrication, inspection and tests
ISO 24490, Cryogenic vessels — Pumps for cryogenic service
ISO 31000, Risk management — Principles and guidelines
IEC 31010, Risk management — Risk assessment techniques
IEC 60079-10-1, Explosive atmospheres — Part 10-1: Classification of areas — Explosive gas atmospheres
IEC 60079-14, Explosive atmospheres — Part 14: Electrical installations design, selection and erection
IEC 60079-17, Explosive atmospheres — Part 17: Electrical installations inspection and maintenance
IEC 60204-1:2005, Safety of machinery — Electrical equipment of machines — Part 1: General requirements
IEC 61508 (all parts), Functional safety of electrical/electronic/programmable electronic safety-
related systems
IEC 61511 (all parts), Functional safety — Safety instrumented systems for the process industry sector

3 Terms and definitions

For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— IEC Electropedia: available at [Link]
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at [Link]
3.1
ambient vaporizer
heat exchanger that vaporizes LNG with the heat of ambient air

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3.2
assembly
sub-system of the fuelling station comprising several components
3.3
approved
having approval for the intended usage from an authority having jurisdiction or having the
manufacturer’s declaration for intended use
3.4
boil-off gas
gas produced from evaporation of LNG in the LNG storage tank and other parts of the fuelling station
including the gas returned from the vehicle tank
3.5
breakaway device
coupling which separates at a predetermined section when required and each separated section
contains a self-closing shut-off valve which seals automatically
[SOURCE: ISO/TS 18683:2015, 3.1.3]
3.6
buffer storage
one or more suitable pressure vessels designed for the purpose of storing compressed natural gas
3.7
building
structure, usually enclosed by walls and a roof, constructed to provide support or shelter for an
intended occupancy
3.8
bund
elevated boundary of the containment, like wall, dike or embankment
3.9
burst pressure
pb
pressure that causes failure and consequential fluid loss through the component envelope
3.10
canopy
roof, overhead shelter, or hood, that affords a degree of weather protection
3.11
cold end
cryogenic part of a reciprocating LNG pump
3.12
competent person
person having the ability, appropriate training, knowledge and experience, to supervise or carry out
the work being undertaken in a safe and proper manner
3.13
compressed natural gas
CNG
natural gas which has been compressed and stored for use as a vehicle fuel
[SOURCE: ISO 15500‑1:2000, 3.2]

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3.14
compressor
machine that increases the pressure of gas
3.15
conduit
casing, tubing or liner, either metallic or non-metallic
[SOURCE: ISO 14310:2008, 3.6]
3.16
containment
area, surrounded by a bund, to contain spilled LNG within that area
3.17
cryogenic
intended for service over the temperature of ‒153 °C and ‒196 °C, the lower point being the normal
boiling point of nitrogen
3.18
cryogenic pump
pump that delivers LNG at a higher pressure
Note 1 to entry: Pumps used for delivery of LNG to the LNG dispenser are typically centrifugal pumps; however,
slow speed reciprocating pumps are also used.

Note 2 to entry: Pumps used for delivery of high-pressure liquid into the high-pressure vaporizer are typically
reciprocating piston pumps.

3.19
detachable joint
mechanical joint that can be readily disassembled
EXAMPLE Flanges, threaded joints and similar.

3.20
dispenser
equipment through which the fuel is supplied to the vehicle
Note 1 to entry: This equipment can include metering.

3.21
dry air
air with a maximum dew point of ‒40 °C
3.22
enclosure
structure, not being a building or canopy, that encloses a component of the fuelling station
EXAMPLE Housing, container and machine cabinet.

3.23
explosive gas atmosphere
mixture of substances with air, under atmospheric conditions, in the form of gases, vapours or mists in
which, after ignition has occurred, combustion spreads to the entire unburned mixture
Note 1 to entry: Derived from definition of “explosive atmosphere” in IEC 61340-4-4:2014, 11, 3.4.

3.24
fail-safe
design feature that ensures that safe conditions are maintained in the event of a malfunction of a
control device or an interruption of a supply source

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3.25
filling
process of transferring LNG into the LNG storage tank
3.26
fire resistance
property of materials or their assemblies that prevents or retards the passage of excessive heat, hot
gases or flames under specified conditions
3.27
fire wall
wall or separating partition erected to reduce the effects of radiated heat
3.28
flash gas
gas generated from liquid when delivered to the tank to lower pressure than is its boiling pressure at
its temperature
3.29
fuelling
transfer of fuel from dispenser to the vehicle
3.30
fuelling nozzle
device which permits quick connection and disconnection of the fuelling hose to/from the refuelling
receptacle
3.31
fuelling pressure
pressure at which the fuel is delivered to the vehicle
3.32
fuelling station
facility at which vehicle fuels are dispensed
3.33
grounding
electrical connection of potentially live exposed metallic parts to earth
3.34
hazardous area
area in which an explosive gas atmosphere is present, or can be expected to be present, in quantities
such as to require special precautions for the construction, installation and use of apparatus to prevent
ignition
[SOURCE: IEC 60079-10-1:2015, 3.3]
3.35
hose
pipeline of flexible material with end fittings attached
3.36
hose assembly
hose, or hoses, with anciliary components, such as bend restrictors, breakaways and nozzles, attached
3.37
LCNG fuelling station
facility at which CNG derived from LNG is dispensed to vehicles

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3.38
liquefied natural gas
LNG
natural gas that has been liquefied, after processing, for storage or transportation purposes
3.39
LNG fuelling station
facility at which LNG is dispensed to vehicles
3.40
LNG offloading area
area where the LNG tanker connects to the LNG fuelling station for offloading LNG into the LNG
storage tank
3.41
LNG pump
cryogenic pump for transferring LNG
3.42
LNG storage tank
cryogenic vessel used for the purpose of storing LNG
3.43
LNG tanker
vehicle that delivers LNG for offloading to the LNG storage tank at the LNG fuelling station
3.44
LNG transfer point
connection point between the hose of the LNG tanker and the fixed pipeline to the LNG storage tank
3.45
lower explosion limit
LEL
volume concentration of flammable gas or vapour in air, below which the mixture is not flammable
[SOURCE: ISO 19372:2015, 3.7, modified — “explosive” has been changed to “flammable”.]
3.46
maximum allowable working pressure
MAWP
maximum pressure to which a component or system is designed to be subjected and which is the basis
for determining the strength of the component or system
[SOURCE: ISO 12991:2012, 3.10, modified — “or system” has been added and “under consideration” has
been removed.]
3.47
maximum fuelling pressure
maximum pressure to which the vehicle tank can be filled
3.48
mobile LNG fuelling station
LNG fuelling station (and/or LCNG fuelling station) having an LNG storage tank capacity of more than
1 000 litres that can be transported with LNG onboard
3.49
mobile storage
LNG storage tank assembly, having a gross volume of more than 1 000 litres, mounted on a vehicle and
used at the LNG fuelling station as a temporary LNG storage tank

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3.50
movable LNG fuelling station
LNG fuelling station (and/or LCNG fuelling station) having an LNG storage tank capacity of more than
1 000 litres and consisting of one or more units intended for easy installation and possible relocation
3.51
multi-fuel station
fuelling station that can fuel natural gas as well as other fuels, for example diesel, petrol, LPG
3.52
natural gas
complex gaseous mixture of hydrocarbons, primarily methane, but generally includes ethane, propane
and higher hydrocarbons, and some non-combustible gases such as nitrogen and carbon dioxide
Note 1 to entry: Natural gas can also contain components or containments such as sulphur compounds and/or
other chemicals.

[SOURCE: ISO 14532:2014, [Link]]

3.53
net positive suction head
NPSH
inlet total head increased by the head (in flowing liquid) corresponding to the atmospheric pressure
at the test location and decreased by the sum of the head corresponding to the vapour pressure of the
pump liquid at the inlet temperature and the inlet impeller height
[SOURCE: ISO 24490:2016, 3.5]
3.54
non-combustible
not capable of undergoing combustion under specified conditions
[SOURCE: ISO 13943:2008, 4.239]
3.55
normal operation
situation when the equipment is operating within its design parameters
[SOURCE: ISO 16110‑1:2007, 3.50]
3.56
odorant
intensely smelling organic chemical or combination of chemicals added to natural gas at low
concentration and capable of imparting a characteristic and distinctive (usually disagreeable) warning
odour so gas leaks can be detected at concentrations below their lower flammability limit
Note 1 to entry: ISO/TR 16922 gives the specifications and guidelines for the methods to be used in the
odorization of natural gas under a safety point of view and specifies the principles for the odorization technique
(including handling and storage of odorants) and the control of odorization of natural gas.

[SOURCE: ISO 14532:2014, 2.8.1, modified — Note 1 to entry has been added.]
3.57
odorization
process of introducing odorant(s) into natural gas
3.58
odorizer
equipment used to introduce odorant into natural gas

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3.59
offloading
process of transferring LNG from the LNG tanker.
3.60
overpressure
condition under which the pressure exceeds the maximum allowable working pressure
3.61
pump unit
unit that transfers LNG and that consists of one or more pumps, including all associated piping and
equipment
3.62
refuelling connector
joined assembly of LNG fuelling nozzle and LNG refuelling receptacle
3.63
refuelling receptacle
<LNG> device connected to a vehicle or storage system, which receives the LNG fuelling nozzle and
permits safe transfer of fuel
Note 1 to entry: The receptacle consists as minimum of a receptacle body and a check valve mounted inside
the body.

[SOURCE: ISO 12617:2015, 3.9]

3.64
separation distance
minimum separation between a hazard source and an object, which is required to mitigate the effect of
a likely foreseeable incident and prevent a minor incident escalating into a larger incident
3.65
saturation pressure
pressure at which the liquid boils
Note 1 to entry: Saturation pressure is used as an expression of the thermal state of LNG. LNG of different
compositions will have a different temperature at the same saturation pressure.

3.66
test pressure
pt
pressure at which the installation or part of the installation is tested
Note 1 to entry: Different test pressures can be required for storage pressure vessels and other components.

3.67
thermal relief valve
relief valve that is installed to relieve excess pressure caused by vaporization of cryogenic liquid
trapped in an isolated section of a pipeline or other small components of the LNG fuelling station
3.68
trim heater
heat exchanger that heats the gas from the vaporizer to a temperature acceptable for the downstream
equipment
Note 1 to entry: Trim heater is typically an electric heater or hot water bath.

3.69
try cock
valve connected to a pipe, the inlet of which is at the position of the maximum fill level of the tank

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3.70
vaporizer
heat exchanger that vaporizes LNG and delivers it in the gaseous phase
3.71
vehicle tank
cryogenic tank mounted on a vehicle for the storage of LNG as a fuel for that vehicle
3.72
ventilation
movement of air and its replacement with fresh air due to the effects of wind, temperature gradients, or
mechanical means (for example fans or extractors)
3.73
venting
controlled release of natural gas to the atmosphere
3.74
vent stack
pipe that allows gas to be vented at a safe elevation and location
3.75
warm end drive
non-cryogenic part of a reciprocating LNG pump, comprising the pump drive part
3.76
water bath vaporizer
heat exchanger that vaporizes LNG using the heat from water that is warmed by the ambient air or an
external source of energy including water from natural sources (e.g. river, sea)
3.77
zone
hazardous area classified based upon the frequency of the occurrence and duration of an explosive gas
atmosphere
[SOURCE: IEC 60079-10-1:2015, 3.3.3, modified — “gas” has been added.]

4 Abbreviated terms

CNG compressed natural gas

DGS dry gas seal

ESD emergency shut-down

LCNG compressed natural gas, sourced from LNG

LEL lower explosive limit

LNG liquefied natural gas

MAWP maximum allowable working pressure

NGV natural gas vehicle

NPSH net positive suction head

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5 Risk management

5.1 Risk assessment

5.1.1 General

Risks shall be managed throughout the life cycle of the LNG fuelling station through the adoption of a
risk management policy and framework that systematically identifies, analyses and evaluates the risks
to personnel, the environment and equipment. The principles and guidelines of ISO 12100, ISO 31000 and
IEC 31010 shall be followed in developing a risk management policy and a risk management framework.
One or more of the risk assessment techniques described in IEC 31010 shall be used to conduct risk
assessments. Appropriate risk mitigation measures can then be identified and implemented to reduce
the risks to as low as reasonably practicable. Risk mitigation can be achieved through various measures
to reduction of the probability and/or the consequences of a risk scenario. Risk mitigation measures
may include one or more of the following:
— the use of inherently safe designs and technologies;
— the use of protective devices and systems;
— the adoption of specific operating and maintenance procedures;
— the use of personal protective equipment;
— the provision of information and training;
— the adoption of emergency planning and emergency procedures.

5.1.2 Protection against overpressure

[Link] Safety devices

[Link].1 The LNG fuelling station shall be equipped with safety devices that prevent overpressure in
all parts of the LNG fuelling station.

[Link].2 Safety devices shall

— be independent of other functions, and

— comply with the requirements of ISO 4126.

[Link] Auxiliary safety devices

Auxiliary safety devices shall include at least the following:

— automatic emergency isolation valves to isolate:
— the LNG storage tank content from the rest of the LNG fuelling station equipment;
— the CNG dispenser(s), as specified in ISO 16923;
— the LNG dispensers;
— one or more emergency stop buttons.

[Link] Protection against overpressurization of vehicle tank

The LNG dispensing system shall be equipped with at least one safety system to prevent
overpressurization of the vehicle tank.

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If the LNG dispensing system is capable of delivering LNG to the vehicle tank at a pressure that is higher
than the maximum allowable working pressure of the vehicle tank, the LNG dispensing system shall be
equipped with at least two independent safety systems to prevent overpressurization of the vehicle tank.
EXAMPLE 1 An automatic safety system, which interrupts the power supply to the pump.

EXAMPLE 2 A sufficiently-sized relief valve.

[Link] Maximum fuelling pressure of CNG

The maximum fuelling pressure of CNG shall be in accordance with ISO 16923.

5.1.3 Static electricity

Measures shall be taken to avoid electrostatic risk. Protection against static electricity shall be carried
out according to applicable standards.

5.2 Fire protection

5.2.1 Hazardous area classification

[Link] A hazardous area classification analysis according to IEC 60079-10-1 shall be undertaken for all
the locations in which an explosive gas atmosphere can be present in quantities such as to require special
precautions in relation to electrical and other sources of ignition. Annex A provides recommendations
for determining the size of hazardous areas for the major units of the LNG fuelling station.

[Link] Special attention shall be given to existing equipment such as high voltage cables and their
insulation and protection. Vaulted or underground installations shall be deemed to provide engineered
protection from overhead power lines.

[Link] If other combustible or hazardous liquids can encroach on any parts of the LNG fuelling station,
means shall be provided to protect those parts.

[Link] Fired equipment (flame heated equipment) shall be located outside hazardous areas.

[Link] The hazardous area shall not exceed the boundaries of the LNG fuelling station within the
separation distances as defined in Tables B.1 to B.3, unless a complementary risk assessment is carried out.

5.2.2 Sources of ignition

[Link] Sources of ignition are not permitted at

— the LNG offloading area while transfer of LNG is in progress, and

— the LNG dispensing area during fuelling of vehicles.

[Link] LNG fuelling facilities shall be free from rubbish, debris, and other material that present a
fire hazard.

[Link] Combustible materials shall not be stored or left uncontrolled in the hazardous areas of the
LNG fuelling station. Grass from unpaved areas shall be removed before it gets dry.

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5.2.3 Fire fighting

[Link] Fire-fighting equipment shall be available at the LNG fuelling station in accordance with
the requirements of the local fire prevention authority. Access routes for movement of fire-fighting
equipment to an LNG fuelling station shall be maintained at all times.

[Link] There shall be at least one dry powder fire extinguisher of suitable size near every dispenser.

[Link] Fire-fighting procedures approved by the local fire prevention authority shall be available at
the LNG fuelling station.

