EXPLORING ALOEVERA’S ANTIMICROBIAL POTENTIAL IN COMBACTING
DANDRUFF ESPECIALLY MALASSENZIA FUNGUS
PATIENCE BUKOSIA ATHANS
FOURTH YEAR RESEARCH PROPOSAL SUBMITTED TO DEPARTMENT OF
BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT FOR
THE REQUIREMENTS OF THE BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN BIOMEDICAL
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF EGERTON UNIVERSITY .
EGERTON UNIVERSITY
NOVEMBER,
2024.
DECLARATION
PATIENCE BUKOSIA ATHANS
S12/02354/20
SIGN: _______________________
DATE: ________________________
RECOMMENDATION
This research project has been submitted for examination purposes with approval of
university
DR. EDITH CHORE
DEPARTMENT OF BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
EGERTON UNIVERSITY.
SIGN: _______________________
DATE: __________________________
I.
ABSTRACT
The project investigates the microbial effect of aloe Vera on dandruff especially Malasssenzia
fungus, which is commonly associated with dandruff. The project aims to adapt natural remedy
by use of aloe Vera to curb the discomfort of dandruff instead of using chemically commercially
prepared formulations. It also seeks to convince individuals to resort to natural formulations.
The research utilizes culturing of dandruff in nutrient agar as a control and further culturing of
dandruff together with aloe Vera extract considered having antimicrobial effect on dandruff.
Number of colonies counted and zones of inhibition measured .Findings reveal that aloe vera
eliminates dandruff. This outcome signifies importance in cosmetic industry.
The project recommends individuals to resort to natural methods to eliminate dandruff. This
project forms a basis for a decision whether formulating shampoo and hair oil from aloe vera can
work similarly to commercial chemical formulations that also clear dandruff but have side
effects over prolonged use. This is partly because accumulation of chemicals in skin pore is
dangerous. Aloe extract has an advantage of being a natural ingredient and also minimal or
probably no effect with prolonged use.
II.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS CHAPTER ONE
Introduction
Dandruff is a common scalp condition characterized by flaking and itching of scalp and affects
significant portion of globular population. Many individuals turn to commercially chemically
prepared antidandruff shampoos and treatments. However, this treatment have side effects with
prolonged use as it results in chemical accumulation in the scalp. Aloe Vera could be an
alternative with minimal side effects. Aloe Vera is known for its soothing moisturizing antifungal
properties and can be used efficiently because it is readily available in the environment even on
roadsides and does not have expensive costs. It contains bio active compounds that reduce
inflammation and promote scalp health. However, despite anecdotal Support for aloe Vera Is as
natural remedy, scientific comparisons between its effectiveness and that of commercially
chemically prepared anti dandruff formulations remain limited. This project aims to evaluate the
efficacy of aloe Vera in eliminating dandruff compared to widely available com chemically
commercially available formulation. The research investigates on whether aloe Vera can promote
natural and cost effective alternative or if scientifically developed products all for superior and
effective results. The scope of study include an assessment of key ingredients in both aloe Vera
and commercially chemical prepared products as well as a comparison of mechanism of actions.
The significance of this research lights in potential to guide individuals in making informed
choices on scalp care whether through natural remedies or chemically commercial solutions.
Background information
Dandruff is associated with an overgrowth of fungus called Malassenzia Which feeds on oils
secreted by hair follicles and also applied on the scalp. Other factors such as imbalanced scalp,
dryness, stress and sensitivity could also cause this overgrowth .commercially prepared chemical
anti dandruff formulation and shampoos typically contain active substances such as
Ketoconazole, zinc sulfide, selenium sulfide and salicylic acid that are used to reduce fungus and
exfoliate dead skin cells. Although chemical commercial formulations are effective some
individuals experience adverse reactions including skin irritation and dryness. Moreover call
mom some have effects on hair growth leading to stunted growth and long impact on hair and
scalp. This lead to this research seeking news of natural Remedies that do not have any effects
on individuals and are cost effective because they are easily available in the environment. The
research on aloe Vera shows its antifungal activity and so did effects making it an appealing
alternative for those seeking gentler and plant based remedies. This background set stage for
comparative analysis of aloe vera’s effectiveness versus commercially chemically prepared anti
dandruff formulations. Understanding benefits and limitations of each could help in making
informed choices.
