Unit 1 Chapter 1 Historical Antecedents of Science and There are two competing traditions with regards to the

Technology ultimate source of our knowledge: empirical science and

formal science.
Lesson 1 INTRODUCTION TO SCIENCE
Formal science contains analytic propositions, one that
The word science has its origin from the Latin word
includes reasoning — for example, mathematics, logic, and
“Scientia,” which means to know [1]. Science refers to
statistics, where absolute certainty is achievable.
knowledge of facts gained through observation and
experimentation. It is a systematic global human endeavor Empirical science derives knowledge from the senses and
to gather up and classify observable facts coupled with logic experiences. Here, absolute certainty is not achievable
and reasoning in order to formulate general laws about the since scientific knowledge can still be modified.
natural world.
1.3 Scientific Method
Science has three main goals. The root causes of science:
 Make an observation
problems, needs, and curiosity.
 Ask a question and collect information
(1) develop general laws that explain how reality  Form a hypothesis
works, leading to a better comprehension of the  Experiment
world and the universe.  Analyze the data
(2) it aims to predict events based on natural laws.  Conclude
(3) to develop new technologies from the knowledge  Communicate
produced by scientific inquiry, which will later help
1.4 Science and Technology
society.
Science is concerned with the collection of knowledge and
Social sciences deal with the scientific study of social,
using it to answer certain phenomena that are happening in
cultural, economic, psychological, and political forces that
the physical world.
guides the individual in their actions.
Technology is the practical application of our knowledge in
Natural sciences deal with the study of the universe and
science and created through engineering.
the physical world.
Lesson 2 HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE AND
Physical sciences are concerned with the study of non-
TECHNOLOGY IN THE WORLD
living things. It branches out into areas like physics and
chemistry. HISTORY OF SCIENCE
Earth sciences refer to the study of the earth and the Prehistoric Ages
systems in space. Its minor areas include geology,
meteorology, and astronomy. In the prehistoric times, oral tradition had become the
most important and only method of passing knowledge
THE THEORY OF KNOWLEDGE from families to families and generations to generations.
known as epistemology originates from "episteme," a Stone Age (8700 BCE – 2000BCE)
Greek word for knowledge
Hammer stones are some of the earliest and simplest stone
According to the tripartite definition of knowledge (1) a tools. Oldowan toolkit, hand axes, spear points for hunting
belief can only amount to knowledge if the belief is true. (2) games, scrapers for animal hides' preparation, and awls for
it should be justified and have good evidence to support shredding plant fibers and making clothing.
the belief.
Bronze Age (3000 BC – 1200BC)
Philosophers classify knowledge into three categories:
propositional, procedural, and personal. In this period, producing bronze by smelting its copper and
allowing it with tin, arsenic, or other metals started.
Propositional knowledge, also known as factual
knowledge, is knowledge of facts. Iron Age (1200 BC – 600 BC)

Procedural knowledge, or know-how, is the knowledge of Africans, Asians, and Europeans had begun making tools
how to perform a task. and weapons from steel and iron.

Personal knowledge, also known as knowledge by Ancient Ages

acquaintances, states that in order to know, one must have
First arose in Sumer, Mesopotamia, Iraq.
to do with being familiar with something.
five characteristics: (1) advanced cities, (2) specialized
workers, 3) complex institutions, (4) record keeping, and (5)
advanced technologies
the quipocamayoc, the officials who knew quipo, kept One primary turnout was with Nicholas Copernicus by
records of births, deaths, marriages, crops, and historical attempting to provide rigor mathematical proof of
events. heliocentric.