[Link] A simplified version of fire-fighting procedures shall be displayed at (a) suitable place(s) on the
site. Indication of the positions of ESD manual buttons should be included in the procedures.

5.3 Explosion protection measures

5.3.1 Explosion protection measures shall be taken in accordance with the applicable parts of
IEC 60079.

5.3.2 All electrical and non-electrical equipment and components used in hazardous areas shall
be designed and manufactured according to good engineering practice and shall conform with the
requirements categories for Group II, Class T1 equipment to ensure avoidance of any ignition source as
specified in IEC 60079.

5.3.3 Ignition in explosive atmospheres shall be prevented by the use of protection systems defined in
the applicable parts of IEC 60079 series where the applicable hazard zones are defined in IEC 60079-10-1.

5.3.4 Non-electrical equipment and components used in potentially explosive atmospheres shall
comply with the requirements of applicable standards (e.g. EN 13463-1).

6 General design requirements

6.1 General

6.1.1 Design philosophy

[Link] All equipment, components, pipework, fittings and materials shall be assembled in a manner
suitable for their intended use, for the full range of process conditions [pressures, fluids, temperatures,
and weather conditions (maximum and minimum ambient temperature, maximum wind, maximum
rainfall, maximum snowfall, etc.)] and loadings that can occur under normal and extreme conditions,
such as an earthquake. Equipment shall be installed and used in accordance with the manufacturer’s
instructions.

[Link] The design shall take into consideration the need to depressurize pressurized components
prior to removal for maintenance purposes. This can be achieved by the provision of valves and gauges to
validate that sections are depressurized before service interventions.

[Link] The LNG fuelling station shall be designed and constructed such that any maintenance or
servicing of the LNG fuelling station does not adversely affect the composition of LNG supplied from the
LNG fuelling station. In particular, moisture shall be prevented from entering the LNG equipment. If this
cannot be achieved, the equipment shall be dried prior to operation with LNG.

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[Link] Examples of general flow diagrams of the LNG, LCNG and combined LNG and LCNG fuelling
stations are presented in Annex C, Annex D, and Annex E, respectively.

6.1.2 Buildings and civil works

[Link] Consideration shall be given to local building regulations.

[Link] The LNG fuelling station shall be installed on adequate foundations. The design of foundations
shall follow applicable standards taking into account local geological, wind, precipitation and seismic
conditions.

[Link] The design of the buildings and civil works shall be such that any LNG released

— does not enter the surface water drainage system (e.g. canalization) or other underground
infrastructure (e.g. sewers, cable ducts or pipeworks),
— does not enter another installation where hazardous substances are stored or used,
— does not enter the access roads, and
— cannot accumulate under the LNG transfer point, the LNG tanker, the vehicle being fuelled with LNG.

[Link] The design of the surface of the working area shall take into consideration applicable loads,
drainage of rain water, removal of snow and drainage of LNG in the event of an accidental release. The
surface of the working area shall be constructed of non-combustible material.

[Link] Consideration shall be given to accessibility by fire fighters and their equipment.

[Link] Enclosures and canopies

[Link].1 It is common practice to install any cryogenic pump (centrifugal or reciprocating) or storage
facility in the open air. However, where this is unacceptable, for reasons of safety, security, noise, or
weather protection requirements, for example, consideration may be given to the use of an enclosure
with adequate ventilation.

[Link].2 Cryogenic pumps (centrifugal and/or reciprocating) and storage facilities, including their
ancillaries, may be housed in the same compartment.

[Link].3 The enclosure or canopy, intended to house or cover equipment that forms part of the LNG
and/or LCNG fuelling station shall not be used for any other purpose with the exception of an enclosure
or canopy used to cover the LNG and/or CNG dispensers.

[Link] Requirements on CNG part of LCNG fuelling station

The CNG part of the LCNG fuelling stations shall be in accordance with ISO 16923.

[Link] Fire wall

If a fire wall is constructed for the purpose of reducing the separation distances, it shall be of at least
one hour fire-resistant construction. The fire wall shall not restrict the access of fire fighters and their
equipment.

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6.1.3 Installation and construction

[Link] Materials

[Link].1 All materials used for the LNG fuelling station shall conform to the required specifications.
Documentation shall be provided by the material manufacturer affirming compliance with the
specification.

[Link].2 If light alloy materials are used for components that contain gas or LNG, appropriate measures
shall be taken to automatically isolate the component in the event of fire.

[Link].3 The manufacturer of the LNG fuelling station shall document the compliance with the design
and materials with the appropriate standards for the construction of pressurized parts.

[Link].4 The manufacturer shall select the materials taking into account that the materials shall:

a) have suitable properties for all operating conditions and for all test conditions. For cryogenic parts,
only materials suitable for cryogenic service shall be used. Reference can be made to ISO 21028-1
or other applicable standards;
b) avoid galvanic corrosion when the various materials are in direct contact.

[Link].5 Elastomeric material shall comply with an applicable code, e.g. EN 682.

[Link] Prerequisites for various elements of assembly

[Link].1 The design of the LNG fuelling station components shall take into account the range of
operating conditions and the conditions that the components can be exposed to during manufacturing,
assembly, installation and testing.

[Link].2 All components shall be protected against corrosion by the use of non-corrosive or low-
corrosive materials, and/or by means of suitable coating systems, such as painting, and/or by cathodic
protection, taking into account environmental conditions.

[Link] Permanent joints

[Link].1 Any joining of components shall only be performed by a competent person. In particular,
welded connections shall only be produced by a welder qualified in accordance with applicable standards.

[Link].2 Welding shall be performed in accordance with a procedure specified in ISO 15609-1 or
ISO 15609-2 taking into account any necessary heat treatment and traceability of materials.

[Link].3 Brazed connections shall be made with a brazing filler material having a melting point
exceeding 538 °C.

[Link].4 Permanent joints shall be subject to non-destructive tests carried out by qualified personnel,
e.g. in accordance with ISO 9712.

[Link] Traceability

A system shall be established to ensure traceability of materials, components and accessories used in
the installation.

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[Link] Quality manual

When the construction and installation of the LNG fuelling station is completed, a quality manual that
includes all records of the manufacturing and processes and the tests performed in accordance with
Clause 18 shall be compiled.

[Link] Installation of electrical equipment

The installation of electrical equipment shall comply with IEC 60079-14.

6.2 Site layout

6.2.1 Separation distances

Site location and internal layout shall comply with separation distances, as specified in the Annex B,
risk assessment and local regulations.

6.2.2 Traffic management

[Link] Consideration shall be given to the flow of vehicles on the LNG fuelling station premises.

[Link] The LNG fuelling station components shall be adequately protected against collision of vehicles,
for example, by using guard rails or steel poles filled with concrete, or by equivalent protection designed
to withstand the expected collision force. Special consideration shall be given to collision protection of
the LNG storage tank and the dispenser.

[Link] The entry and exit routes to the LNG offloading area should be unobstructed and provide easy
access for the LNG tanker, with a minimum of manoeuvring. In the event of an emergency, the LNG tanker
should be able to drive away in a forward direction.

[Link] Dispensers shall be positioned so that vehicles have adequate space for manoeuvring into and
out of the fuelling position.

6.2.3 Security

[Link] Adequate means of security shall be provided such that the safety of operation cannot be
affected by unauthorized access.

[Link] Wherever security fences or similar protection are used, at least two emergency exits, located
such that they provide easy exit from all parts of the area, shall be provided.

6.2.4 Requirements for location of equipment

[Link] Location of LNG containing equipment

LNG containing equipment should be located outdoors and in a naturally ventilated environment.
Such equipment may be placed under a canopy, or in a room or building provided attention is paid to
ventilation, gas detection and other precautions relevant to confined spaces.

[Link] Location of ambient air vaporizers

Ambient air vaporizers shall be located so that atmospheric air circulation around the vaporizer is not
restricted. Vaporizers should be separated from traffic areas so that fog, generated by cooling the air
around the vaporizer, does not impact the safety of vehicles and of people.

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[Link] CNG part of the LCNG fuelling station

CNG equipment that is part of the LCNG fuelling station shall be located so as to avoid exposure to
temperatures that are lower than the minimum design temperature of the equipment.

[Link] Location of electrical equipment

Electrical equipment and non-electrical equipment that is capable of producing an ignition source shall
be designed for use in hazardous areas, as determined by a hazardous area classification analysis, or
shall be located outside the hazardous areas.

[Link] Access

Safe means of access and sufficient space for inspection, maintenance and service shall be provided to
all equipment requiring maintenance or operator intervention.

6.3 Environmental considerations

6.3.1 Noise attenuation

Control of noise shall comply with local legislation and site requirements.

6.3.2 Prevention of venting of natural gas

[Link] The design and operation of the fuelling station shall minimize the venting of boil-off gas to the
atmosphere.

[Link] During normal operation, venting should be limited to minor releases of gas resulting, for
example, from disconnection of hoses.

[Link] Boil-off gas from other parts of the LNG fuelling station may be returned to the LNG storage
tank for accumulation and/or treated in other suitable ways.

[Link] In the case of emergency, venting of boil-off gas to the atmosphere is permitted provided that it
is vented in a safe manner to a safe location.
EXAMPLE Through a vent stack.

The secondary relief valve output may be headed directly to the atmosphere.

[Link] During maintenance, repairs, refurbishment and purging of equipment venting of natural gas to
the atmosphere should be minimized and the quantity and flowrate should be limited in order to prevent
the formation of an explosive atmosphere.

7 Fuel supply to the fuelling station

7.1 Application
This clause specifies the requirements for safe delivery of LNG from the LNG tanker to the LNG fuelling
station and protection against overpressurization and overfill of the LNG storage tank.

7.2 Equipment compatibility

The equipment of the LNG fuelling station shall be suitable for the LNG supplied.

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7.3 Filling connector

7.3.1 The filling receptacle shall be placed so that it is easily accessible by the driver of the LNG tanker
or other competent person for connection of the offloading hose without entering the containment.

7.3.2 The type of filling receptacle shall be compatible with the filling nozzle of the offloading hose of
the LNG tanker. Similar rules shall be applied in those cases where an offloading arm is used.

7.4 Requirements for filling

7.4.1 General requirements

[Link] At least one qualified person (usually the LNG tanker driver) shall be in continuous attendance
and shall have an unobstructed view of the LNG transfer point while offloading is in progress. This
person shall be able to monitor the level and pressure of the LNG storage tank and control the offloading
process.

[Link] The qualified person shall sanction the filling process either continuously or intermittently
at periods not exceeding three minutes (e.g. by holding or pushing a button). Failure to do so shall
automatically interrupt the filling process by stopping the transfer pump.

[Link] Venting of the LNG storage tank during filling shall only be done under emergency conditions
and in a manner acceptable to local authorities.

[Link] For the prevention of vapour displacement and for minimum pressure after filling, the LNG
storage tank should be filled from the top except when it is necessary to use combined top and bottom
filling in order to maintain a pressure in the LNG storage tank that is higher than the saturation pressure
of the delivered liquid.

[Link] When the LNG in the LNG storage tank after filling is saturated by the use of a saturation
vaporizer, the transfer pump shall automatically be stopped at a set pressure lower than the set pressure
of the relief valves of the LNG storage tank.

7.4.2 Prevention of overpressurization and overfilling

[Link] The maximum LNG pressure achievable at the LNG storage tank filling nozzle during filling
should be lower than the set pressure of the relief valve of the LNG storage tank.

[Link] Where it is not possible to meet this requirement, two independent high level trips shall be
provided for the LNG storage tank and the detection of high level shall automatically stop the transfer
pump and close the loading line valve(s).
NOTE For this purpose, the two independent systems of liquid level measurement according to [Link].2 can
be used, or additional liquid level systems may be added.

7.5 Prevention of back flow

Reversed flow in the filling line shall be prevented using a check valve in addition to the isolation valve.
Combined isolation valve with check function is acceptable.

7.6 Bleed connections

Bleed or vent connections shall be provided so that loading arms and hoses can be drained and
depressurized prior to disconnection if necessary. The connections shall relieve to the vent stack.

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7.7 Draining of liquid from the LNG storage tank

Provisions shall be made for transferring of the contents of the LNG storage tank to another vessel.

7.8 LNG tanker

7.8.1 Immobility

Prior to connection, the LNG tanker wheels shall be rendered immobile.

7.8.2 Anti-drive-away equipment

[Link] Anti-drive equipment helps to mitigate risk in the event that an LNG tanker moves (or attempts
to move) away from the LNG fuelling station during the product transfer operation and can be required
by some national standards or regulations. Primarily, it is intended to prevent movement of the vehicle
in relation to the LNG fuelling station; the opening of the LNG tanker valve cabinet door typically
triggers a pneumatic valve which activates the brakes of the vehicle. In some countries this is considered
insufficient, for instance under conditions where the road surface is icy and the LNG semitrailer can be
towed away in spite of activated brakes. In such situations, an interlock system between the LNG tanker
and the LNG fuelling station can be required, which automatically shuts the main liquid valve on the LNG
tanker when a cable connection between the LNG tanker and the LNG fuelling station is broken.

[Link] In cases where offloading from an LNG tanker not equipped with anti drive-away equipment
is permitted, a breakaway coupling element with check valves on both ends shall be installed at the LNG
fuelling station side of the LNG offloading hose.

7.8.3 Turning off the engine

[Link] The LNG tanker engine shall be turned off while the transfer hose or piping is being connected
or disconnected.

[Link] If required for LNG transfer, the engine shall be permitted to be started and used during the
liquid transfer operations.

7.8.4 Equalizing the potentials

Before connecting the transfer hose to the fill connector, the LNG tanker shall be grounded to the LNG
fuelling station grounding system.

8 Storage

8.1 LNG storage

8.1.1 Design and construction

[Link] General requirements

[Link].1 The LNG storage tank is a pressure vessel intended for operation at cryogenic temperatures.
As such, it shall comply with the applicable standards for cryogenic pressure-vessel storage tanks (e.g.
ISO 21009 series, EN 13458, ASME VIII Div.1).

[Link].2 The LNG storage tank shall operate safely in conditions of applicable climatic conditions
(wind, snowfall, etc.). It shall be designed for resistance to earthquake in the applicable earthquake

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zone without discharge of liquid. All its plumbing shall be from material, specified for usage at cryogenic
temperatures.

[Link].3 The vessel and its supports shall be designed in accordance with an appropriate standard or
code, which takes into account seismic and operating loads.

[Link].4 LNG storage tanks shall be of a double-walled construction, where the inner vessel which is
designed to hold the LNG is contained within the outer vessel. Annular space between the vessels shall
contain insulation and shall be evacuated of air to minimize heat transfer.

[Link] Identification

Each LNG storage tank shall be identified by the attachment of (a) nameplate(s) in an accessible location
marked with the information as required by the relevant codes or regulations and otherwise containing
the following as a minimum:
a) manufacturer name and date tank was built, serial number;
b) nominal volumetric liquid capacity;
c) design pressure at the top of the tank;
d) maximum permitted liquid density;
e) maximum filling level;
f) minimum design temperature.

[Link] Outer vessel

The outer vessel shall be of welded construction. The material shall have a melting point greater than
1 093 °C. Where vacuum insulation is used, the outer vessel shall be designed to the respective outer
pressure. Any portion of the outer vessel surface that could be exposed to LNG temperatures shall be
suitable for such temperatures or protected from the effects of such exposure. All penetrations of the
outer vessel shall be identified to ensure correct connection.

[Link] Inner vessel supports

The inner vessel supports shall be designed for shipping, seismic and operating loads in accordance
with applicable code (e.g. IBC code, EN 1998). The internal vessel support system shall be designed to
accommodate expansion and contraction of the inner vessel so that the resulting stresses imparted to
the inner and outer tanks are within allowable limits.

[Link] Saddles and legs

Saddles and legs shall be designed in accordance with recognized structural engineering practice,
taking into account shipping loads, erection loads, wind loads, and thermal loads. Supports shall be
protected to have a fire resistance at radiation of 15 kW/m2 of not less than one hour. If insulation is
used to achieve this requirement, it shall be resistant to dislodgment by fire hose streams.