Objectives
General objectives
i. To evaluate effectiveness of aloe Vera introducing dandruff in order to assess whether
aloe Vera can significantly reduce the survey severity of dandruff and improve scalp
health.
ii. To explore properties of aloe Vera that contributes to scalp health but investigating
moisturizing anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties and how they can help to
control dandruff.
iii. To provide alternative natural remedy for dandruff management’s that can be affordable
and easily available.
iv. To raise awareness about natural care solution and educate on potential benefits of using
natural ingredients.
v. To assess the antimicrobial effects over over a on dandruff organism.
Specific objectives
a) To measure reduction in dandruff severity after using aloe Vera over a specified
period of time and quantify changes before and after treatment.
b) To identify any improvement in scalp hydration and comfort among participants
using aloe Vera. In order to be able to collect feedback and observation on scalp
moisture levels and irritation in comparison to prior states
c) To compare effectiveness of aloe Vera with a control treatment and analyze
differences in results between aloe Vera treatment group and the control group
Used.
d) To document antimicrobial activity of Oliveira in context of dandruff by
reviewing Oliver’s effects on the dandruff and its potential role in dandruff
management.
e) To assess overall satisfaction and experiences of participants using aloe Vera by
gathering qualitative Data through surveys about perceived benefits and any side
effects of using aloe Ver.
Hypothesis
Justification
This study is justified due to widespread occurrence of dandruff, a common condition that affects
large portion of the population and leads to discomfort, itching and social embarrassments. Many
chemical commercial anti dandruff pro products contain harsh chemicals mainly chemical
commercially anti dandruff products contain harsh chemicals that can cause side effects of scalp
dryness and irritations. Therefore, exploiting natural and gentle effective remedies is important
in people who need alternative solutions to chemical formulations.
Aloe Vera has been used in traditional medicine as an anti-inflammatory agents. Over, scientific
evidence of its effectiveness in dandruff treatment is limited and inconclusive. By conducting
this study the aim is to provide a better understanding of oliveira's potential as a natural remedy,
contributing to the field of dermatological research by offering an accessible sustainable option
for dandruff management. Given a consumer preference for natural and eco friendly healthcare
solution by investigating plant based alternative that is aloe Vera. Also aloe Vera cost
effectiveness and easy accessibility is an additional advantage to formulation commercially
chemically prepared formulations.
CHAPTER TWO
2.1. LITERATURE REVIEW
Explores previous research and existing knowledge of dandruff call ma its causes add potential
benefits as a natural remedy. Also explains properties of aloe Vera in previous research an aloe
Vera and published studies together with comparative analysis with conventional treatments.
2.1.1. Understanding dandruff
Scientifically known as Pityriasis simplex capitili, a common scalp that leads to excessive
shedding of dead skin from scalp. It is caused by a combination of factors searches overgrowth
of fungus sebaceous gland genetic predisposition and environmental factors influence the
overgrowth of dandruff. Research shows that dandruff is not only a scalp health concern but can
also contribute to discomfort and emotional distress. Treatment with medicated chemically
prepared shampoos are effective but some individuals cannot tolerate hence resulting to side
effect with long term effects.
Dandruff can be caused by fungus such as Malassenzia yeast on scalp, Often associated with
Seborrheic dermatitis, also associated with dry skin which results to flicking of skin especially in
colder months, sensitivity two hair products that results to intolerance among individuals use by
using certain hair products.
