4/3/24, 12:10 PM NCERT Class 11 Economics Chapter 9: Environment and Sustainable Development YouTube Lecture Handouts- Examrace
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NCERT Class 11 Economics Chapter 9: Environment and
Sustainable Development YouTube Lecture Handouts
Get video tutorial on: Examrace YouTube Channel [[Link]
NCERT Class 11 Economics Chapter 9: Environment and Sustainable Development
[[Link]
So far, we studied economic development at cost of environmental quality
We have to choose sustainable development path now
The threat to India՚s environment is of two dimensions — threat of poverty induced
environmental degradation and the threat of pollution from affluence and a rapidly
growing industrial sector
Environment
Total planetary inheritance and the totality of all resources and includes biotic (plants,
animals) and abiotic (rock and sunlight) factors
Functions of Environment
Supplies both renewable and non-renewable resources
Assimilate waste
Sustain life – genetic and biodiversity
Provides aesthetic services
Carrying capacity – resource extraction is not above the rate of regeneration of the
resource and wastes generated are within assimilating capacity of environment.
Rising population and affluent consumption and production standards of the developed
world have put stress on environment – many resources are now extinct and waste
created is beyond absorptive capacity
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4/3/24, 12:10 PM NCERT Class 11 Economics Chapter 9: Environment and Sustainable Development YouTube Lecture Handouts- Examrace
Absorptive capacity means the ability of the environment to absorb degradation
We have added huge health cost due to degraded environment
Decline in air and water quality
Higher incidence of water borne and air borne diseases
Global warming and ozone depletion contribute to higher financial commitments
Opportunity cost of negative environmental impact is high
Before industrialization, demand for services was less than the supply (implies pollution
was within absorptive capacity and rate of extraction was less than rate of regeneration)
However, with population and industrialization scenario changed - demand for
resources for both production and consumption went beyond the rate of regeneration
of the resources; the pressure on the absorptive capacity of the environment increased
tremendously
State of India՚s Environment
Rich in soil – black, alluvial and so on
Rich in water/rivers
Large deposits of iron-ore (20% of world՚s iron reserves) , coal and natural gas
Concerns - Air pollution, water contamination, soil erosion,
deforestation and wildlife extinction
Priority Issues:
Land degradation
Biodiversity loss
Air pollution with special reference to vehicular pollution in urban cities
Management of fresh water
Solid waste management
Factors Responsible for Land Degradation
Loss of vegetation occurring due to deforestation
Unsustainable fuel wood and fodder extraction
Shifting cultivation
Encroachment into forest lands
Forest fires and over grazing
Non-adoption of adequate soil conservation measures
Improper crop rotation
Indiscriminate use of agro-chemicals such as fertilizers and pesticides
Improper planning and management of irrigation systems
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4/3/24, 12:10 PM NCERT Class 11 Economics Chapter 9: Environment and Sustainable Development YouTube Lecture Handouts- Examrace
Extraction of ground water in excess of recharge capacity
Open access resource
Poverty in agriculture dependent people
Per capita forest land in the country is only hectare against the requirement of
hectare to meet basic needs, resulting in an excess felling of about 15 million cubic metre
forests over the permissible limit.
Estimates of soil erosion show that soil is being eroded at a rate of billion tons a year
– we lose million tons of nitrogen, million tons of phosphorus and million
tons of potassium every year
India support population, livestock on geographical area.
Vehicular emissions are of particular concern since these are ground level sources and,
thus, have the maximum impact on the general population. Number of motor vehicles
has increased from about 3 lakh in 1951 to 67 crores in 2003.
India is one of the ten most industrialized nations of the world.