[Link] Vent stack

The vent stack shall be designed to prevent entry of precipitation such as rain and snow. Drainage at
the bottom of the vent stack should be considered to allow removal of potentially trapped atmospheric
condensates. Additional LNG fuelling station vent lines to the LNG storage tank vent stack is permitted
provided that the gas from such lines is dry and that the stack can adequately handle the extra venting
capacity without compromising the operation of any interconnected relief devices due to excessive
backpressure. Detection of temperatures lower than ‒80 °C in the vent stack should trigger the LNG
fuelling station ESD.

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[Link] Pipework

All piping that is part of an LNG storage tank as delivered by the tank manufacturer, including piping
between the inner and outer vessels, shall be in accordance with applicable standards and codes with
respect to thermal and pressure loads. Thermal expansion and contraction and related stress shall be
considered and design measures taken accordingly. All piping and tubing shall be austenitic stainless
steel applicable to service at temperatures down to ‒196 °C. All piping and piping components shall
have a minimum melting point of 816 °C. Brazing filler metal shall have a minimum melting point
exceeding 538 °C.

[Link] Valves

Valves exposed to temperatures below ‒40 °C during operation or abnormal situation shall comply with
ISO 21011 or other applicable standards. Extended valves shall normally be used on cryogenic liquid
lines. The spindle shall be normally oriented upwards vertical or inclined. Bellows are not permitted
within the insulation space of the LNG storage tank. All valves including and up to the first welded ESD
valve shall be fire rated in compliance with ISO 10497 or equivalent.

[Link] Instrumentation

[Link].1 Pressure gauges

Each LNG storage tank shall be equipped with a pressure gauge that permanently indicates the pressure
in the tank above its maximum fill level.

[Link].2 Liquid level gauges

[Link].2.1 An LNG storage tank shall be fitted with two independently operated level measuring
systems. Each of the level measuring systems shall be capable of automatically stopping the offloading
pump and closing the valve through which LNG is supplied to the storage tank to prevent the LNG tank
exceeding the maximum permitted filling level.

[Link].2.2 Any try cock that opens to the atmosphere shall not be used for measurement, but it may be
used for level measurement equipment verification. For prevention of frequent venting natural gas to the
atmosphere, the try cock shall not be any routine tool used at every filling of the LNG storage tank.

8.1.2 Safety requirements

[Link] Overpressure

[Link].1 Maximum allowable working pressure

[Link].1.1 The maximum allowable working pressure of the LNG storage tank should be selected
such that is reasonably higher than the larger of
— the boiling pressure of LNG (saturation) at delivery, or
— the pressure to which LNG is saturated as required for operation
and still having a reasonable holding time that allows reasonably long non-venting operation so that
possible gas venting is limited to emergency situations only.

[Link].1.2 For guaranteed compliance, the maximum allowable working pressure of the LNG storage
tank should be at least 300 kPa higher than the maximum allowable working pressure of the tank of the
LNG tanker. Where such requirements cannot be fulfilled, fail-safe design measures and/or procedures
for checking the saturation of the delivered LNG or project design measures for maintaining excess flash
gas shall be applied.

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[Link].2 Primary pressure relief valves

[Link].2.1 The vessel shall be equipped with at least two relief valves (also “primary” relief valves),
connected to the top of the inner vessel, each of them sized according to [Link].4. The relief valves
shall comply with ISO 21013-1. Each pressure relief valve shall discharge to open atmosphere. Where
discharge of gas to the atmosphere is considered unsafe, the relief valve vent line shall be headed to a
vent stack, which enables safe discharge to atmosphere.

[Link].2.2 The set opening pressure of the primary relief valve shall be lower or equal to the maximum
allowable working pressure of the LNG storage tank. The LNG storage tank pressure shall not be higher
than 1,1 times the maximum allowable working pressure at relief valve maximum flowrate.

[Link].3 Secondary pressure relief valves

Secondary relief valves may be installed in parallel to primary relief valves. Their function is to open in
case the primary relief valve fails for any reason. Opening of any secondary relief valve should occur at
a pressure lower than the test pressure of the LNG storage tank.

[Link].4 Sizing of pressure relief valves

[Link].4.1 The sizing of relief valves shall be calculated using appropriate methods, with
consideration of the design of the inlet and outlet lines according to the largest of the following:
a) normal boil-off plus the largest of
— full flow through a pressure build-up or saturation vaporizer (continuous flow),
— maximum vapour inlet from subcooling of a pump (one of quantity of gas),
— maximum vapour inlet from recirculation through a pump (continuous flow), and
— maximum venting of a vehicle tank (one off quantity of gas);
b) fire and loss of vacuum in the insulation space according to the applicable standards (e.g.
ISO 21013-3);
c) other sources of gas or heat, in combination or alternatively to the aforementioned items a) to b).
[Link].4.2 The inlet and outlet piping of a relief valve including the vent stack shall be sized so that
relief valve seat chatter is prevented. The pressure drop of these pipelines shall be lower than 3 % of the
relief valve opening pressure at the maximum relief valve design capacity for prevention of chattering.

[Link].5 Rupture (bursting) discs

Rupture (bursting) discs are not recommended for the function of pressure relief device due to risk
created by large emissions of natural gas into the atmosphere.

[Link].6 Vacuum pressure relief devices

A pressure relief device shall be fitted to the outer jacket. The device shall be set to open at a pressure
which prevents collapse of the inner vessel and is not higher than 50 kPa. The discharge area of the
pressure relief device shall not be less than 0,34 mm2/l capacity of the inner vessel and in any case need
not exceed 5 000 mm2. Vacuum-jacketed equipment shall be equipped with instruments or connections
for checking the pressure in the annular space.

[Link].7 Depressurization

For decreasing the pressure in the LNG storage tank, a manual or automatic venting system shall be
provided (for example for venting into low pressure pipeline) unless the over pressurization of the LNG

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storage tank is prevented by other means (see 6.3.2). The pressure relief devices installed on the LNG
storage tank shall not be used for venting the boil-off gas as a routine way of operation.

[Link] Leaks and spillage

[Link].1 Leak detection

Consideration shall be given to the installation of leak-detection devices and means to control the
evaporation rate in the containment. The basin may be partitioned to reduce vaporization of LNG and
therefore gas emission into the atmosphere. Accidental leakage of LNG should be detected by low-
temperature sensing on the foundation. Low temperature sensors should be installed on the foundation
surface in areas nearest the most probable occurrence of LNG of the LNG fuelling station system. If the
containment is split into parts, low temperature sensor should be placed in every part, where LNG spill
is possible.

[Link].2 Containment

[Link].2.1 General design

LNG fuelling stations shall include a means of containing spilled LNG in order to reduce the consequences
of a spill. The parts of the LNG fuelling station that contain LNG shall either be located inside the
containment, or shall be located such that spilled LNG can be safely drained to the containment.
It is not necessary to provide containment for LNG spills from the LNG storage tank(s) and associated
equipment if it can be demonstrated that the consequences of LNG spills can be safely mitigated without
the use of containment.
It is not necessary to provide containment of LNG spills in areas where LNG is offloaded from the LNG
tanker and areas where LNG is dispensed to vehicles when these operations are carried out under the
continuous supervision of a qualified person.
Containment may be located around, or adjacent to, the LNG storage tank or may be located remotely
and connected to all areas where there is potential for an LNG spill by a safe drainage system. The
bottom of the containment can be under the surrounding terrain level, equal to it or above it.
The design of the containment shall be such that flammable fluids do not enter the surface water
drainage system (i.e. canalization) or other underground infrastructure like sewer, cables, waterworks.
For any location reachable by drained LNG, separation distances as specified from the LNG storage tank
according to Table B.2 shall apply.
When pipework is routed through the bund of a containment basin, a suitable seal shall be provided.

[Link].2.2 Size of the containment

The volume of the containment should be equal to the volume of the LNG storage tank installed in the
containment. Smaller volumes can be justified.
— In case of an installation consisting of multiple LNG storage tanks, the volume of the largest tank
only shall be considered for the sizing of the containment.
— In case where different parts of the equipment are placed in separate containments, the volume
of each containment shall be specified according to the volume of LNG, stored in the respective
containment including the volume of LNG, which can enter the respective containment in case of
accident.
— In case that the detection of LNG spillage is guaranteed with plant design and an automatic shutdown
of the main LNG storage tank valves is triggered automatically by the ESD system, the volume of
the containment can be limited to the maximum volume of liquid, that could be discharged during

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a 10-minute period from any single accidental leakage source or lesser time period based on
demonstrable surveillance and shutdown provisions acceptable to the authority having jurisdiction.
Containment areas, if provided to serve LNG transfer areas, shall have a minimum volumetric capacity
equal to the greatest volume of LNG that could be discharged into the area during a 10-minute period
from any single accidental leakage source or a lesser time period based on demonstrable surveillance
and shutdown provisions acceptable to the authority having jurisdiction.
Sizing of the containment shall take into consideration possible occurrence of rain water, snow, ice
or mud with respect to local conditions. Drainage of precipitated water shall be considered including
melting of snow or defrosting of the equipment. Rain or fire water, which could accumulate in the
containment, shall be removed by relevant means without transferring spilled LNG. The top level of the
bund shall not be so high as to prevent fire brigade intervention and excessive vapour confinement.

[Link] Isolation

[Link].1 Primary isolation

The LNG storage tank and its equipment shall be designed to avoid the complete loss of liquid in
accidental situations. Isolation valves shall be welded onto liquid pipes as close to the pressure vessel as
possible (or as close to the vacuum jacket as possible in the case of vacuum-insulated vessels).

[Link].2 Secondary isolation

Lines from the LNG storage tank that can release LNG to atmosphere shall have a secondary means of
isolation with the exception of the lines from the relief valves, the try cock, and the instrument lines. A
check valve or isolation check valve may be used as the secondary means of isolation on the filling line.

[Link].3 Liquid outlet isolation

An automatic emergency isolation valve shall be fitted to the LNG storage tank liquid outlet. Depending
on the size of the LNG storage tank, remote actuation of these valves triggered by ESD system shall be
provided. For any additional requirements, local norms and regulations shall be applied. Where these
do not exist, the requirements of [Link].5 should be applied.

[Link].4 Relief valve isolation

[Link].4.1 Suitable isolation valves shall be arranged to allow each relief valve to be isolated
individually for testing or maintenance whilst still maintaining the full capacity of the relief valve/valves
in any position of the closing valve system (e.g. a full-port-opening three-way valve).

[Link].4.2 After removing a relief valve, for instance for calibration or repair, it shall be immediately
replaced by an equivalent relief valve. The closing valve system shall be locked or sealed in order to
prevent unauthorized operation. Valves for depressurization of the inlet of each relief valve directly to
the atmosphere may be installed.

[Link].5 Emergency isolation

[Link].5.1 Emergency isolation valves shall be fail-safe. A normally-closed actuated isolation valve
triggered by the ESD system shall be fitted to the inlet of each dispenser.

[Link].5.2 The method of actuation of LNG emergency isolation valve of the LNG storage tank depends
on the capacity of the LNG storage tank as specified in Table 1.

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Table 1 — Actuation of LNG storage liquid isolation valves

Gross volume of LNG storage Actuation of the liquid emergency isolation valves
m3
up to 10 Safe manual operation in emergency.
10 to 120 Automatic isolation valve, before or after the first manual
shut-off valve, activated by a trip of the ESD system.
>120 Automatic isolation valve, with a position indicator,
before or after the first manual shut-off valve, activated
by a trip of the ESD system.

[Link] Inertization

The LNG storage tank shall be shipped filled with inert gas under a minimum internal pressure of 50 kPa.

8.1.3 Installation guidance

[Link] Foundations

[Link].1 LNG storage tank foundations shall be designed and constructed in accordance with
recognized structural and geotechnical engineering practices including provisions for seismic and wind
loading.

[Link].2 Where the LNG storage tank is installed in an area subject to flooding, the tank shall be
secured in a manner that will prevent release of LNG or floatation of the tank in the event of a flood.

[Link] Buried storage

[Link].1 Buried and underground LNG storage tanks shall be provided with means to prevent the 0 °C
isotherm from penetrating the soil. Where heating systems are used, they shall be installed such that any
heating element or temperature sensor used for control can be replaced.

[Link].2 All buried or mounded components in contact with the soil shall be constructed from material
resistant to soil corrosion or protected to minimize corrosion.

[Link].3 If the LNG storage tank is buried, the design shall account for loads exerted upon it due to
earth mass, underground water, and other dynamic or static loads from above-ground installation or
activities. A buried LNG storage tank shall be anchored to a sufficiently-sized foundation for prevention
of any lifting of the tank with buoyancy force.

[Link].4 Buried LNG storage tanks shall be equipped with access to all the tank equipment on the
outside of the outer vessel. The relief vent stack and the vacuum relief device vent shall be safely piped
to the aboveground area. The vacuum safety device vent stack cross section shall be twice as large as the
cross section of the vacuum relief device. Presence of insulation particles shall be taken into consideration
when designing the vacuum device vent stack.

[Link] Mobile storage

[Link].1 The mobile LNG storage tank shall be designed to meet the requirements of applicable codes
and standards for the carriage of cryogenic and dangerous goods, such as ISO 20421-1, ADR, DOT or
equivalent.

[Link].2 During service the mobile LNG storage tank shall not have a resistance higher than 1 MOhms
(MΩ) relative to ground.

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[Link].3 During service, the mobile tank shall be parked and unloaded from a dedicated location that
complies with the requirements of separation distances and explosion zones in accordance with this
document.

[Link].4 In situations where the mobile LNG storage tank is parked on a bogie, 7.8.1 and 7.8.2 apply.

[Link].5 The mobile LNG storage tank shall have a normally closed automatic shut-off valve in the
liquid outlet line located close to the outlet of the LNG storage tank. The valve shall close in the event of
an emergency or when triggered by operator by (a) device(s) installed on the unit. The automatic shut-
off valve shall also be linked to either the LNG fuelling station ESD system or its own autonomous ESD
system whereby a special risk analysis is required.

8.2 CNG buffer storage

8.2.1 CNG buffer storage shall comply with the requirements of ISO 16923.

8.2.2 CNG as vaporized from LNG does not contain moisture, oil or hydrocarbons heavier than
butane. Also, if the equipment was exposed to humid air, during repairs for example, the dry CNG will
bring the humidity out during operation. Consequently, neither corrosion nor accumulation of oil or
humidity can take place during operation. This can be taken into consideration when considering the
required frequency for maintenance and periodical inspections, subject to approval by authority having
jurisdiction.

8.2.3 CNG buffer storage shall be protected from exposure to temperatures lower than its minimum
design temperature. Failure of the vaporizing system to provide an adequately warm gas shall trigger the
shut-down of the high pressure cryogenic pump.

9 Pumps and compressors

9.1 Connection of LNG pumps to the LNG storage tank

9.1.1 General

Connection of pumps to LNG storage tanks should be done in accordance with the pump manufacturer’s
recommendations. The pipe connection should be designed with minimal pressure-losses and kept
well-insulated to prevent heat leak to the working fluid. Operating conditions should be taken into
account in order to prevent vapour-lock conditions from arising bubbles, leading to pump cavitation
and loss of prime due to local lowering of cryogenic liquid pressure just below its vapour pressure.

9.1.2 NPSH requirements

The efficient operation of the cryogenic pump is dependent from adequate NPSH. The NPSH available
(NPSHA) at the cryogenic pump inlet shall be higher or equal to the NPSH required (NPSHR) by the
pump. Further details on process requirements for the effective cryogenic pump operation can be
found in Annex F.

9.1.3 Vapour return

Any vapour, generated by cool down, operation and cold standby, from degassing line of the pump shall
be collected to the LNG storage tank or somewhere else to prevent venting to the atmosphere.