Dandruff can be classified into two namely dry dandruff and oily dandruff. Dry dandruff is
mostly as a sheeted with flicking of skin and falling off of the dry skins usually characterized by
white or brown color. Oily dandruff which is also known as PT reassess steroids. Occurs in scalp
with increased sebum production. In addition ,then drop may be caused by increased androgen
hormone which stimulates the body to produce more oil mostly in patients with Polycystic
Ovary syndrome(PCOS).Also, dandruff can be caused by Washing of hair too much which may
cause the scope to dry out.
Dandruff can be described generally as a mild form of Seborrheic dermatitis. Are there many
causes of dandruff experts think that the main cause is the overgrowth of fungus especially
Malassenzia fungus. This is one of the microbial human body and feeds on the oil turn on the
skin. This leads itchiness and flaking of skin. Dandruff general symptoms include white or
sometimes yellow flakes that could be mixed in here and some may fall to the neck or shoulder
when scratched call ma could also develop each is scalp which may spread to other parts search
is behind the ear and in the eyes. Dandruff could be annoying but its main complication is the
bacterial infection that could be caused by scratching which may open skin and cause the
bacteria to enter and access easily.
2. 1.2. Properties and uses of aloe Vera
Aloe Vera is the succulent plant species that has over 75 bio active components including
vitamins, minerals, amino acid, polysaccharides, that contribute to therapeutic and antimicrobial
activity of the aloe Vera. Aloe Vera high ability do moisturize and soothe skin as the aloe gel is
rich in water content and natural who humectants that help hydrate skin. Also it has ability to
reduce inflammation because it contains components such as Bradykinase, which help reduce
itchiness. The antimicrobial activity of aloe Vera is that Guinness both bacteria and fungi.
Aloe Vera has active components present that are responsible for its antimicrobial effect these
include: vitamins such as vitamin A, C and these are antioxidants that neutralize free radicals.
Also aloe vera contain Vitamin B12, folic acid and choline. Another active component is
enzymes; aloe Vera contains it enzyme which include: alliave, alkaline phosphatase, amylase,
bradykinase, carboxypeptidase, catalase, cellulase,lipase and peroxidase. Bradykinase helps
with reduction of inflammation when applied on the skin topically while the other enzymes
assist in breakdown of sugars and fats on the scalp. In addition, aloe Vera gel contains minerals
such as; potassium, sodium, zinc, selenium, copper and calcium that help in functioning of
various enzymes and some of which are antioxidants. Aloe Vera gel also provides sugars such as
monosaccharides (glucose and fructose) and polysaccharide’s such as galactomannans and are
derived from mucilage layer of plants. Most commonly polysaccharide's are called
glucomannan’s and acemannan is the most prominent example. In recent research a glycoprotein
called alprogen with anti allergic and anti-inflammatory properties was found and isolated in
aloe vera .Also aloe vera contains Anthraquinones ,Which are phenolic compounds and also
known as laxatives which include components such as alloin and emodin which act is
analgesics, antibacterial and antivirals. Also aloe Vera contains hormones such as Auxin and
gibberellins Which help in healing and anti-inflammatory action. Also aloe gel contains
additional 20 to 23 amino acids which are present and also help in inflammation .
Aloe Vera has several mechanisms of actions That make it an efficient antimicrobial and anti
inflammatory agent. The mechanisms of actions include: healing action whereby the
glucomannan and gibberellins interact with growth factor receptors on the web replaced
stimulating activity and poliferation which in turn increases the collagen synthesis after topical
application of the aloe Vera gel on the scalp or skin. In addition is the anti-inflammatory action
whereby the aloe Vera inhibits cyclooxygenase pathway and reduces prostaglandin E2
production from arachidonic acid which in turn reduces inflammation . Laxative effect also
caused by antraquinones Which increase the intestinal water and stimulate mucus secretion
hence the relaxed state of the scalp or skin. Also aloe vera has an antiseptic effect whereby aloe
Vera contains antiseptic agents such as urea nitrogen, salicylic acid, cinnamon acid, phenol and
sulfur. All are inhibitory agents of bacteria fungi and viruses .
The side effects of aloe Vera may include effects such as redness banning and stinging sensation
in some individuals especially those affected with certain skin conditions such as dermatitis.