During the Sumerian period school system flourished Age of Exploration, Beginning of Globalization
known as edubba, "the tablet house," then became the
Industrial Revolution and 18th to 21st Century Science
Sumerian's center of culture and learning
During these times, evident and massive transformations
ummia or the "expert”
were on agriculture, demographic, manufacturing, and
cuneiform, a writing system invented by the Sumerians transportation contributing to a positive effect on the
culture, economics, and social climate of the countries.
The crafting of woven clothes, trades of wood, silver, gold,
and animals was evident at this time. Eighteenth-Century

Sumerian-Akkadian Empire-Hammurabi(Babylons) -Assyrian Age of Reason, Newton's discovery of the fundamental laws
governing motion and universal gravitation provided
Egyptians
insights to some scientists in their respective fields of
Ancient Egyptians provided significant breakthroughs in the experiments.
field of astronomy, mathematics, and medicine.
Nineteenth Century
The inventions of simple machines (e.g., ramp) to aid
The further discovery of mathematical science had paved
constructions and pyramid, papyrus sheets showing the
the way to changing the ways of the physical sciences by
pieces of evidence of empiricism (c. 1550 BC), clocks
providing mathematic equations that describes a few of the
(sundial), and the Egyptians were the first to extract gold by
natural world's phenomena.
large scale mining using fire setting.
Twentieth Century
Indians
developing nuclear weapons, Man first landed on the moon
Indians, with the use of mathematics, created bricks for
with the help of aerospace engineering, Development of
their buildings with appropriate ratios for the stability of
genetics and the discovery of genetic structure, the DNA,
their buildings to be built as evident in Indus Valley
commenced the Human Genome project and first cloning
Civilization.
of mammal in 1996. Antibiotics, Vaccines, and the discovery
Records suggest that they were the inventors of wootz, of other life-threatening diseases also occurred.
crucible, and stainless steels then exported in the
science and technology became a tool in investigating the
Mediterranean world.
fundamental operations of the universe, life, and matter
Chinese
Twenty-First Century
astronomical observations and the record on the existence
Scientists started the development of quantum computers,
of sunspots (364 BC). With these observations, they can see
gene therapy, 3D printing, nanotechnology, drones,
eclipses and comets.
artificial intelligence, solar cells, wireless power devices,
Greeks and Romans engines, and more advanced spacecraft.

The quest of the Greek Philosophers explained how the PARADIGM AND PARADIGM SHIFT
cosmos became in order.
The shift in the understanding of the natural world is
The people studying the natural world are called natural constant, known as a paradigm shift.
Philosophers.
The word paradigm comes from the Greek word
Medieval to Early Modern Ages "paradigm," which means a pattern or an example.

Medieval Europe A paradigm simply serves as an exemplary model, a

stepping stone for new research.
This period became the Dark Ages of Science, which put the
religious authorities above personal experiences and What is a paradigm shift?
rational thinking.
paradigm shift is a series of extreme revolution where every
Renaissance revolution leads to either the addition or replacement of an
old conceptual world view with a new one. Paradigm shift
Notable scientists like Francis Bacon, Galileo Galilei, and exists to address the discrepancies discovered in the
Rene Descartes made significant contributions to the previous paradigms.
rebirth of science after the sudden turn off of science.
The Steps of the Kuhn Cycle
(0) Prescience –In this stage, the field's paradigm is not Jupiter had four moons while the sun had dark patches on
mature enough to explain and solve the field's main it. Galileo’s findings frightened both Catholic and Protestant
problems. leaders because they have gone against the authority of the
church.
(1) Normal science – the standard model of understanding
and problem solving for a discipline. THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD (Copernicus, Kepler and Galileo)

(2) Model drift—the discipline starts to be faced with new It is a logical procedure for gathering and testing ideas. It
questions or anomalies that the current model cannot starts with a problem or question arising from an
address. observation. Scientists next form a hypothesis or unproven
assumption. The premise is then tested in an experiment or
(3) Model crisis—the current model fails to resolve all
based on data. Lastly, scientists analyze and able to
problems, and unresolved anomalies appear in higher
interpret their findings to reach a new conclusion.
volume. Additionally, discipline practitioners can no longer
patch the model. THE LAW OF GRAVITY