9.1.4 Protection against weather

Cryogenic pumps intended for outdoor installation shall be adequately protected against weather
conditions as recommended by the pump manufacturer to ensure safe and reliable operation.

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9.1.5 Accessibility

Components, integral parts and user controls that can require adjustment or replacement during
operation and maintenance shall be easily accessible.

9.2 LNG centrifugal pump (including ancillaries)

9.2.1 General provisions

[Link] A centrifugal pump shall be in compliance with ISO 24490. ISO 13709 shall be applied as far
as applicable. For sealless pumps, as far as not covered by these ISO standards, reference can be made to
API 685.

[Link] Consideration shall be given to the effects of the operation of the centrifugal cryogenic pump
with the cryogenic storage tank and installation involving the use of cryogenic liquid.

9.2.2 Liquid inlet to the centrifugal pump

The installation of the liquid inlet to the centrifugal pump shall be done in accordance with the
recommendations from the LNG storage tank and the cryogenic pump manufacturers. An example can
be found in Annex G.

9.2.3 Centrifugal pump design

[Link] A variety of centrifugal pump designs exist ranging from mechanical shaft seal designs to
sealless designs with submerged motors, canned motors, or magnetic couplings. For the different designs,
careful review of consequences of humidity frosting is needed and its avoidance can be required by the
manufacturer. Stand-by in cold conditions shall be included into the cryogenic pump design specification.
Recommendations on centrifugal pump design are given in Annex H.

[Link] The centrifugal cryogenic pump shall be designed for safe operation and should be capable of
intensive use, according to applicable standards to IEC 60079-10-1, IEC 60079-14, IEC 60079-17 and
IEC 60079-19.

[Link] The centrifugal pump consists typically of a volute or diffuser pump housing, shaft with
impeller(s) and inducer. The shaft is supported by adequate bearings. This assembly is usually called
“cold end”. The cold end is coupled to a drive assembly typically called “warm end drive” or to submerged
motor running in the pumped liquid and/or in the vapour space above the liquid level. The “warm end
drive” can be either an electric or hydraulic motor, often with speed increasing gearbox.

[Link] The required pump discharge pressure is achieved by a number of pump stages and by
pump speed. The pump design shall carefully assess the rotor axial thrust for the correct axial bearing
dimensioning.

[Link] The pump and drive design and the auxiliaries’ selection shall be suitable for the hazardous
area of installation.

[Link] Specific recommendations for centrifugal pumps design are included in Annex F.

9.2.4 Vibration

The centrifugal pump rotating components shall be adequately balanced [pump shaft, impeller(s),
motor rotor, coupling] to eliminate pump and system vibration. Adequate supports or mounting shall
be provided to minimize the transmission of the mechanical vibration to the structure.

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9.2.5 Detection of shaft seal leak

Instrumentation shall be provided to stop the pump and isolate the supply of LNG to the pump upon
detection of seal leakage (e.g. seal body temperature sensor). This is not required for submerged pumps.

9.2.6 Detection of cavitation

Instrumentation shall ensure the pump is stopped upon detection of cavitation.

9.3 LNG reciprocating pump for LCNG fuelling stations (including ancillaries)

9.3.1 General provisions

[Link] A reciprocating pump shall be in compliance with ISO 24490.

[Link] Consideration shall be given to the effects of the operation of the reciprocating cryogenic pump
on the installation with the cryogenic storage tank and installation involving the use of cryogenic liquid.

9.3.2 Liquid supplied to the reciprocating pump

The installation of the liquid supply pipeline to the reciprocating pump shall be done in accordance with
the recommendations from the LNG storage tank and the cryogenic pump manufacturers. An example
of a typical installation can be found in Annex I.

9.3.3 Design

[Link] The reciprocating cryogenic pump shall be designed for safe operation and should be capable
of intensive use. A typical design consists of a cold end and of a warm end drive.

[Link] The cold end consists of vacuum jacketed cylinder, reciprocating piston, with adequate piston
rings, piston shaft with adequate seals, suction and discharge valve assemblies, filter as well as specific
provision for vapour venting. The warm-end drive includes mainly a motor, mechanical transmission and
supporting parts.

9.3.4 Vibration

The reciprocating pump shall be provided with adequate means of balancing (crank shaft counterweight,
flywheel, and multiple cylinders), support or mounting to minimize the transmission of mechanical
vibration to the structure.

9.3.5 Pulsation

The reciprocating pump shall be provided with a suitable device which protects the system from
unacceptable pressure pulsations. This is typically an upwards blind volume (pulsation dampener,
buffer) at the pump outlet, which under normal operation contains a portion of liquid and a gas cushion
above the liquid level. Pressure changes are partially compensated by compression of the gas.

9.4 Commonalities for LNG centrifugal and reciprocating pumps

9.4.1 Suction line

[Link] A normally closed valve shall be fitted to isolate the LNG supply to the pump whilst the pump is
off-line or in long standby.

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[Link] A suitable filter shall be provided in the inlet of the cryogenic pump to prevent solid particles
from causing damage to the pump components.

[Link] The connections to the LNG storage tank shall be designed to absorb the piping stresses
resulting from temperature changes.

9.4.2 Instrumentation

[Link] The system instrumentation and accessories required for safe operation of pumps include the
following:

— cooling down sensor to ensure the pump is ready to start;

— high pressure venting cryogenic valve (manual or/and automatic), when required by the design of
the pump. Possible venting shall be maintained with respect to the requirements of 6.3.2;
— emergency stop button (may be integrated with the ESD system of the LNG fuelling station).

[Link] Additional equipment may be supplied in accordance with the processes and risks analysis
made on the complete fuelling system.

[Link] Pumps shall shut down safely in the event of loss of energy supply.

9.4.3 Markings of a pump

A cryogenic pump shall be marked by the manufacturer. It shall carry the following markings in a
durable, legible manner on a firmly attached plate:
— identification of the manufacturer and, where appropriate, identification of his authorized
representative;
— the year of manufacture;
— unique identification of the pump such as type, series or batch identification and/or serial number;
— essential process data such as design pressure and temperature, rated power in kW (kilowatts) and
supply voltage in V (Volts);
— warning or special conditions for safe use.

9.4.4 Instructions

[Link] The manufacturer of the pump shall be required to provide comprehensive operating
instructions. The operating instructions shall be in a language, or languages, understood by the
operator(s) as well as any language prescribed by local regulations.

[Link] The texts shall be simple, appropriate, complete and suitable for the personnel in charge of
the pump.

[Link] The documentation delivered with the pump shall reflect its complexity and as minimum
contain the following information:

— procedures for safe operation, including warnings concerning known hazardous practices,
undesignated use and residual risks;
— procedures for maintenance and servicing;
— a list of parts required for service.

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[Link] Examples of content required for a cryogenic pump operation manual are provided in Annex J.

[Link] The operating instructions shall be readily available to the operator(s) at all times.

9.5 Natural gas compressor

If a natural gas compressor is used at the LNG or LCNG fuelling station (e.g. for compression of boil-off
gas), the requirements of ISO 16923 apply. Specific requirements related to LNG technology at the LNG
or LCNG fuelling station can include, for example:
— prevention of low temperature at the compressor inlet;
— accidental exposure of the compressor assembly to low temperature or spilled LNG.

10 Dispensers

10.1 LNG dispensers

10.1.1 General requirements

[Link] LNG delivered to the vehicle

[Link].1 The maximum size of particulates in the LNG supplied to the vehicle shall be 150 microns
unless otherwise specified by the manufacturer of the dispenser.

[Link].2 The pressure of LNG at the nozzle shall be lower than the maximum allowable working
pressure of the vehicle tank. Consideration shall be given to the effects of the pressure changes in the
LNG storage on the cryogenic pump discharge pressure, as well as to the characteristics of the cryogenic
pump and the maximum pressure it can deliver.

[Link].3 The maximum allowable volume of liquid of the vehicle tank shall not be exceeded.

[Link].4 The temperature of the LNG delivered to the vehicle shall be compatible with the LNG system
specifications for the vehicle.
NOTE Typically, the saturation pressure is used as a measure of the LNG temperature.

[Link].5 The quantity of LNG supplied to the vehicle may be determined by measuring either mass or
volume and applying the density of the LNG at the dispenser.

[Link].6 The LNG dispenser may be operated in several modes, which include the following:

a) manually or automatic;
b) metered or un-metered;
c) assisted or self-service.

[Link].7 LNG may be delivered through a dispenser to a vehicle tank either directly from an onsite
LNG storage tank or by using a cryogenic pump.

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[Link] Dispenser functions

The dispenser shall be capable of performing the following functions:

a) safe delivery of LNG from the dispenser to the vehicle tank;
b) limited leakage from the nozzle of the dispenser hose and the vehicle receptacle to the residual gas
that is released from the interspace between the nozzle and receptacle upon disconnection of the
dispenser hose after fuelling;
c) safe handling of the LNG that remains in the fuelling hose after the fuelling is finished by returning
it, together with any vapour produced from it, back to the LNG fuelling station storage;
d) recovery of vapour from the vehicle tank when double hose fuelling is used or when the vehicle
presents for refuelling with excessive pressure in the vehicle tank;
e) optionally, measurement of the quantity of LNG dispensed:
— for non-commercial dispensing, it may be conducted without a certified metering system;
— for commercial transactions, certification of the dispenser by the national authority or other
regulatory body (such as MID certification) is typically required;

[Link] Hazardous areas

The dispenser location shall comply with the requirements for the hazardous area in which the
dispenser is placed.
LNG dispenser may be located closely to other fuel dispensers provided hazardous area requirement
are complied with.

[Link] LNG dispenser components

The dispenser is typically equipped with the following components:

— nozzle(s) for fuelling LNG with or without vapour return/recovery;
— hose(s) for fuelling LNG with or without vapour return/recovery;
— hose(s) for vapour recovery when not integrated with the fuelling hose;
— dummy receptacle or parking dock for the nozzle when the fuelling hose is not in use;
— breakaway device(s), which may be an integral part of the hose assembly;
— system for safe stowage of the hose(s) when not in use;
— flow meter(s);
— optional LNG vessel to contain the flow meter;
— temperature and pressure sensors and transmitters;
— electronic evaluation unit, which may communicate with a payment terminal;
— monitor displaying quantity, price, etc.;
— pipe work and control valves, including thermal and pressure relief valves;
— electrical and pneumatic power supply;
— housing;
— start and stop buttons;

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— emergency stop button, which can also be used as start-stop button;

— dead man’s button or handle according to [Link].

10.1.2 Breakaway system

[Link] The breakaway system shall break the connection of the hose to the dispenser at a defined
place in case of excessive force. It shall seal each of the separated parts so that spillage of LNG from any
of both the sides is prevented. For this purpose, check valves shall be installed at each of the separated
parts. Where required by local regulations, two check valves in series shall be used.

[Link] The disconnection force (the axial force in the fuelling hose) of the breakaway device shall, in
any direction, be

— less than 850 N for high flow refuelling connectors according to ISO 12617,
— less than 500 N for smaller refuelling connectors,
— less than 70 % of the allowed extension force of the fuelling hose, and
— less than 80 % of the allowed force in the hose with respect to the maximum allowed load of
the refuelling connector without leak or damage as defined in ISO 12617 or elsewhere for other
refuelling connectors.

10.1.3 Fuelling hoses

[Link] Fuelling hose assembly

[Link].1 The fuelling hose assembly shall consist of

— the fuelling nozzle according to 10.1.4,

— the hose,
— a breakaway system according to 10.1.2, if not part of the dispenser, and
— a connection to the dispenser.

[Link].2 The length of the fuelling hose assembly shall be the minimum required for easy fuelling, but
shall not be longer than 5 m.

[Link].3 The electrical resistance of the fuelling hose assembly shall be in accordance with [Link].

[Link] Hose properties

[Link].1 The fuelling hose shall comply with ISO 21012. The fuelling hose shall be

— suitable for LNG and designed to reduce and/or avoid the risk of cryogenic frostbite,
— suitable for the pressure duty,
— resistant to corrosion and mechanical damage, protected by stainless steel wire-braiding or an
equivalent design, and
— adequately supported or coated to prevent kinking and abrasion, if thermoplastic/composite hoses
are used.

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[Link].2 When the requirements [Link] are considered, the electrical resistance of the hose relates
to the whole hose assembly.

[Link] Marking

Marking shall be done in accordance with ISO 21012.

[Link] Strength

The hose connections shall withstand the hose’s burst pressure.

[Link] Venting

The hose design and installation shall include provisions for returning of the liquid remaining in
the fuelling hose after fuelling and the associated vapour back to the LNG storage. Heat leak rate,
pressurization and hydrostatic head aspects of such a system shall be taken into account.

10.1.4 Fuelling nozzles

[Link] Connection

The fuelling nozzle shall be designed such that LNG can only be transferred when the nozzle is correctly
connected to the receptacle of the vehicle tank.
NOTE Connectors in accordance with ISO 12617 meet this requirement.

[Link] Prevention of frosting of the nozzle mating surface

To prevent frosting of the cold parts of the nozzle and subsequent ingress of moisture/humidity/ice
crystals into the vehicle fuel system, adequate measures shall be applied in the design and operation
requirements. These can include the following.
— Cleaning the nozzle by dry air or nitrogen and subsequent connection of the nozzle to a cleaned
receptacle counterpart whilst preventing ingress of ambient air. This method results in shorter
lifespan of the sealing due to double frequency usage.
— Placing the nozzle into a dock, which is purged continuously with dry air or nitrogen. Docks that
accept nozzles freely in the unconnected position can help to increase the lifespan of the nozzle seal.
To enable the defrosting of the nozzle, the docking station may be heated, but the effect of thermal
cycling shall be taken into consideration. The docking station may be integrated with piping cool
down system.
— Any other similarly adequate measure.

10.1.5 Dispenser enclosure

[Link] The design of the dispenser enclosure shall prevent excessive frosting in areas where human
contact can normally occur on the dispenser box.

[Link] The dispenser shall preferably be located in the open air or in a well-ventilated position, but
under certain conditions, it may be located within a room or building, provided it is subjected to a risk
assessment in accordance with 5.1.

[Link] The hose shall be replaced before the expiry date, specified by the manufacturer.

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10.1.6 Other requirements

[Link] Protection against collision

The dispenser shall be protected against vehicle collision. Protection against the spillage of LNG in the
event that the dispenser is damaged by external force shall be provided.

[Link] Attendance during fuelling

The dispenser shall be equipped with a button or handle (or similar hand operated element), such
that the fuelling will only begin and continue, when this button or handle is manually operated either
continuously or intermittently in short intervals of not more than 60 s.

[Link] Flowmeter

Diversion of the metered flow to anywhere other than to the vehicle tank shall be prevented.

[Link] Vapour recovery

[Link].1 The dispenser shall be equipped with a hose and a nozzle to recover the overpressure gas in
the vehicle tank. In the case of double-hose fuelling, the hose shall be used for continuous withdrawal
of vapour during the refuelling process. In the case of single-hose fuelling, the hose shall be used before
vehicle fuelling commences when in situations where the vehicle presents for refuelling with a pressure
in the vehicle tank that is too high to permit effective fuelling.

[Link].2 The hose shall be in accordance with 10.1.3 and the nozzle shall be in accordance with 10.1.4.

[Link].3 Hoses and nozzles smaller than those used for refuelling are typically used.

[Link] Inspections

[Link].1 Inspection of the LNG dispenser shall be in accordance with the applicable requirements for
pressure equipment.

[Link].2 Inspection of the flowmeter shall be in accordance with the requirements of the weights and
measures authority.

[Link].3 Hose assemblies shall be inspected in accordance with the manufacturer’s recommended
procedures at the intervals specified by the manufacturer and taking into account the frequency of
fuelling. Visual inspection shall be carried out

— by the LNG fuelling station operator at least once a week, and

— by a trained and suitably qualified technician at least once every three months.