Also oral injection of aloe Vera may lead to effects such as diarrhoea red urine cramps and
worsening Constipation which may lead to complications in affected individuals and also the
laxative effect may cause electrolyte imbalance. Aloe Vera is not recommended for injection by
pregnant mothers as it may lead to uterine constructions and also it is not recommended for
breastfeeding mothers at as it may lead to lack of breast milk for their child.
2.1.3: Aloe Vera’s Previous research documented in research papers and journals
Some preliminary research and anecdotal evidence suggest that aloe Vera May help alleviate
dandruff symptoms:
• A study published in the journal of dermatological treatment explores aloe vera's
effectiveness in treating suburb hake dermatitis a condition similar to dandruff it was
found that aloe Vera significantly reduced the itchiness and scaliness in the condition.
This journal form the basis for this research project.
• Another study highlighted by active components in aloe Vera such as opponents and
salicylic acid that contribute to antimicrobial and exfoliating properties making aloe
Vera a potential treatment for scalp conditions and also skin conditions.
• Three researching articles identified aloe Vera as a wound treating agent such as the
research by Babaee N [Link] found wound recovery by using aloe Vera was an
improvement.
• Rahmani N [Link] research study identified aloe vera's potential in reducing pain and
accelerating healing during chronic anal fissure treatment and post-surgery treatment
this helps in conclusion that aloe Vera is a treatment compound and can be able to teach
chronic dandruff that have already formed into wounds on the scalp.
• When research done by Paul JS et al identified combination of a liver address and gel in
oral lichen planus treatment which aloe Vera was known to reduce the duration of pain
in the study.
• In a study aloe Vera was used as a mouthwash, due to its properties to be able to treat
chronic wounds, it was able to treat stomatitis and pain this was researched by Mansouri
P [Link].
However, limitations existing literature include small sample sizes short duration of studies lack
of a standardized method for measuring danger of reduction which could influence the results of
the project. This highlights require need for comprehensive research to confirm aloe Vera’s
benefits and establishments of best practices for its use and applications on the scalp.
2.1.4. Comparative analysis with conventional treatment
Studies between aloe Vera and commercially chemically prepared shampoos and creams on
dandruff treatment prove that commercial chemical prepared medicated shampoos may offer a
fast relief however prolonged used could have adverse effects on individuals such as stunted hair
growth and irritation factors.
Aloe Vera on the other hand, provides very minimal or even no side effects even if used on long
term basis. Aloe Vera also has a cell regenerative property which is an additional effect to curb
dandruff compared to commercially prepared formulations. Aloe Vera is able To reduce buildup
of oils on scalp And maintain how moisturize and healthy scalp but for chemical commercially
prepared formulations there is continuous build-up of chemicals on the scalp as the mode of
action for treatment of the dandruff this could lead to adverse effects if used for a long time. Also
aloe Vera prevents hair breakage while for commercial chemical prepared formulations this
could be some of the long term effects of using them.
2.1.5. Consumer interest in natural remedies
There is growing trend towards the use of natural and plant based remedies driven by concerns
over the potential side effects of synthetic products and desire for holistic Wellness. Aloe Vera
easiness of cultivation and its availability makes it an accessible solution for many people
worldwide.
People are set to perception that natural remedies are safer then synthetic methods. Most
consumers of recent times have more interest in natural remedies of teaching dandruff because of
their cost effectiveness compared to commercially prepared creams and shampoos which are
expensive and infuse chemicals into the body. Aloe Vera is not the only natural remedy but some
other remedy such as apple cider, use of Rosemary leaves, use of cinnamon, use of coconut oil,
Use of tea tree oil and use of aspirin are other natural remedies that could help with dandruff.
However, aloe Vera has shown lots of potential in curbing of dandruff especially chronic
dandruff and wounds that would result in case of severe scratching of the scalp.
Aloe Vera despite its anti-microbial properties it has shown resilience to draught and it’s
availability in nature as most aloe vera grow on road sides. This gives it an advantage compared
to other natural remedies like coconut which here in Kenya, grows in the coastal parts only.