(4) Model revolution— one or more candidates appear to Isaac Newton helped to bring the ideas together with their
resolve the crisis, and the discipline struggles with a new breakthroughs under a single theory of motion and was
model. confident that the same forces affected all physical objects
equally.
(5) Paradigm change—is where influential supporters
establish the new model. SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION WENT VIRAL

Unit 1 Chapter 2 The Scientific Revolution Scientific Instruments. Scientists have developed novel
tools and instruments to make observations more precise.
Setting the Stage
The first microscope was invented by a Dutch eyeglass-
The period of Renaissance between 1300 and 1600 in maker, Zacharias Janssen.
Europe was a time of significant revolution that popularized
Anton van Leeuwenhoek used a microscope to see bacteria
the reincarnation of learning. Meanwhile, the religious
from tooth scrapings and examined red blood cells for the
movement, known as Reformation prompted followers to
first time.
challenge conventional ways of thinking about God and
salvation. Medicine and the Human Body

The new way of thinking Galen - into the anatomy of other animals.

Few brave scholars have published works that challenged Andreas Vesalius - disproved Galen, detailed drawings of
the ideas of the ancient thinkers and the teachings of the human organs, bones and muscles.
church.
William Harvey - revolutionary discovery on the circulation
Lesson 3: The Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment of blood, dissected alive and dead animals.

Enlightenment Similarly, the invention of the printing press Discoveries in Chemistry