10.2 CNG dispensers

10.2.1 Gas delivered to the CNG dispenser and to CNG vehicles shall comply with ISO 16923, which
defines the fuelling pressure and limits the minimum temperature to ‒40 °C.

10.2.2 For the purpose of this document, the CNG dispenser is used for dispensing CNG from vaporized
LNG. The CNG dispenser shall be in accordance with ISO 16923.

10.2.3 Requirements on the isolation of gas inlet to the CNG dispenser are described in ISO 16923.

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NOTE 1 CNG vaporized from LNG has no moisture, oil or hydrocarbons heavier than butane. Thus, corrosion
or accumulation of oil in CNG buffer storage vessels, dispensers and associated equipment are not of concern in
an LCNG fuelling station.

NOTE 2 If humid air enters the CNG system during maintenance, subsequent fills of dry CNG would absorb the
moisture.

NOTE 3 Since the CNG does not contain oil, it does not provide any lubrication of the dispenser components or
of the vehicle onboard equipment (e.g. regulator, injection equipment).

11 Vaporizers and heaters

11.1 Application

11.1.1 The purpose of the vaporizer is to convert the LNG from liquid to gaseous state. The purpose of
the heater is to increase the temperature of the gas. The function of vaporizers and heaters can overlap
in various operation regimes and application in the LNG fuelling station. This clause describes typical
application, but other process systems can require other functions.

11.1.2 Vaporizer and heaters are used in LNG fuelling stations for the following functions.

— The primary vaporization for conversion of LNG to vapour/gas. In an LCNG fuelling station, the
LNG from the high-pressure cryogenic pump flows through the vaporizer, where it is vaporized and
warmed by the heat received from ambient air, warm water, electricity or any other suitable source
of heat.
— A secondary heating system, commonly installed after the primary vaporizer. This heater is
designed to assist defrosting and/or to increase the outlet temperature to be compatible with the
design temperature of the downstream equipment.
— A pressure-build-up vaporizer for vaporizing LNG, withdrawn from the LNG storage tank and
returning it to the same LNG storage tank in order to increase the pressure in the tank.
— A saturation vaporizer to heat up or vaporize LNG in order to increase the temperature of the LNG
in the LNG storage tank.

11.2 Design of vaporizers and heaters

11.2.1 If vaporizers and heaters are classified as pressure vessels or pipes liable to applicable legislation,
appropriate design codes shall be applied.

11.2.2 Thermal strength and expansion/contraction load cases of components of the vaporizer shall be
considered for the design.

11.2.3 The design pressure of vaporizers and heaters shall exceed the maximum possible pressure
achievable during operation of the LNG fuelling station, taking into account the maximum allowable
working pressure of the LNG storage tank, the hydrostatic head of the LNG when the tank is full, the
pressure head of the LNG pump and all other possible sources of pressure and their combinations.

11.2.4 The design pressure of the pressure-build-up vaporizer shall be higher than the LNG storage
tank design pressure plus the hydrostatic pressure caused by the LNG in the LNG storage tank, so that
overpressurization cannot cause the pressure-build-up vaporizer relief valve to open even when the LNG
storage tank relief valve is fully open.

11.2.5 The design temperature of the vaporizer shall be ‒162 °C, excepting that, when it is intended to
test the vaporizer with liquid nitrogen, the design temperature shall be ‒196 °C.

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11.2.6 The vaporizer shall be anchored and connecting piping shall be sufficiently flexible to provide for
expansion and contraction due to temperature change.

11.2.7 The vaporizer shall be designed to withstand the loads created by wind, earthquake and frost
and snow accumulation.

11.2.8 The vaporizer relief valve shall be sized to 150 % of the vaporizer’s maximum capacity, as
specified by the manufacturer for the projected operating conditions. This contingency is needed to cover
situations where the vaporizer is operating without any frosting and hence a high vaporization capacity.

11.2.9 For vaporizers used at LCNG fuelling stations, a low temperature sensor or other accepted means
shall be installed in the vaporizer or group of vaporizers to prevent LNG or cold natural gas entering the
CNG containers and other equipment not designed for cryogenic temperature.

11.3 Ambient air vaporizer

11.3.1 General

The ambient air vaporizer is a heat exchanger for the vaporization and/or heating of LNG with the
heat of the ambient air. The design pressure shall be specified with respect to the maximum possible
pressure achievable during operation of the LNG fuelling station.

11.3.2 Defrosting

[Link] A single vaporizer can be utilised when its operation is intermittent and the periods of non-
operation are sufficient for melting and/or sublimation of frost and ice under the local climatic conditions.

[Link] When defrosting cannot be achieved during periods of non-operation, two or more vaporizers
shall be installed and shall be switched in and out of operation to allow melting and/or sublimation of
frost and ice.

[Link] Under extreme climatic conditions vaporizer and/or high load, switching of vaporizers may
not provide sufficient defrosting. In this case, the frost and ice shall be removed using an external source
of heat (hot air, hot water or steam). The removal of frost and ice by mechanical means shall not be
permitted as it could cause damage to the vaporizer.

11.3.3 Aluminium vaporizers

If aluminium heat exchangers are used, one of the following requirements shall be met.
a) They shall have continuous core pipes of stainless steel to maintain the vaporizing circuit structural
integrity during fire.
b) The liquid inlet line shall be equipped with an ESD valve that closes in the event of fire and gas
detection.

11.4 Electric vaporizer/heater

11.4.1 For an LCNG fuelling station an electric trim heater may be used to warm the gas leaving the
vaporizer, or vaporizers, to a temperature compatible with the design temperature of the downstream
equipment. The minimum requirements are as follows.

— The trim heater should be intended for use with natural gas.
— The electrical components and installation in the hazardous area shall be in accordance with
Clause 14.

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— The electric heater shall have protection against overheating.

— A temperature-limit monitoring, both high and low, shall be installed downstream of the trim heater.

11.4.2 The heating capacity shall be taken into account in the calculation for the pressure relief device.

11.5 Water bath vaporizer

11.5.1 The water bath vaporizer typically consists of tubes for the LNG and a shell for warm water or a
mixture of water with an antifreeze component such as glycol. Appropriate calculation methods shall be
used for prevention of ice blockage, with sufficient reserve for irregular distribution of flow in the heat
exchange space.

11.5.2 The relief valves shall be located such that they are not subjected to temperatures exceeding their
maximum allowable operational temperature.

11.5.3 Every water bath vaporizer shall be provided with a local and remote device to shut off the
heat source.

11.6 Fired vaporizers

11.6.1 The water bath of fired vaporizers can be heated directly by immersed burners or indirectly by
one or more flame tubes.

11.6.2 Vaporizers using combustion of gas or other fuel for LNG vaporization shall be located outside
hazardous areas.

11.6.3 The combustion air required for the operation of integral heated vaporizers or the primary heat
source for remote heated vaporizers shall be taken from an area outside hazardous areas.

11.7 Remotely heated vaporizers

Remotely heated vaporizers use circulating warm water, which is heated by remote external boiler,
waste-heat water or non-heated water from natural sources (e.g. river or sea). Shut-off valves shall be
installed at the water inlet and outlet to the vaporizer.

12 Odorization

12.1 General requirements

12.1.1 LNG is not odorized. If odorized CNG is required, an odorizer shall be installed.

12.1.2 The odorization point shall be located downstream of the vaporization train and as close as
practically possible to it.

12.1.3 The level of odorization is defined in ISO 16923.

12.1.4 There shall be a method of monitoring odorization of the natural gas (see 12.4).

12.1.5 If non-odorized CNG is to be delivered, the requirements of ISO 16923 shall be followed.

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12.2 High-pressure odorizer

12.2.1 The high pressure odorizer doses odorant into the stream of the vaporized high-pressure gas
leaving the high pressure vaporizer in a quantity suitable for achieving the criteria for odorized CNG. A
high pressure odorizer consists of a fixed or exchangeable odorant container, a high pressure pump and
an injector. The pump may be a small positive displacement pump and may be driven pneumatically or
electrically.

12.2.2 The strokes of the pump shall be corresponding and calibrated to suit the flowrate of the natural
gas, which in practical terms is the same as the flow of LNG through the high-pressure cryogenic pump.
There may be a flow detector or other equipment for monitoring the consumption of odorant and a level
indicator for the odorant container. An example flow diagram of a high-pressure odorizer is given in
Annex K.

12.3 Safety
The key safety aspects of design, installation and operation of the odorizer are as follows.
— If the odorant is flammable, venting shall be done in a safe location.
— The odorizer normally creates a hazardous area.
— If the odorizer is located in a hazardous area, its electrical equipment shall be designed in accordance
with Clause 14.
— Venting shall not take place indoors or in any place where it could impact the health of persons in
the vicinity.
— Odorizer shall preferably be located in a well-ventilated location.
— Odorizer shall be able to withstand at least the maximum pressure of the gas pipeline.
— If there is a valve upstream of the injection point, the equipment upstream of that valve shall be able
to withstand the maximum odorant pump pressure or a pressure relief valve shall be installed.
— A non-return valve is recommended on the odorant pump outlet.
— Very small amount of leaking odorant yields a strong smell.
— Other requirements shall be applied as appropriate for the type of odorant being used.

12.4 Monitoring

12.4.1 Monitoring of the odorization of the natural gas is necessary. This can be done for example by

— a flow detector on the odorant delivery pipe, and

— regular manual checks at a point downstream of the odorizer, carried out at suitable intervals
determined by the conditions at each fuelling station.
If a flow detector is installed, manual checking is still recommended, but the frequency of the checks
can be reduced.

12.4.2 Monitoring of the odorant level is necessary, to prevent operation without odorization and/or
complete shutdown of the LNG fuelling station. This can be done for example by

— a level switch that provides a signal long before odorant runs out, and
— regular manual checking of odorant level at suitable intervals.

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12.4.3 LCNG fuelling stations dispensing odorized CNG shall have safety measures in place to completely
shut down the CNG dispensing systems automatically if the odorant supply is inadequate.

12.4.4 The level of odour shall be as specified by applicable standards.

12.5 Odorant
Operational and environmental issues shall be addressed when selecting the type and content of
odorant. Odorized gas tends to be sulphuric in nature and therefore can be hazardous to the health.

12.6 Dynamics of function

Odorizer function shall be synchronized with periodical operation of the LCNG high-pressure pump.
Typically, high-pressure pump delivers odorant in individual doses, which contaminate the lubrication
element and downstream pipes and equipment. This equalizes concentration of the odorant in the gas.
Setting of parameters of odorization process shall be validated for the type of the LCNG fuelling station.

13 Pipework

13.1 General

13.1.1 Valves in natural gas service shall comply with ISO 21011.

13.1.2 Pipework and fittings shall be firmly and securely fixed to prevent disconnection in normal
operation. Components installed on foundations that can move independently from one another, shall be
connected by flexible connections.

13.1.3 Thermal expansion and contraction shall be taken into account in the design of pipes exposed to
cryogenic temperature.

13.1.4 Thermal relief valves shall be installed at any section of the fuelling system where pressure could
develop due to the vaporization of cryogenic liquid that is trapped in that section, for example between
valves or other closing elements.

13.1.5 The discharge port of the thermal relief valves shall be oriented so as to minimize the risk to
personnel and equipment. In general the discharge port shall be connected to a vent stack.

13.1.6 Drains and vents shall be provided to facilitate the safe and controlled release of LNG or natural
gas when there is no alternative means of handling them. Precautions shall be taken to minimize the
risks created by the release of liquid and gas to personnel and equipment including the risk of frostbite
from contact with cryogenic liquid or non-insulated pipes.

13.1.7 Vent lines for wet streams shall not be connected to vent systems and vent stacks for dry
cryogenic gas streams.

13.2 Pipework design

13.2.1 General

[Link] Pipework shall comply with the applicable standards (e.g. EN 13480). The number of
detachable joints (such as flanged joints, threaded joints or similar) shall be kept to a minimum.

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[Link] Pipework shall be located in a position, where it cannot be damaged by moving vehicles, or
suitable protection shall be provided.

[Link] Welded joints on pipeworks shall be made by welders qualified by national authorities to
ISO 9606-1 with procedures in accordance with ISO 15609 or other equivalent standards.

13.2.2 Overground pipework

[Link] All aboveground pipework shall be constructed of appropriate corrosion protected or corrosion
resistant pipes.

[Link] Where overhead pipework crosses any vehicle access way, it shall be positioned and protected
to avoid damage from high vehicles.

[Link] Aboveground pipework shall be inspected on a regular basis according to local regulations.

13.2.3 Underground pipework

[Link] All underground pipework joints shall be welded and the pipework shall be constructed of
appropriate material.

[Link] Underground LNG pipework shall be in ducts or pipe sleeves, unless they are specifically
designed and approved to be buried.

[Link] Underground pipework shall be inspected on a regular basis.

[Link] All underground pipework shall be protected against corrosion and mechanical damage.
Stainless steel pipework, if buried, shall be buried in sand.

[Link] Where the piping is cathodically protected or when other considerations call for it, insulated
connections shall be fitted to electrically isolate fuelling devices from gas pipework.

[Link] Insulated connections installed aboveground in hazardous areas should be provided with
adequate distances to avoid sparking.

[Link] When insulated connections are installed outdoors, the section of underground piping,
including the insulation joint(s), shall be externally wrapped.

[Link] The as-built positioning and route of all underground pipework shall be recorded in the
instructions that are passed to the LNG fuelling station operating company.

13.2.4 Pipework in ducts

[Link] Pipework may be installed in underground ducts provided the ventilation and drainage is
adequate to prevent the formation of an explosive mixture.

[Link] The construction and quality of the pipework in ducts shall be the same as for the aboveground
pipework.

[Link] LNG pipework in ducts shall be constructed of stainless steel vacuum insulated pipe having the
outer shell also of stainless steel. All joints shall be welded.

[Link] The ducts shall be protected against accumulation of snow and water.

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[Link] The ducts shall be sized to bear the loads from the aboveground traffic.

[Link] The ducts shall allow easy access for visual inspection of the pipework.

13.2.5 Flexible connections

Flexible connections shall be suitable for the intended duty and shall be compatible with requirements
of [Link].

14 Electrical equipment and wiring

14.1 General

14.1.1 Where electrical equipment and wiring are placed in a hazardous area, their design, selection
and installation shall follow IEC 60204-1, IEC 60079-14 and other relevant parts of IEC 60079.

14.1.2 Where measures to limit the overloading of cables and electrical equipment in the event of
lightning are required, they shall be in accordance with IEC 62305.

14.2 Main considerations

14.2.1 Grounding

For equalization of electrical potentials, all metallic structures shall be electrically bonded to a common
earth according to IEC 60204-1.

14.2.2 Lightning

[Link] Facilities shall be protected against lightning. Major items of equipment such as vessels and tall
equipment such as vent stacks shall be grounded directly to the earth point and not rely upon the piping
conductivity as outlined in 14.2.1.

[Link] Measures for protection against lightning shall be considered to limit the overloading of cables
and electrical equipment.

14.2.3 Contact with live parts

[Link] Electrical housings and enclosures shall conform to IEC 60204-1.

[Link] Live parts shall be protected or located or guarded such that unintentional contact is not
possible.

[Link] In normal operation, all live parts shall conform to IEC 60204-1.

[Link] Live parts such as terminals or electronics that can be accidentally contacted during live service
shall be shielded by a removable cover with a caution notice attached.

14.2.4 Cables

[Link] All power cables and all cables in a hazardous areas shall meet the relevant parts of IEC 60079.

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[Link] To prevent gas migration between hazardous areas having different zone classifications, cables
shall be sealed in accordance with IEC 60079.
NOTE The interstitial space in multi-core electrical cables is a potential gas conduit where a pressure
differential can exist. Where cables run through hazardous areas having different zone classifications, this can
invalidate the safety concepts employed.

14.2.5 Static electricity

[Link] During fuelling

[Link].1 Protection against static electricity is required when fuelling vehicles in order to prevent
discharges between the fuelling nozzle and the vehicle.