Approximately 50 to 58% of individuals affected with dandruff can be able to access and use
aloe Vera efficiently without further needing to process it. This could help in reducing the costs
and making it an efficient method to cap dandruff. However, use of aloe Vera could take up to
months to be effective and to be able to show its effectiveness this could be the only bait that
could prevent the use of aloe Vera compared to chemical prepared formulations. But still most
individuals prefer natural methods especially the use of aloe Vera to be able to eliminate
dandruff and other uses such as to be able to achieve smooth and moisturizing skin aloe Vera
may be used. In some cases aloe Vera maybe taken orally to boost the immunity. This makes this
plant based remedy unique because it cannot only be used for the scalp, but also other parts of
the body as well could benefits
2.1.6. Conclusion of literature review
The project aims to fill the gap by providing empirical evidence on aloe vera's impact on
dandruff contributing to better understanding of natural and sustainable scalp care solutions.
Based on the knowledge provided by past research papers and journals a conclusion that aloe
vera has and it's been used as a treatment agent and antimicrobial agent forms the basis for this
project.
CHAPTER THREE
3.1. METHODOLOGY
Generally describes the methods and procedures that can be used to be able to establish the
antimicrobial effects of aloe Vera on dandruff. It involves 3 culture in experiments which
includes:
I. Culturing of dandruff especially those from Malassenzia, Sabouraud dextrose agar
(SDA).This access the Positive control experiment.
II. Culturing Dandruff together with the gel part of the aloe Vera.
III. Then finally culturing dandruff with the green cover parts of the aloe Vera. This is done
to compare which parts of the aloe Vera is more effective.
3.1.1. Materials needed for the experiment
1. Sabouraud dextrose agar
2. Petri dishes about 25 pieces
3. Fresh aloe Vera extracted from the aloe Vera plant
4. dandruff sample from the hair of a volunteer
5. olive oil supplements
6. Sterile swab
7. Sterile saline water
8. Filter paper disc
9. Conical flasks about 5pieces
10. Distilled water
11. Disinfectant (to ensure aseptic techniques are met)
12. Distilled water
3.1.2. Equipment needed for the experiment
I. Incubator
II. Water bath
III. Biosafety cabinets
IV. Safety gloves
V. Lab coats and safety gears
VI. Masks
VII. Streaker
VIII. Scalpel
IX. Autoclave
X. Microscope
XI. Microscope slides
XII. Mortar and pestle
3.1.3. Experiment one culture in dandruff to target my lessons yeah in SD Aga
Procedure
• Sample collection done by gently scrapping off dandruff from the scalp of an affected
individual using a sterile swab which is moist and prior to the scrapping. . The sample is
kept away from contamination to ensure accuracy of results .
• Agar preparation the primary components of SDA are : peptone, dextrose and Agar.
Suspend about 65 grams of dehydrated as their powder in one litre of distilled water. This
is then autoclaved at 121°C for about 15 minutes and then suspended in a water bath to
cool to about 60° Celsius. The Agar is then poured onto the Petri dish and allowed to gaol
before inoculation.
• Sample inoculation – Inoculate the dandruff sample previously collected on a sterile swab
on the surface of SDA plate. This is done by rolling the sample on one please and
ensuring when does not tear the agar.
• Supplementation- Adela of olive oil is added on the surface of the plate to be able to
provide lipids required by the dandruff especially my lessons are for growth. Antibiotics
can be added to prevent the growth of other bacteria’s on the surface of the agar. This
ensures selective growth of dandruff on the surface.
• Incubation- the plates are incubated at 37° for about three to seven days and then
monitored on the 7th day.
• Observation of samples on the 7th day the plates are observed to check for colonies of
dandruff the colonies could be confirmed by use of microscopy and further processing by
using of gram staining to visualize the colonies under oil immersion at 100X
magnification.
