Chemistry Definitions
Chapter 6: Periodic table and atomic structure
Electromagnetic radiation- the transmission of energy through oscillating electric and
magnetic fields at the speed of light.
Characteristics of a wave
Wavelength- the distance between two corresponding points on adjacent waves.
Frequency- the number of complete cycles of the wave passing a given point
per second.
Amplitude- the size or height of a wave.
Refraction – the bending of a wave when it passes from one medium to another of
different refractive index.
Photoelectric effect- phenomenon in which light strikes a piece of metal and causes
electrons to be ejected.
Atomic spectra- the particular pattern of wavelengths absorbed and emitted by any
element.
Bohr atom- energy of an electron in an atom is quantized (ground state, excited state).
Schrodinger equation- the total energy as the sum of the kinetic energy and the
potential energy (for any objector particle)
Potential energy- most important in describing the structure of atoms (related to coulombic
attraction between nucleus and electrons as well as repulsion between electrons)
𝛙2- probability of finding an electron at any particular point
𝛙- two components – radial (distance between electron and nucleus)
-angular (direction or orientation of electron based on nucleus)
Uncertainty principle – it is impossible to determine both the position and momentum
of an electron simultaneously and with complete accuracy.
Size of orbital = value of n = energy of atomic orbitals =inversely proportional = atomic
numbers
Size of electron depends on valance electrons
Two important factors
- The shell in which the valance electrons are found
- The strength of the interaction between the nucleus and the valance electrons
Ionization energy – the energy required to remove an electron form an atom, forming a
positively charged cation.
Chapter 18: fuels and combustion
GCV (gross calorific value) or HCV (higher calorific value)
- The quantity of heat evolved by the combustion
- The quantity of heat liberated by combustion unit mass of fuel in oxygen.
NCV (net calorific value) or LCV (lower calorific value)
- The quantity of heat evolved while fuel is burnt in oxygen.
Why is NCV greater than GCV?
GCV includes the latent heat of steam during combustion of a fuel , but NCV excludes
the latent heat of steam.
Calorific value
The quantity of heat evolved by the complete combustion of unit quantity ( mass or
volume) of the fuel in air or oxygen.
Formulas
NCV = HCV –Mass of Hydrogen x a x Latent heat of steam
NCV = [ HCV -0.09H x 587] kcal /kg (H2 = %age of hydrogen in fuel)
Mass of the fuel (solid or liquid) = m (g)
Mass of the water in the calorimeter = w1 (g)
Water equivalent mass of calorimeter = w2 (g)
Total water equivalent mass = (w1 + w2) (g)
L=HCV of fuel
Heat liberated by fuel = mL
Initial temperature of calorimeter = t1 (℃)
Final temperature of calorimeter = t2 (℃)
Increase (rise) in temperature = (t2–t1) (℃)
Heat gain by water = w1 (t2–t1) (℃)
Heat gain by calorimeter = w2 (t2–t1) (℃)
Total heat gain = w1 (t2–t1) + w2 ( t2–t1) = (w1 + w2) ( t2–t1)
Heat liberated by of a fuel = Heat absorbed by calorimeter +water
mL = (w1 + w2) (t2–t1) (or)
( w 1+ w2 ) (t 2 +t 1 )
L= GCV= cal/g (or) kcal/kg
m
Specific heat of water = 4.187 kJ/kg/C
Total water equivalent x Sp . Heat of water x Increase ∈temperature
L= GCV=
m
NCV= GCV –(0.09Hx587x4.187) kJ/kg
( w 1+ w 2)(t 2 – t 1)+(Cooling correction)– ( Acid + Fuse)correction :
HCV= GCV=
m
Unit = cal /g (or) kcal /kg0-
1
HCV= [8080 C +34500[ H ]+2240 S ]kcal /kg
100