[Link].2 The materials used shall be such that the resistance between the fuelling nozzle and earth is
less than 1 MOhms (MΩ). If this cannot be achieved, additional grounding is required.

[Link] During offloading

Protection against static electricity with grounding is required when LNG tanker is loaded or unloaded.

14.3 Other considerations

14.3.1 Interface

[Link] Every interface between a flammable fluid system and an electrical system, including process
instrument connections, integral electric valve actuators, foundation heating coils, pumps with a canned
motor and blowers, shall be sealed or isolated to prevent the passage of flammable fluids to other parts
of the electrical installation.

[Link] Every seal, barrier or other means of isolation shall be designed to prevent the passage of
flammable fluids or gases through the interface medium, e.g. a conduit, stranded conductors or cables.

14.3.2 Primary seal

A primary seal shall be provided between the flammable fluid systems and the electrical systems.
Every primary seal shall be designed to withstand the service conditions to which it is expected to be
exposed.

14.3.3 Additional seal

[Link] If the failure of the primary seal would allow the passage of flammable fluids to another part of
the electrical system, an additional seal, barrier or other means shall be provided to prevent the passage
of the flammable fluid beyond the additional device or means in the event that the primary seal fails.

[Link] Every additional seal, barrier and interconnecting enclosure, if any, shall meet the pressure and
temperature requirements of the conditions to which it could be exposed in the event of failure of the
primary seal, unless other means are provided to accomplish this purpose.

14.3.4 Conduit seals

Unless specifically designed and approved for the purpose, the seals specified in 14.3.2 and 14.3.3 are
not intended to replace the conduit seals required by IEC 60079.

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14.3.5 Detection vents

Where primary seals are installed, drains, vents or other devices shall be provided for detection of
leakage of flammable fluids.

15 Instrumentation and control system

15.1 General
Instrumentation as required for safe and reliable operation of the LNG fuelling station shall be provided.
Electrical instrumentation shall comply with 14.1.

15.2 Gas detectors

Methane detectors shall be installed above the locations where gas from leaks is most likely to be found,
e.g. inside canopies covering potentially leaking equipment, and shall be suitably positioned, so that
they provide a high probability of leak detection. As a minimum,
— one methane detector shall be placed at each of the LNG dispensing areas, and
— a suitable number of methane detectors shall be placed at locations within the LNG fuelling station
to provide coverage of all potential sources of gas leaks. Special attention shall be given to the LNG
offloading area.

15.3 Flame detectors

Flame detectors and/or suitably placed temperature sensors shall be installed to provide coverage of
the LNG fuelling station, including the cryogenic part of the LNG fuelling station, the dispensing area
and other places where a risk of ignition exists.

15.4 Pressure gauges

All pressure gauges installed in the LNG fuelling station, including those on the LNG storage tank and
the dispenser, shall use the same system of units.

15.5 Temperature sensors

15.5.1 A temperature sensor shall be installed on the pipeline connecting the high-pressure vaporizer
with the CNG part of the LNG fuelling station. The gas flow shall be stopped if the temperature below
‒40 °C is detected.

15.5.2 Temperature sensors should be provided at the foundation of the LNG storage tank. Temperature
sensors should be located at the places where temperatures lower than possible at local climate is most
likely to be found in the event of a release of LNG.

15.6 Manual emergency shutdown devices

Manual ESD devices shall be suitably placed throughout the LNG fuelling station at locations where
they can be safely accessed by the operator. A manual ESD device shall be placed on or in vicinity of
every LNG or CNG dispenser and adjacent to all points of exit from the LNG fuelling station. Special
attention shall be paid to this requirement in self-service LNG fuelling stations. The locations of manual
ESD devices shall be clearly marked.

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15.7 Emergency power supply unit

Emergency power source shall be provided to supply uninterrupted power for flame and methane
detection systems.

16 Emergency shutdown

16.1 Application
An LNG fuelling station shall be equipped with an emergency shutdown (ESD) system. The requirements
of the ESD system shall depend on the size of the LNG storage tank as follows.
— For LNG storage tanks with a capacity of not more than 5 tonnes, the first valve of the supply line
shall be close to the tank and capable of being safely operated in an emergency.
— Automatic ESD systems shall be installed at LNG fuelling stations having an LNG storage capacity
exceeding 5 tonnes.
— Where the LNG storage capacity does not exceed 200 tonnes, the ESD system may be part of the
plant control system.
— Where the LNG storage capacity exceeds 200 tonnes, the ESD system shall be an independent system.

16.2 Procedure
The instrumentation for the LNG fuelling process shall be designed so that ESD system and procedures
can put the process into a fail-safe condition that can be maintained until the operator(s) can take
appropriate action to either reactivate or secure the process. The ESD system shall be designed in
accordance with the principles of IEC 61508 and IEC 61511. All components of the system shall be
designed to fail-safe on loss of power or equipment failure.

16.3 Activation
The ESD system shall be activated by the following:
— the gas detectors; the typical value of the set point for high methane concentration is detected at
40 % of the LEL; an alarm shall be activated at 20 % of the LEL;
— the flame detectors;
— the low temperature sensors provided at the foundation of the LNG storage tank; the typical value
of the set point is ‒75 °C;
— failure of the main power, instrument power or air/nitrogen supplies.
— manual activation of any ESD push button;
— earthquake sensors, if installed; earthquake sensors should be considered for LNG fuelling stations
having an LNG storage capacity exceeding 5 tonnes and located in an area with an increased risk of
seismic activity.

16.4 ESD action

16.4.1 The ESD system shall switch the plant valves and other equipment into a safe state. As minimum
the emergency shutdown shall actuate the following valve closures, electrical isolations and equipment
shutdowns by means of fail-safe operation of automatic valves and switches:

— closing the LNG storage tank liquid outlet valves;

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— closing the main LNG supply valve of the LNG storage tank(s);
— closing the main LNG supply valve on the LNG tanker;
— shutting down the LNG delivery pump on the LNG trailer;
— shutting down the LNG pump(s) of the LNG fuelling station;
— closing the inlet valves of each dispenser;
— closing the valves of the dispenser(s) fuelling inlets and/or outlets;
— shutting down the dispensers;
— isolating the power supplies to all electrical components, with the exception of those components
required to safely monitoring and control the LNG fuelling station during ESD, as determined by a
HAZOP study.

16.4.2 When the ESD is activated, a local alarm with audible and visual signals shall be activated and
the LNG fuelling station operating company shall be automatically notified by means of an alarm, an
electronic communication or other similarly effective means.

16.5 Reset
In the event of ESD actuation, all ESD equipment shall only be reset manually (see also 19.8).

17 Special configurations

17.1 Movable LNG fuelling station

17.1.1 General requirements

Movable LNG fuelling stations shall comply with all the requirements of this document, except for the
deviations permitted by 17.1.2 and 17.1.3. When the movable LNG fuelling station is being transported,
it shall not contain LNG and it shall not be pressurized to more than 0,05 MPa.

17.1.2 Anchoring

Skid mounted parts of the LNG fuelling station do not require anchoring to foundations if their stability
complies with the statutory requirements that apply at the place of operation in relation to wind load,
earthquake and other possible risks (e.g. flooding).

17.1.3 Containment

The containment for movable LNG fuelling stations may be integrated with the skid or framework on
which the LNG fuelling station is supported provided the materials of the containment are resistant to
cryogenic temperature.

17.2 Mobile LNG fuelling station

17.2.1 General requirements

Mobile LNG fuelling stations shall comply with all the requirements of this document, except for the
deviations as permitted by 17.2.2 to 17.2.5.

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17.2.2 Anchoring

Skid mounted parts of the LNG fuelling station do not require anchoring to foundations if their
stability complies with the statutory requirements that apply at the at the place of operation in
relation to wind load.

17.2.3 Containment

[Link] Containment according to [Link].2 is not mandatory at a mobile LNG fuelling station, provided
additional precautions are taken to protect against LNG spillage. Such additional precautions shall be
specified in the operation manual.

[Link] If containment is used for a mobile LNG fuelling station, it may be integrated with the skid or
framework on which the LNG fuelling station is supported provided the materials of the containment are
resistant to cryogenic temperature.

17.2.4 Design

[Link] Mobile LNG fuelling stations that are intended to be operated on a vehicle shall be firmly
mounted on the frame of the vehicle.

[Link] Mobile LNG fuelling stations that are intended for stand-alone operation shall be mounted to
a skid or framework, and shall be firmly secured on the delivery vehicle during transportation of the
mobile LNG fuelling station to the place of operation.

[Link] Valves, piping, electrical components, steel structures and all other parts of the LNG fuelling
station shall be designed to withstand all loads to which the equipment can be exposed during
transportation.

[Link] All the equipment of a mobile LNG fuelling station shall comply with applicable standards for
equipment transportable under pressure. In particular, the LNG fuelling station components shall comply
with either ISO 20421-1 or ISO 21029-1, where applicable.

17.2.5 Additional requirements for operation

[Link] The place of operation of a mobile LNG fuelling station shall be selected to minimise exposure
to the risk of collision with other vehicles or mobile equipment.

[Link] The movement of vehicles, approaching the fuelling station for fuelling and leaving the LNG
fuelling station after fuelling, shall be controlled by marked traffic lanes or manual or other signalization.
Clearly visible instructions for drivers of these vehicles shall be posted.

[Link] An area of the LNG fuelling station that encompasses all the hazardous areas shall be designated
and clearly marked, and only authorised persons shall be permitted to enter this area.

18 Testing and commissioning

18.1 Testing

18.1.1 Electrical testing

The testing of electrical equipment and electrical installations shall comply with IEC 60079-17.

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18.1.2 Pressure strength testing

[Link] All pressure equipment (e.g. vessels, pumps, valves) shall be visually inspected and pressure
strength tested before being put into service.
NOTE Typically, this is carried out at the place of manufacture of the equipment.

[Link] All pressure testing shall be in accordance with the standard or code to which the pressure
equipment was designed and fabricated.

[Link] Any pressure equipment that was not pressure strength tested in accordance with regulations
applicable at the location of the LNG fuelling station shall be subjected to pressure strength testing at the
LNG fuelling station in accordance with the applicable regulations.

[Link] All pressure equipment and piping fabricated on-site shall be pressure strength tested in
accordance with the standard or code to which it was designed and fabricated. This requirement
particularly relates to assemblies of pipes, valves and other piping components.

[Link] On-site testing may be carried out either hydrostatically, using water, or pneumatically, using
dry air or nitrogen. The LNG storage tank, LNG pumps, LNG dispensers, vaporizers, valves and all other
equipment that will be in contact with LNG shall be excluded from hydraulic pressure testing at the LNG
fuelling station, due to the potential problems that can result from the introduction of water into the
equipment.

[Link] If on-site hydrostatic pressure testing of equipment to be used in cryogenic service cannot be
avoided, it shall only be performed if there are provisions for adequately drying the equipment after
pressure testing. Where adequate drying after hydrostatic pressure testing is not possible, pneumatic
testing in accordance with 18.1.3 shall be used.

[Link] The quality of water used for hydrostatic testing shall be of potable water quality, containing
not more than 200 mg/kg (200 ppm) of chlorides.

[Link] After hydrostatic testing, the vessel or piping shall be drained and stainless steel components
shall be flushed immediately with distilled or demineralised water containing not more than 10 mg/kg
chlorides and dried.

[Link] Records of all pressure strength testing shall be made and retained as part of the quality manual
(see [Link]).

18.1.3 Leak testing

[Link] A leak test at the maximum allowable working pressure or at such lower pressure as considered
sufficient shall be performed after the pressure test to ensure there are no leaks in the system. A leak test
can be made by monitoring the pressure in the system over a period of time (e.g. 24 hours) or by using
such methods as leak detection gas or leak detection spray. The test fluid shall be dry air or nitrogen.

[Link] Records of all leak testing shall be made and retained as part of the quality manual (see [Link]).

18.2 Commissioning

18.2.1 General provisions

Commissioning tests shall be performed before the start of operation. The procedures for commissioning
and decommissioning operations shall be defined at the design stage.

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18.2.2 Purging

[Link] The LNG fuelling station shall be adequately purged with dry air or nitrogen before being
commissioned. If purging is conducted using dry air, the LNG fuelling station shall be subsequently
purged with inert gas.

[Link] Purging shall also be carried out whenever air or other impurities can have entered pipework
and vessels during inspections, repair and maintenance or modifications.

[Link] Consideration should be given to installing a temporary filter upstream of the cryogenic pump
during purging to remove particulates from the purging gas.

18.2.3 Functional testing

[Link] The proper operation of all safety equipment, with the exception of relief safety valves, shall be
demonstrated and documented.

[Link] The integrity and documentation of primary safety devices shall be checked by reference to the
manufacturers’ documentation and ascertaining the integrity of an anti-tampering system.

[Link] Electrical safety functions shall be tested during commissioning. This includes all manual
emergency shutdown devices and all emergency shutdown functions. It also includes safety functions, if
installed, such as

a) high temperature protection, e.g. on trim heaters,

b) low temperature protection, e.g. gas temperature into the CNG buffer storage,
c) high pressure protection, e.g. electrical stop before safety valve opening pressure,
d) low pressure alarm, i.e. for detecting a leak,
e) gas detectors and flame detectors, and
f) LNG storage tank overfilling protection devices.

[Link] Functional testing shall be carried out by or under the control of a competent person.

18.2.4 First filling of the LNG storage tank and other components

When LNG is admitted to the LNG storage tank and other components of the LNG fuelling station for the
first time or at any other time, when the equipment is at ambient temperature, the suppliers’ procedures
for cooling down and filling with LNG shall be followed.

19 Operations

19.1 LNG tanker offloading

Only non-sparking tools shall be used when connecting the transfer hose to the LNG tanker and to the
LNG storage tank.

19.2 Fuelling procedure

19.2.1 Fuelling shall only be carried out by a person who has been trained in accordance with 19.5.

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19.2.2 Instructions on how to fuel a vehicle shall be displayed at the dispenser.

19.2.3 The person carrying out the fuelling shall be adequately protected against spray of LNG.

19.2.4 Special attention shall be given to the positioning of signage for the manual emergency shutdown
device (e.g. ESD button).

19.3 Safety signs

19.3.1 General on identification labels

[Link] Design of marking plates

The marking plates shall be permanently fixed in a prominent position so that they can be read by the
operator. The markings should be durable and corrosion resistant. To assist with visibility under poor
lighting conditions, the size of script should be considered and its colour should be in contrast to the
background.

[Link] Language of markings

All markings and signs of an LNG fuelling station shall be in the official language(s) of the country, where
it is installed. Additional translations into other frequently used foreign languages are recommended.

[Link] LNG fuelling station signs

[Link].1 Signs shall be displayed at appropriate locations to indicate, as a minimum, the following:

— owner’s name and emergency contact data;

— prohibited access of unauthorized persons to non-public areas;
— the presence of hazardous areas;
— flammable liquid and gas;
— low temperature (cryogenic) liquid;
— prohibition of smoking, open fire, and use of non-explosion protected electric or electronic equipment
including electronic personal instruments (cameras, telephones, computers, radios, etc.).

[Link].2 Any potential points of contact with electrical circuits capable of causing injury shall be
marked using symbols defined in IEC 60204-1:2005, Clause 17.

19.3.2 Equipment marking

[Link] General

[Link].1 Each major item of equipment shall carry a manufacturer’s name plate containing the data
required by the applicable code.

[Link].2 The name plate shall be firmly fixed to a part of the equipment or to independent supports
such that it is easily visible. It should be constructed of durable materials and maintained in good
condition.

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[Link] LNG dispenser signs

[Link].1 The LNG dispenser should have the same markings as the LNG fuelling station and in addition
the following markings:

— identification of LNG fuel with a symbol defined in Annex L;

— fuelling instructions;
— signage relating to the use of personal protective equipment.