3.1.4. Experiment two -Culturing of Dandruff together with gel part of aloevera
Procedure
Preparation of SDA agar – The agar is prepared by adding 65grams of SDA powder to a conical
flask and then added to one litre of distilled water. The mixture is then autoclaved at 121°C for
about 15 minutes and then left to cool in a water bath to appropriate temperatures of about 60°C.
the mixture is then poured into the Agar plates about two plates.
Dandruff sample previously collected by scrapping off affected individual by scrapping off with
sterile moistened swab. The sample is inoculated into the First plate. In the second plate the
dandruff is suspended in a sterile saline and mixed then streak this suspension onto the plate by a
sterile loop. A filter paper disc is soaked in Aloe Vera extract and placed on the August service to
be inoculate
The plates are incubated at that 37°c for three to seven days. Humidity is maintained for optimal
growth of dandruff on the surface. After seven days growth of colonies on both plates are
observed and zone of inhibition are noted by measuring of the clear zone if any around the aloe
Vera disc.A clear zone indicates antimicrobial activity of aloe Vera agonist dandruff organisms.
3.1.5. Culture of dandruff together with the outer green part of aloe Vera
Procedure
Start out by preparation of the SDA agar. Adding of 65 grams of SDA powder to conical flask
with one litre of distilled water the mixture is mixed by swirling. The mixture is then autoclaved
at 121°C for about 15 minutes and left to cool in a water bath to appropriate temperatures of
about 60°C. The anger is poured onto our goblets and allowed to gel.
The aloe Vera leaf is prepared by slicing off the outer green parts by use of a scalpel and washing
the outer part with sterile distilled water to remove any dirt. The author left part is cut into small
pieces and smashed using a mortar and pestle. This is done to increase the surface area.
The dandruff sample is inoculated by scrapping off dandruff flakes using a sterile moistened
swab. The sample is inoculated by spreading them on the surface of the agar plate. Olive oil is
added on the surface of the agar other supplements of lipids to the dandruff which is essential for
its growth.
Just adjusting to the dandruff previously inoculated, the aloe Vera pest previously smashed is
inoculated into the agar. The samples are incubated at that is 7°C for three to seven days and
humidity is ensured.
After seven days microbial colonies are observed around and beneath their liver apiece and
zones of reduced and now microbial growth around the outer part of aloe Vera are checked this
may indicate the antimicrobial activity of a liver on the dandruff.
Experiment Condition Growth Zone of Notes
observed inhibition
1. Sabouraud Dextrose Creamy N/A Olive oil enhances
Agar(SDA)plus olive colonies growth of dandruff
oil. and is a necessity for
its growth.
8
3.1.6. Data Analysis
3.1.7. Growth comparisons
2. Aloe vera gel extract Reduced About 10nm Antimicrobial effect
growth close to seen
no growth
3. Green aloe vera part Reduced About 8nm Mild inhibitory effect
extract growth
Expt 1 – growth depends on lipid supplements from the olive oil
Expt 2 and 3 – differentiation in growth suggests anticonstant activity
Zone of inhibition -measuring of zones of inhibition
It helps show size of replicates larger zones indicates stronger microbial activity. Statistical
analysis such as t tests could compare inhibition zones between aloe Vera extract versus
control.
3.1.8: Data interpretation
Enhanced growth of malasenzinin -Presence pf olive oil confirms that it needs lipids
supplements and relates it to a sap affected by dandruff but industrial applies oil that leads
to more growth.
Zones of inhibition around aloe vera (expt 2 and 3) indicate antimicrobial activity of aloe
Vera. The zones are not seen in the control (expt 1) not because of environmental factors
but aloe extract.
Smaller zones of inhibition from green outer aloe vera part indicate slower release of
bioactive compared to these release in gel extract part.
Growth beneath aloe vera piece could indicate limitation in direct inhibition due to
diffusion issues.
The data can be visualized by creating graphs to compare zone of inhibition and colony
count.