Sustainable Development
Environment and economy are interdependent and need each other
Development that ignores its repercussions on the environment will destroy the
environment that sustains life forms
It will allow future generations to have average quality of life
Concept of sustainable development was emphasized by the United Nations Conference
on Environment and Development (UNCED) , which defined it as: ‘Development that
meets the need of the present generation without compromising the ability of the future
generation to meet their own needs’ . – Our Common Future
Development as ‘meeting the basic needs of all and extending to all the opportunity to
satisfy their aspirations for a better life’
Meeting the needs of all requires redistributing resources
Edward Barbier defined sustainable development as one which is directly concerned
with increasing the material standard of living of the poor at the grass root level — this
can be quantitatively measured in terms of increased income, real income, educational
services, health care, sanitation, water supply etc.
Brundtland Commission emphasizes on protecting the future
generation
Conservation of natural assets
Preservation of the regenerative capacity of the world՚s natural ecological system
Avoiding the imposition of added costs or risks on future generations
Daly Suggests Following Steps
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4/3/24, 12:10 PM NCERT Class 11 Economics Chapter 9: Environment and Sustainable Development YouTube Lecture Handouts- Examrace
Limit human population within carrying capacity (like ‘plimsoll line’ of the ship which is
its load limit mark)
Technological progress should be input efficient and not input consuming
Renewable resources should be extracted on a sustainable basis, that is, rate of
extraction should not exceed rate of regeneration
For non-renewable resources rate of depletion should not exceed the rate of creation of
renewable substitutes and inefficiencies arising from pollution should be corrected
Strategies of Sustainable Development
Use of Non-conventional Sources of Energy - thermal and hydro power plants;
Hydroelectric projects inundate forests and interfere with the natural flow of water in
catchment areas and the river basins.
LPG, Gobar Gas in Rural Areas – clean fuel with less pollution
CNG in Urban Areas – lesser pollution
Wind power – high initial cost
Solar Power through Photovoltaic Cells - Plants use solar energy to perform
photosynthesis. Now, with the help of photovoltaic cells, solar energy can be converted
into electricity.
Mini-hydel Plants - use the energy of such streams to move small turbines
Traditional Knowledge and Practices- Ayurveda, Unani, Tibetan and folk systems
Biocomposting – neglect use of chemical fertilizer, earthworms
Biopest Control – neem trees, lizard
Pollution Control Boards
Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) was established in 1974
These boards provide technical assistance to governments in promoting cleanliness of
streams and wells by prevention, control and abatement of water pollution, and improve
quality of air and to prevent, control or abate air pollution in country
PCBs prepare manuals, codes and guidelines relating to treatment and disposal of
sewage and trade effluents.
Global Warming
Gradual increase in the average temperature of the earth՚s lower atmosphere as a result
of the increase in greenhouse gases since the Industrial Revolution
Increase in carbon dioxide and GHG through the burning of fossil fuels and
deforestation makes our planet՚s surface warmer.
During the past century, the atmospheric temperature has risen by and sea
level has risen several inches.
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4/3/24, 12:10 PM NCERT Class 11 Economics Chapter 9: Environment and Sustainable Development YouTube Lecture Handouts- Examrace
Burning of coal and petroleum products (sources of carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous
oxide, ozone) ; deforestation, which increases the amount of carbon dioxide in
atmosphere; methane gas released in animal waste; and increased cattle production,
which contributes to deforestation, methane production, and use of fossil fuels.
Ozone Depletion
Phenomenon of reductions for ozone in the stratosphere.
Affected by CFC from refrigerators, aerosol propellants, and
Bromofluorocarbons (halons) , used in fire extinguishers.
UBV rays are responsible for skin cancer
Reduction of approximately 5% in the ozone layer was detected from 1979 to 1990
Montreal Protocol - banned use of CFC compounds, other ozone depleting chemicals
such as carbon tetrachloride, trichloroethane (methyl chloroform) , and bromine
compounds known as halons.
Chipko and Appiko
Chipko movement in Himalayas
Appiko in Karnataka (Salkani forest in Sirsi district) – people saved 12,000 trees –
fuelwood, setting up of a paper mill in Uttar Kanara area – hugging of the trees to
protect the forest
✍ Manishika
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