[Link].23 The fuelling instructions shall be displayed clearly at dispensing units immediately
adjacent to each fuelling hose. The instructions shall include the relevant safety precautions with
particular references to non-smoking, and turning-off the engine.

[Link].3 All signs shall comply with local legislation.

NOTE 1 If unspecified, signs defined in ISO 3864 can be used.

NOTE 2 Signs can include the following:

— warning sign of cold liquid/danger of frostbite;

— warning sign of flammable gas;

— indication of the type of vehicle tank receptacle (see ISO 12617);

— prohibition of non-approved adapters for fuelling;

— indication of maximum fuelling pressure;

— indication of minimum saturation pressure of LNG, constant or variable on request;

— indication of a system of communication between the vehicle and the fuelling system, if installed.

[Link] CNG dispenser signs

The CNG dispenser markings shall be in accordance with ISO 16923.

19.4 Equipment and pipework identification

19.4.1 All valves, pipework and instruments shall have clear and permanent identification.

19.4.2 All pipes shall have the following markings:

— classification or name of fluid;

— indication of the phase, i.e. liquid phase or gaseous phase;
— direction of flow;
— identification number of the line of the pipework.

19.5 Training

19.5.1 LNG fuelling station operators and persons who carry out fuelling shall be trained, especially in
the following:

— safety procedures and precautions;

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— fuelling procedures and any other routine actions needed for long term operation of the LNG fuelling
station;
— assessment of normal and abnormal operation of equipment;
— actions to be taken in emergency situations (e.g. ESD);
— other safety procedures and precautions;
— fire fighting to the extent of the responsibility of each individual.
Training shall be conducted upon employment and at least every two years thereafter as well as after
any change of procedures.

19.5.2 All LNG fuelling station personal shall be trained immediately upon commencement of their
employment.

19.5.3 For customers of self-service LNG fuelling stations, additional precautions shall be taken as
follows.

— Arrangements shall be made to ensure that only trained customers, registered with the LNG fuelling
station operating company have access to fuelling and that the vehicle to be fuelled is suitable for
refuelling at the LNG fuelling station and is registered with the LNG fuelling station operating
company.
— Instructions posted at the dispenser shall be detailed and clear with respect to self-service operation.
— A fixed communication system shall be provided to allow communication from the LNG fuelling
station to a help desk.

19.6 Installation and operating instructions

19.6.1 The installation and operating instructions shall be delivered with the fuelling station in the
official language of the country of installation or region, as specified by the fuelling station operating
company. Application of the local or otherwise agreed language may be limited to certain level of
documents by agreement between the vendor and the fuelling station operating company.

19.6.2 The installation and operating instructions shall contain, as a minimum, instructions on the
following:

— how to install the equipment including assembly of pressure equipment;

— how to put the LNG fuelling station into service;
— the proper operation of the LNG fuelling station;
— the minimum requirements for maintenance of the LNG fuelling station including routine inspections
by the operator (e.g. the visual inspection of the fuelling hose and nozzle);
— the requirements for periodic inspection of the LNG fuelling station;
— the requirements for periodic replacement of the hoses;
— the requirements for markings and warning signs that shall be permanently displayed at the LNG
fuelling station, as required by [Link].

19.6.3 For a full understanding of the instructions technical information, drawings and diagrams should
be included.

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19.6.4 All potential hazards shall be considered and included in the installation and operating
instructions, together with measures to mitigate such hazards and warning signs to be used (e.g. high
pressure, high voltage).

19.7 Emergency plan

An emergency plan shall be established for the LNG fuelling station.

19.8 Maintaining the emergency shutdown

19.8.1 In the event of an emergency shutdown (ESD) actuation according to 16.3, the LNG fuelling
station shall be inspected by the operator and the cause of the ESD shall be identified.

19.8.2 The time and the cause of the activation of the ESD shall be recorded.

19.8.3 The identified cause(s) of the ESD activation shall be rectified before the fuelling station is put
back into normal service. Restart shall not be possible if all faults that triggered the ESD have not been
rectified.

19.8.4 Before a restart, all the equipment shall be set to a state required for a safe start.

20 Inspection and maintenance

20.1 Inspection

20.1.1 General requirements

[Link] All inspection and testing shall follow the relevant standards and codes.

[Link] The inspection and testing of all safety critical equipment shall be by a competent person with
a recognized qualification (CompEx or equivalent), who shall be authorized to perform such work by a
national authorizing body.

[Link] The physical condition of the LNG fuelling station shall be inspected together with pressure
equipment review, which shall include possible effect of corrosion aspects on the LNG fuelling station
safety and operability.

[Link] Pressure equipment, in particular the cryogenic pressure equipment, shall be inspected
according to applicable standards.

[Link] The inspection intervals shall not exceed three years for auxiliary equipment of vessels
containing LNG.

[Link] The periodic inspection of pressure equipment shall include, as minimum

— safety devices against overpressure,

— safety shut-off devices,
— gauges, and
— controlling devices.

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20.1.2 Inspection and testing of electrical systems

[Link] The inspection of electrical equipment and electrical installations shall comply with
IEC 60079-17.

[Link] Records of all inspections shall be made and retained as part of the quality manual (see [Link]).

20.1.3 Inspection and re-testing of the safety relief valves

[Link] If not specified by local regulations, the inspection and testing intervals shall be determined by a
competent person according to the operating conditions, taking into consideration the recommendations
of the manufacturer, material properties, the possibility of corrosion, and the possibility of plugging.

[Link] Recommended inspection intervals are provided in Table 2.

Table 2 — Examinations/inspection periods

Type of safety relief At Yearly 2 years 3 years 10 years
valve (SV) commissioning
Pilot operated SV A B; C — — —
SV for flammable gases/ A; B — B C —
gas mixture
Thermal valves A — — B C
A: Documentation and marking
Checking of the marking and/or manufacturer’s declaration/data:
— identification, type approval;
— conformity with drawings, specifications, type approval;
— suitability (medium, size, temperature, pressure, setting).
Review of the documents on the last inspection and on the last performance test.
B: Visual inspection
Within the visual inspection the following shall be checked:
— general condition;
— installation/orientation;
— leak tightness;
— vent location:
— unobstructed discharge piping.
C: Performance test
Within the performance test following parameters shall be checked:
— set pressure;
— lift/stroke;
— leak tightness.

[Link] As alternative to the performance test of the safety relief valves is replacement.

[Link] The inspection and testing shall be carried by a competent person.

[Link] Where redundancy is provided, the inspection intervals may be extended in agreement with
competent person.

[Link] The inspection can be made with the valve in situ or on the test bench.

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[Link] The results of the inspection and testing shall be recorded and kept at least until at least the
next inspection.

20.1.4 Safety and fire protection equipment

Safety and fire protection equipment shall be inspected and tested in accordance with local regulations
and at intervals not to exceeding 12 mo.

20.2 Maintenance

20.2.1 Preventive maintenance planning

[Link] A preventive maintenance program consistent with the recommendations of the suppliers
of the systems and equipment shall be established and shall include a schedule of procedures for the
inspection and testing of the LNG fuelling station systems and equipment.

[Link] The maintenance program shall be carried out by competent personnel.

[Link] Maintenance activities on fire-fighting equipment shall be scheduled so that a minimum of

equipment is taken out of service at any one time and fire prevention safety is not compromised.

20.2.2 Maintenance procedures

[Link] Documentation of the LNG fuelling station shall be archived by the LNG fuelling station owner.
Controlled copies shall be made available for maintenance.

[Link] Maintenance shall be carried out in accordance with the manufacturers’ instructions.

[Link] Maintenance records shall be kept and retained for the life of the LNG fuelling station.

[Link] Each component, including its support system, shall be maintained in a condition that
is compatible with its operation or safety function by repair, replacement, or other means and
recommendations, if available from the equipment supplier.

[Link] If a safety device is taken out of service for maintenance, the component being served by the
device shall also be taken out of service, unless the same safety function is provided by an alternative means.

[Link] If the inadvertent operation of a component taken out of service could cause a hazardous
condition, that component shall have a tag attached to its controls bearing the words “DO NOT OPERATE”
or a similar warning in the local official language and other languages appropriate to the situation.

[Link] Maintenance of electrical equipment shall be carried out in accordance with IEC 60079-17.

20.2.3 Maintenance safety

[Link] All maintenance and servicing shall follow the written procedures that are based on good
working practice.

[Link] All tools, especially electrically driven tools, shall comply with the requirements of IEC 60079.

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20.2.4 Draining of the LNG storage tank

When the LNG storage tank has to be drained for repair or for any other reason, the draining shall be
carried out under the supervision of a competent person and in accordance with operation and safety
procedures, prepared specifically for this process, and as agreed by all the relevant parties.

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Annex A
(informative)

Examples of hazardous zones classification

Table A.1 shows the LNG fuelling station electrical (hazardous) area classification according to NFPA 52.
Figures A.1 to A.3 show examples of zone classification.

Table A.1 — LNG fuelling station electrical (hazardous) area classification

Part Location Zonea Extent of classified areab
A Fuelling station LNG storage tank area
Indoors 1 Entire room
Outdoor, aboveground LNG storage 1 Open area between a high-type dike and LNG
tanks (other than portable) storage tank wall where dike wall height exceeds
distances between dike and LNG storage tank walls
2 Within 4,6 m in all directions from LNG storage
tank, plus area inside a containment up to the
height of the containment wall
Outdoor, buried and underground 1 Within any open space between LNG storage tank
storage tanks walls and surrounding grade or dike
2 Within 4,6 m in all directions from the top of the
LNG storage tank and sides above grade
B Non-fired LNG process areas containing
pumps, compressors, heat exchangers,
piping, connections vessels, etc.
Indoors with adequate ventilation 2 Entire room and any adjacent room not separated
by a gastight partition, and 4,6 m beyond any ven-
tilation discharge vent or lower
Outdoors in open air at or aboveground 2 Within 4,6 m in all directions from this equipment
C Pits, trenches or sumps located in or 1 Entire pit, trench, or sump
adjacent to division 1 or 2 areas
D Discharge from relief valves, drains 1 Within 1,5 m from point of discharge
2 Beyond 1,5 m but within 4,6 m in all directions
from point of discharge
E LNG tanker/cargo transfer area
Indoors with adequate ventilationc 1 Within 1,5 m in all directions from point of transfer
2 Beyond 1,5 m of entire room and 4,6 m beyond
ventilation vent
Outdoors in open air at or aboveground 1 Within 1,5 m in all directions from point of transfer
2 Beyond 1,5 m but within 4,6 m in all directions
from the point of transfer
a See IEC 60079-10-1.
b The classified area is not permitted to extend beyond an unpierced wall, roof, or solid vapour tight partition.
c Ventilation is considered adequate when provided in accordance with the provisions of this document.

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Key
1 LNG road tanker
2 LNG storage vessel
3 equipment, pumps, piping, etc.
4 outlet of the vent stack
Zone 1 1,5 meter in all directions
Zone 2 4,6 meter in all directions

Figure A.1 — Example of zones classification around a small LNG fuelling station with a
horizontal LNG storage tank according to NFPA 52

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Key
Zone 1 radius R = 1 000
Zone 2 radius R = 1 500

Figure A.2 — Example of zones classification around an LNG dispenser according to

IEC 60079-10-1

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Key
1 unloading 6 distantly actuated shut-off valves
2 vent stack 7 (external) LNG containment
3 drain of condensate from the vent stack 8 safety relief valves of the LNG storage tank
4 pressure control 9 (thermal) safety relief valves of pipework
5 odorizer

Figure A.3 — Example of zones classification around an LNG plant according to IEC 60079-10-1

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Annex B
(normative)

Separation distances

B.1 Separation distances of the aboveground LNG equipment

Separation distances between the LNG storage tank, the LNG transfer point, the site boundaries,
building, storage of other flammable liquids and gases and other equipment of the LNG fuelling station
shall be sufficient to limit the potential for escalation of an LNG related incident to adjacent activity and
vice versa shall be in accordance with Table B.1 and Table B.2. The separation distances as defined in
Table B.1 are applicable if the buildings are outside the hazardous areas. Separation distances can be
reduced if a fire wall is constructed in accordance to [Link].

Table B.1 — Separation distances from buildings

Number of Additional comment Onsite buildings Offsite buildings
persons in Dimension Minimum Dimension Minimum
building (Figure B.1) distance (Figure B.1) distancea
m m
Distance from LNG storage and other components containing LNG
None C 0 to 3 D 3
<10 C 10 D 15
10 to 100 C 15 D 30
>100 C 15 D 30
Distance from offload connection
None buildings with non- I 0 to 3 J 3
combustible walls
buildings with combus- I 10 J 10
tible walls
<10 with ground pump I 10 J 10
without ground pump I 20 J 20
10 to 100 I 30 J 30
>100 I 50 J 50
a Or distance in accordance with QRA 106.

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Table B.2 — Separation distances of stationary LNG fuelling installation

Dimension Comment Minimum
(Figure B.1) distance
m
A Offloading connection - outer shell of the LNG tank 6
If a fire protection wall or another fire resistant shield is installed or if the LNG 0,5 to 6
storage tank has 1 hour fire resistance at a radiation of 15 kW/m2.
B Fuelling vehicle – outer shell of the LNG tank 4
E Onsite tank for flammable liquids and their gas vent - outer shell of the LNG tank 5
F Boundary limit – outer shell of the LNG tank:
LNG storage tanks <120 m3 3
LNG storage tanks 120 m3 to 300 m3 6
LNG storage tanks >300 m3 10
G Boundary limit – LNG tank offloading connection 3
H Overhead electric power lines, above 600 V 10
K Onsite tank for flammable liquids and their gas vent – LNG tank offloading 5
connection
L Dispenser – onsite buildings 6
If dead man’s button limits the accidental discharge of LNG to 60 s 3
M Distance between LNG tanks 1,5

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Key
1 LNG storage tank 6 onsite building
2 LNG trailer at offloading 7 offsite building
3 LNG dispenser 8 boundary limit of the LNG fuelling station
4 LNG vehicle at fuelling 9 electric power line
5 storage of flammable liquid

Figure B.1 — Separation distances LNG fuelling station

B.2 Separation distances of underground LNG storage tanks

Table B.3 specifies the distances from underground LNG storage tanks and exposures. Buried and
underground LNG storage tanks shall be provided with means to prevent the 0 °C isotherm from
penetrating the soil. This requirement can have additional impact on the separation distances between
underground LNG storage tanks. This requires calculation of the temperature between adjacent buried
LNG storage tanks.

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Table B.3 — Distances from underground LNG storage tanks and exposures
Minimum distance from
buildings and the adjoining Minimum distance between LNG
LNG storage tank water capacity
property line that can be built storage tanks
upon
m3 m m
<10 4,5 4,5
10 to 120 7,5 4,5
>120 15 4,5

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Annex C
(informative)

Example flow diagram of an LNG fuelling station

Figure C.1 shows an example of a flow diagram of an LNG fuelling station.

Key
1 LNG fuelling receptacle 7 pressure relief device
2 non-return valve 8 saturation vaporizer
3 pressure gauge 9 isolation valves
4 liquid level gauge 10 centrifugal LNG pump
5 LNG storage tank 11 LNG dispenser
6 vacuum safety device 12 LNG fuelling hose with a nozzle

Figure C.1 — Example flow diagram of an LNG fuelling station

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Annex D
(informative)

Example flow diagram of an LCNG fuelling station

Figure D.1 shows an example of a flow diagram of an LCNG fuelling station.

Key
1 LNG fuelling receptacle 9 LNG pump
2 non-return valve 10 pulsation damper
3 pressure gauge 11 high-pressure vaporizer
4 liquid level gauge 12 high-pressure trim heater
5 LNG storage tank 13 high-pressure odorizer
6 vacuum safety device 14 CNG buffers
7 pressure relief device 15 CNG dispenser
8 isolation valves 16 CNG fuelling hose with a nozzle

Figure D.1 — Example flow diagram of an LCNG fuelling station

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Annex E
(informative)

Example flow diagram of an LNG and LCNG fuelling station

Figure E.1 shows an example of a flow diagram of an LCNG fuelling station.