3.1.9: Conclusion
From analysis one can deduce whether the outer green part of the aloe vera has a
significant antimicrobial effect and effectiveness compared to aloe vera gel extract
And also confirm the dependency of Malscronzia on lipids for growth
CHAPTER FOUR
4.1: WORK PLAN
4.1.1. PREPARATORY PHASE (week 1 -2 )
Involves preparation of materials such as procure SDA ,olive oil ,sterile tools and aloe vera
(fresh) and preparation of the tools and materials (week 2)
Also collection of sample in this case a dandruff sample. Being able to identify research
gap, objectives and hypothesis on the project intended.
Be able to establish standard procedure and proper aseptic tools to be used
4.1.2. PROPOSAL WRITING PHASE (week 2 -4)
In the month of November for the last 2 weeks. This involves being able to outline the
required materials ,procedures, analysis, interpretation and conclusions of what one intends
to research on .Expounds on methodologies to be used, expected results and the budget
involved. Submitted to responsible authorities before research work begins.
4.1.3. EXPERIMENTAL SETUP
In the month of January takes the first 2 weeks. (Week 4 to 6)
Week 4 o 5 involves setting up all the three experiments that is culturing dandruff (control),
culturing of dandruff versus aloe vera gel extract and culturing dandruff versus aloe vera
green outer extract.
Week 5 to 6 includes observation of the results obtained from previous experimental setup
4.1.4. DATA ANALYSIS PHASE (WEEK 7-9)
Covers the last 2 weeks of January
It involves record of colony morphology, size, and characteristics, also measuring zones of
inhibition for expt 2 and 3.
It also involves organizing data collected to graphs and tables for comparison and
performing statistical analysis.
4.1.5. REPORT WRITING (first week of February)
In value compiling, findings, interpretation of findings and comparing with initial
hypothesis and literature review then writing the report based on findings.
4.1.6. REVIEW AND REFINEMENT (week 11 and 12)
Done in the second week of February.
Conduct further experiments on accuracy.
4.1.7. SUBMISSION AND REPORT OF ALL FINDINGS (at end of week 12)
Proofread and proposal for submission
CHAPTER FIVE
5.1. BUDGET
Budget breakdown
5.1.1. Consumables
1. SDA powders – about 500g (for about 2.5 plates) .Estimated cost is ksh.5000
2. Olive oil grade-(5.0ml)-cost ksh.1000
3. Sterile petri dishes about 25 plates each at 100 ksh. Estimated cost is ksh.2500
4. Sterile loops-pack of [Link] cost ksh.500
5. Cotton slabs-pack of [Link] cost ksh.3500
6. Aloe vera leaves (2 to 3 leaves) – Estimated cost ksh.200
7. Saline solution 100ml- cost about ksh.500
8. Filter paper- 50 discs- Estimated cost ksh.1000
5.1.2. EQUIPMENTS
1. Incubator – 1 only needed Estimated to rent ksh 4000
2. Sterile forceps-1 needed ksh 200
3. Glass slide box of 50 -ksh 5000
4. Microscope – 1 needed. Estimated cost to rent ksh 2500
5. Scarpel -2 needed cost ksh 50
5.1.3. MISCELLANEOUS
i) Gloves, lab coats and safety gear – 2000
ii) Cleaning and sterilization supplies – 1500
iii) Documentation materials (notebooks, pens) ksh. 200
Total cost = (consumables + equipments +miscellaneous)
CHAPTER SIX
REFERENCES
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research 3:184 -187
3. Joshua M.,Ngonidhenshe M.,Bamusi ,Ms 2010, an evolution of antimicrobial activities of
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medicine in Zimbabwe journal of animal and veterinary advances 923:2918 – 2923
4. Abhishek sing and Abisheck saxem ,”formulation and evaluation of herbal Antidandruff
shampoos” by Journal of pharmacy practice and research vol 1.1 .Pages 5 to 11
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agents in managements of dandruff” J microbial Biotech Res .2(6) ,2012 Pages 916 – 921
6. A.R Monikar , [Link] .”Formulations of shampoos.” International journal of
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