Key
1 LNG fuelling receptacle 11 LNG dispenser
2 non-return valve 12 LNG fuelling hose with a nozzle
3 pressure gauge 13 high-pressure LNG pump
4 liquid level gauge 14 high-pressure pulsation damper
5 LNG storage tank 15 high-pressure vaporizer
6 vacuum safety device 16 high-pressure trim heater
7 pressure relief valve 17 high-pressure odorizer
8 saturation vaporizer 18 CNG buffers
9 isolation valves 19 CNG dispenser
10 centrifugal LNG pump 20 CNG fuelling hose with a nozzle

Figure E.1 — Example flow diagram of an LNG and LCNG fuelling station

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Annex F
(informative)

Process requirements for the effective cryogenic pump operation

F.1 NPSH
The efficient operation of the cryogenic pump is dependent on adequate NPSH. The NPSH available
(NPSHA) at the cryogenic pump inlet should be higher or equal to the NPSH required (NPSHR) by the
pump, as specified by the pump manufacture. An incompatibility in terms of NPSH can cause cavitation
and/or loss of prime.
Basically, the NPSHA consists of the hydrostatic pressure of the height difference between the level
of liquid in the LNG storage tank and the height of the pump inlet, reduced by dynamic pressure drop
between the LNG storage tank and the pump inlet and reduced of increase of saturation pressure
(boiling pressure) of liquid between the level of liquid in the LNG storage tank and the inlet of the
pump considering stratification in the LNG storage tank and heat leak of pipework. The NPSHA can
be improved by use of a vertical LNG storage tank instead of a horizontal LNG storage tank, by further
elevating the foundation of the LNG storage tank and/or by lowering the pump into a pit. Also increasing
the gas pressure above the cryogenic liquid surface by pressure built up coil will raise the NPSHA.

F.2 Cavitation
Cavitation is defined as the formation of vapour cavities in a liquid by local pressure decrease below the
fluid vapour pressure and the immediate implosion of them, when the pressure increases again. The
cryogenic liquids are operated closely to their boiling point with very low sub cooling, which implies
high risk of cavitation when design measures are not applied.
When the pressure at the inlet of the pump or in the pump drops below the vapour pressure, the liquid
will vaporize resulting in biphasic state. The mixture of liquid and gas can cause a pump to lose the
prime and/or cavitation. This condition will cause excess vibrations, noise and possibly dry running,
which can cause damage.

F.3 Loss of prime

The direct effects of loss of flow through the pump due to locking by vapour are dry running and
possible excess vibrations, due to intermittent incoming liquid slugs, which can cause damage and
leakage.

F.4 Pressure losses

In the interconnecting piping between the LNG storage tank outlet and the suction of the cryogenic
pump, there are several pressure drops in the piping itself by friction, in elbows, in valves, in filters,
etc. These pressure losses reduce the cryogenic liquid pressure at the pump inlet to be closer to vapour
pressure and thus reduce NPSHA. This can cause cavitation and/or loss of prime.

F.5 Heat in leak

As a cryogenic liquid is stored close to its boiling point, boiling can be caused by further warming.
Special considerations should be given to minimize leaking of heat between the LNG storage tank

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outlet and the suction of the pump. This leaking of heat will warm the cryogenic liquid and thus reduce
NPSHA. This can cause cavitation and loss of prime.

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Annex G
(informative)

Recommendations for installation of a centrifugal pump

A typical cryogenic pump installation consists of the pump connected to vacuum insulated cryogenic
tank. The installation layout should be adapted to the LNG storage tank design. The typical tank-pump
set-up for centrifugal pumps is schematically shown in Figure G.1.

Key
1 beta 7 sump drain
2 suction line 8 external pipe temperature
3 N2 9 bypass line
4 drain 10 discharge line
5 alpha
6 degassing line

Figure G.1 — Typical tank-pump set-up for centrifugal pumps

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Annex H
(informative)

Recommendations for centrifugal pump design

H.1 Pump design with shaft seal

The pump cold end is connected to the warm end drive either directly or through a gearbox. The pump
shaft protruding through the pump housing should be adequately sealed by a dynamic seal, to prevent
or to minimize any gas leakages. The following seals or sealing systems has proven to be adequate and
accepted by the LNG industry:
— simple mechanical seal;
— gas buffered labyrinth seal;
— gas buffered dry gas seal (DGS);
— liquid buffered dual mechanical seal;
— gas buffered dual DGS.
Some of these seals are suitable only for vertical or only for horizontal shaft sealing; some are suitable
for both positions. The sealing systems can include closed purged and vented lantern, according to the
sealing system selected. At the seal discharge, a temperature sensor is often installed to detect seal
leakage in case of a seal failure.
Pump duty determines the selection of the seal, the sealing system cost, the acceptance or non-
acceptance of any minor gas leakage and on the buffer gas and purging gas consumption and their
availability. The suitable sealing system evaluation should be performed in conjunction with the pump
manufacturer.
Additional information on centrifugal cryogenic pump design is given in the EIGA’s IGC Document
148/08 and in ISO 24490.

H.2 Pump design with submerged motor

The pump cold end is connected to the submerged motor in the motor housing; this is then connected
to the pump housing. Both housings together are built as statically sealed enclosures. The motor stator
insulation and the shaft supporting bearings should be designed for operation in LNG, which can
include heavier hydrocarbons and impurities. These conditions and the frequent start/stop operation
will influence the bearings life time and will reduce the time between overhauls. The pump rotor axial
thrust has also major influence on the bearings life time. These aspects should be reviewed with the
pump manufacturer.
Alternatively, the pump housing with open suction mouth together with the motor in its housing may be
installed in a suction barrel (slave tank). Such configuration is preferred for difficult NPSH conditions,
because at the barrel suction nozzle the NPSHR is usually zero. However, alternative installations can
be proposed by the pump manufacturer.

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Annex I
(informative)

Recommendations for installation of a reciprocating pump

Sufficient NPSH is usually ensured by the vertical position of the LNG storage tank, the pump installation
close to the LNG storage tank, short suction pipeline length, correct pipe and flexible hoses sizing and
suitable type of valves, filters and fittings. The NPSHR and suction pressure conditions are specific to
each pump model and should be reviewed individually with the pump manufacturer.
A typical cryogenic pump installation consists of the pump connected to vacuum insulated cryogenic
tank. The installation layout should be adapted to the LNG storage tank design. The typical tank-pump
set-up for reciprocating pumps is schematically shown in Figure I.1.

Key
1 storage tank
2 pressure build-up vaporizer (PBU)
3 pump suction relief valve
4 pulsation damper
5 delivery relief valve
6 non-return valve

Figure I.1 — Typical tank-pump set-up for reciprocating pumps

A typical cryogenic pump installation consists of a vacuum insulated cryogenic tank connected to a
vacuum jacketed reciprocating pump with short pipes and flexible hoses. The installation lay-out
should be adapted to the LNG storage tank design. The LNG storage tank can be of conventional or
thermosiphon design (see Figures I.2 and I.3, respectively). Thermosiphon design is considered for
more reliable operation with sufficient prime even with minimum liquid level in the tank.

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Key
1 liquid
2 gas
3 return
4 shortest possible distance
5 discharge

Figure I.2 — Conventional arrangement: pump with K-connection for conventional LNG
storage tanks

Key
1 liquid
2 gas
3 discharge
4 suction
5 lowest point
6 suction return

Figure I.3 — Thermosiphon arrangement: pump with T-connection for thermosiphon LNG
storage tanks

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Annex J
(informative)

Recommendations on the content of the cryogenic pump operation

instructions

J.1 Operation instructions

The operation instructions should include the following:
— the same instructions as the data plate;
— drawings, diagrams, instructions and information covering:
— installations and assembly;
— disconnection from electric power supply for the pump;
— commissioning;
— switch off;
— decommissioning and specific procedure to apply before maintenance operation;
— handling and lifting (e.g. of the mass of the pump or of the major components);
— adjustment and calibration;
— information concerning the process application;
— fluids for which the pump is designated;
— temperatures data and settings;
— suction and discharge pressures;
— design pressure;
— specifications for lubricants and filters in view of quality, amount and recommended replacement
intervals;
— environmental condition limits;
— operation speed;
— the necessity to install pressure relief devices and other protective devices if they are not part of the
delivery of the pump;
— warning to operate the pump eventually in an explosive atmosphere unless it is designed for such
purpose; in that case information should be provided about necessary safety measures.

J.2 Information concerning the operation

The information about the operation should include the following:
— recommendations about safety;

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— start and stop procedure;

— emergency stop device, dry running and leakage sensors setting;
— guidelines for simple trouble shooting;
— cooling down recommendations and temperature setting;
— symbols;
— routine inspections, cleaning and maintenance work including the cleaning of radiators, refill jobs
and the exchange of simple parts (e.g. air or oil filters);
— recommendation to wear specific protection, if appropriate;
— position of extensive hot or cold surfaces;
— risk to inhale hazardous gases, fogs or steams;
— risk of formation of ice and cryogenic burning risks;
— measures required for the protection of the operating personnel against residual risks.

J.3 Delineation of the working area

The cryogenic pump operation manual should include the delineation of the working area, if applicable.

J.4 Servicing instruction

The servicing instruction should outline those duties to be performed by specially trained personnel.
These duties are in addition to the routine inspections, cleaning and maintenance work. The servicing
instruction should contain the following:
— the same information as given on the data plate;
— drawings and diagrams required for periodical maintenance and simple repairs;
— list of components and parts subject to wear and tear requiring regular inspection or regular
exchange;
— guidelines for trouble shooting;
— schedule for regular inspection and exchange of components and parts subject to wear and tear;
— guidelines for the safe execution of maintenance work and subsequent;
— guidelines for the safe commissioning, decommissioning;
— address of the service fuelling station(s) authorized by the manufacturer;
— warning that only one safety function may be out of service at one time for the purpose of inspection,
maintenance and repair.

J.5 List of parts required for servicing

The manufacturer should provide a list giving information about all relevant parts for servicing, with
unmistakeable identification and indicating the location of their installation at the pump.

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Annex K
(informative)

Example flow diagram of a high-pressure odorizer

Figure K.1 shows an example of a flow diagram of a high-pressure odorizer.

Key
1 instrument air 9 air side
2 dosing pump 10 liquid side
3 buffer tank about 6 litre 11 odorizing barrel
4 odorizer feed line 12 to atmosphere
5 flow switch V1 valve 1
6 filter + adjustment V2 valve 2
7 hand pump V3 valve 3
8 sight glass with scale

Figure K.1 — Example flow diagram of a high-pressure odorizer

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 ISO 16924:2016(E)


Annex L
(informative)

LNG identification mark of an LNG fuelling station

LNG identification mark of an LNG fuelling station is defined as follows:

— the sign consists of a sticker which should be weather resistant;
— the colour and dimensions of the sticker should fulfil the following requirements:
— colours:
— background: green;
— border: white or white reflecting;
— letters: white or white reflecting;

— dimensions:
— border width: 4 mm - 6 mm;
— character height: 25 mm;
— character thickness: 4 mm;
— sticker width: 110 mm - 150 mm;
— sticker height: 80 mm - 110 mm;
— the word “LNG” should be centred in the middle of the sticker.
Figure L.1 shows an example of the LNG label.

Figure L.1 — Example of LNG label

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ISO 16924:2016(E)


Bibliography

[1] ISO 3864 (all parts), Graphical symbols — Safety colours and safety signs
[2] ISO 9712, Non-destructive testing — Qualification and certification of NDT personnel
[3] ISO 12614 (all parts), Road vehicles — Liquefied natural gas (LNG) fuel system components
[4] ISO 12991, Liquefied natural gas (LNG) — Tanks for on-board storage as a fuel for automotive
vehicles
[5] ISO 13686, Natural gas — Quality designation
[6] ISO 14532, Natural gas — Vocabulary
[7] ISO 15403-1, Natural gas — Natural gas for use as a compressed fuel for vehicles — Part 1:
Designation of the quality
[8] ISO 15649, Petroleum and natural gas industries — Piping
[9] ISO/TS 16922, Natural gas — Guidelines for odorizing gases
[10] ISO 20421-2, Cryogenic vessels — Large transportable vacuum-insulated vessels — Part 2:
Operational requirements
[11] ISO 21009-1, Cryogenic vessels — Static vacuum-insulated vessels — Part 1: Design, fabrication,
inspection and tests
[12] ISO 21009-2, Cryogenic vessels — Static vacuum insulated vessels — Part 2: Operational
requirements
[13] ISO 21010, Cryogenic vessels — Gas/materials compatibility
[14] ISO 21013-2, Cryogenic vessels — Pressure-relief accessories for cryogenic service — Part 2: Non-
reclosable pressure-relief devices
[15] ISO 21013-3, Cryogenic vessels — Pressure-relief accessories for cryogenic service — Part 3: Sizing
and capacity determination
[16] ISO 21014, Cryogenic vessels — Cryogenic insulation performance
[17] ISO 21028-1, Cryogenic vessels — Toughness requirements for materials at cryogenic temperature
— Part 1: Temperatures below ‒80 degrees C
[18] ISO 21028-2, Cryogenic vessels — Toughness requirements for materials at cryogenic temperature
— Part 2: Temperatures between ‒80 degrees C and ‒20 degrees C
[19] ISO 21029-2, Cryogenic vessels — Transportable vacuum insulated vessels of not more than 1 000
litres volume — Part 2: Operational requirements
[20] ISO 23208, Cryogenic vessels — Cleanliness for cryogenic service
[21] IEC 60079-19, Explosive atmospheres — Part 19: Equipment repair, overhaul and reclamation
[22] IEC 62305 (all parts), Protection against lightning
[23] EN 292-2, Safety of machinery — Basic concepts, general principles for design — Technical
principles and specifications
[24] EN 682, Elastomeric seals — Materials requirements for seals used in pipes and fittings carrying
gas and hydrocarbon fluids

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 ISO 16924:2016(E)


[25] EN 1252-1, Cryogenic vessels — Materials — Toughness requirements for temperatures below ‒80 °C
[26] EN 1998, Eurocode 8: Design of structures for earthquake resistance
[27] EN 13458, Cryogenic vessels — Static vacuum insulated vessels
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[29] EN 13480 (all parts), Metallic industrial piping
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with a storage capacity between 5 t and 200 t
[31] 94/9/EC, ATEX 100, Equipment and protective systems intended for use in potentially explosive
atmospheres
[32] 99/92/EC, ATEX 137, Minimum requirements for improving the safety and health protection of
workers potentially at risk from explosive atmospheres
[33] 2004/22/EC, MID, Measuring Instruments Directive
[34] API 685, Sealless Centrifugal Pumps for Petroleum, Petrochemical, and Gas Industry Process Service
[35] API RP 2003, Protection Against Ignitions Arising Out of Static, Lightning, and Stray Currents
[36] ASME Section VIII Division 1, Rules for Construction of Pressure Vessels
[37] CGA S-1.2, Pressure Relief Device Standards — Part 2: Cargo and Portable Tanks for Compressed Gases
[38] CGA–S-1.3, Pressure Relief Device Standards — Part 3: Stationary Storage Containers for
Compressed Gases
[39] EIGA IGC Document 148/08, Installation guide for stationary, electric-motor-driven, centrifugal
liquid oxygen pumps
[40] IBC, International Building Code, International Code Council
[41] NFPA 52, Vehicular Gaseous Fuel Systems Code
[42] NFPA 70, National Electrical Code
[43] NFPA 77, Recommended Practice on Static Electricity
[44] NFPA 497, Recommended Practice for the Classification of Flammable Liquids, Gases, or Vapors and
of Hazardous (Classified) Locations for Electrical Installations in Chemical Process Areas
[45] ISO/TR 15403-2, Natural gas - Natural gas for use as a compressed fuel for vehicles — Part 2:
Specification of the quality

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