has supplemented the spread challenging ideas – both old
Robert Boyle pioneered the use of the scientific method in
and new. The age of circumnavigation also fueled a
the field of chemistry most famous contribution to
profound impact on scientific researches, particularly in the
chemistry is Boyle’s law, which explains how the volume,
invention of instruments for geographic measurements and
temperature and pressure of gas affect each other.
determination of their location in the oceans.
Darwinism and the Theory of Evolution.
THE REVOLUTIONARY MODEL OF THE UNIVERSE
Charles Robert Darwin. he posited that a process called
The geocentric theory did not explain the movements of
Natural Selection helped stronger species to adapt
the sun, moon and the planets accurately.
successfully to changing requirements of their habitat.
Nicolas Copernicus proposed that indeed, the stars, the Theory of Evolution which proposes that all species came
earth and the other planets revolved around the sun. from one ancestor that is APES.
Copernicus’ Heliocentric Theory still did not thoroughly
Unit 1 Chapter 3 Science and Technology and Nation
explain why the planets orbited the way they did. Kepler’s
Building
observation showed that Copernicus’s basic ideas were
correct and they demonstrated mathematically that the SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN THE PHILIPPINES
planets revolve around the sun.
A brief history of Philippine S&T
Galileo Galilei, built his own telescope and utilized it to
observe the heavens in 1609. Galileo made clear that Pre-Spanish colonization
The pre-colonial alpha-syllabic script Baybayin. Farming, HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF COSMOLOGY
shipbuilding, and mining were already evident. The Banaue
Babylonian cosmology teaches that the Earth is flat and is
Rice Terraces carved into the mountains of Ifugao. The
floating in an infinite “waters of chaos”.
Balangay is a plank boat adjoined by a carved-out plank
edged through pins and dowels. Pythagorean universe theory teaches the existence of a
“Central Fire” at the geometric center of the universe.
During the Spanish rule
Aristotelian universe teaches that the world did not come
The era is characterized by a unique mixture of Southeast
exactly in to being; rather, it is steadily existed and
Asian and Western culture, particularly the Spanish
unchanged for all eternity.
language and the Catholic faith.
Copernican universe is specifically called “Copernican
"Ilustrados" was formed from the increasing number of
heliocentrism” which provides a model of the universe
educated young Filipinos. These affluent Filipinos were able
where the sun is at the center and all the planets revolving
to study in Europe and become influenced by scientific
around it along its individual circular orbits.
ideals. Among the ilustrados, two fellows stood-out with
their background in science-- Dr. Jose P. Rizal and the Kepler challenged cosmology and established Laws of
scientist Antonio Luna Planetary Motions.
The American rule “Einstein’s Static Universe” or the “Einstein’s World” has
set the foundations of modern theoretical cosmology.
The progress of science and technology in the Philippines
However, with the observations of the redshift, modern
continued in the country. The Bureau of Science was
cosmology is considered to have started upon the
created during the American colonial period, which
publication of the Hubble’s Law in 1929.
eventually became the Philippine S&T as established by the
American government. The creation of the University of 9.2 TECHNOLOGIES USED IN MODERN COSMOLOGY
the Philippines (UP system) and the various S&T agency and
laboratories effectively served as a training ground for Telescopes are classified into two groups: 1.) Refractors,
Filipino scientists. and 2.) Reflectors. The basic difference is that refractors
utilize lenses while reflectors use mirrors.
STATE OF THE PHILIPPINE S&T TO THE WORLD
9.8 THE ORIGIN OF THE UNIVERSE and the BIG BANG
Surveys have shown that the Philippine government is
under-investing in research and development. Some are pseudoscience some are purely faith-based, and
some are theories.
What should be done to solve the problems facing
development? Goldenberg suggested several means: (1) Big Bang Theory This theory presents that the universe was
Help adapt technology to local circumstances; that is, originally a hot and infinitely dense object in space, which
choosing well-proven technologies but utilizing local, Albert Einstein referred to as a “singularity”.
available materials to apply to local issues. (2) Incorporate
As the explosion progresses, the bang enters into a two-
new science into high-quality education by capacitating
stage process: Radiation Era and the Matter Era.
and empowering researchers to update their skills and (3)
Scientists and their science should be utilized and involved Radiation Era This era existed just after the explosion when
to guide crucial government decisions. most of which that existed were radiation and progresses
for about tens of thousands of years.
LESSON 6: Men and Women in Philippine S&T
Matter Era With the creation of elements, matter existed in
A scientist is an individual who has earned advanced
the universe and developed through time.
studies in any scientific field and has earned distinction in
independent research or significant innovative achievement 9.4 HUBBLE’S LAW and the EXPANDING UNIVERSE
in his chosen scientific discipline as manifested by published
works in recognized scientific and technical journals. Having obtained the spectra of 18 spiral galaxies Edwin
Hubble observed a pattern of frequency shift towards red
Creating new knowledge, through discovery, invention, or a spectrum and could determine their redshift velocity.
mix of the two and publish these works.
Unit 2 Chapter 2 The Human Person Flourishing in
Case on point: The Extraordinary Life of Leonardo Co Terms of Science, Technology, and Innovation
(1953-2010) Filipino botanist and plant taxonomist who,
during his lifetime, was considered the foremost authority Lesson 8 Science, Technology, and Innovation:
in ethnobotany in the Philippines. Implications on Sustainable Development
Unit 2 Chapter 1 Technology as a Way of Revealing GLOBAL PROBLEM
Lesson 7 A RETURN TO THE BEGINNING
  Goal 16. Promote peaceful and inclusive societies
for sustainable development, provide access to
SDGs BUILT ON MDGs justice for all and build effective, accountable and
The Millennium Developmental Goals (MDGs) has eight inclusive institutions at all levels
goals namely:  Goal 17. Strengthen the means of implementation
and revitalize the Global Partnership for
 Goal 1: Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger Sustainable Development.
 Goal 2: Achieve universal primary education
 Goal 3: Promote gender equality and empower The SDGs’ highest aim is to end poverty, protect the
women Goal 4: Reduce child mortality planet, foster peaceful societies free from fear and
 Goal 5: Improve maternal health violence, and ensure prosperity for everyone.
 Goal 6: Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other
diseases Goal 7: Ensure environmental Unit 2 Chapter 3 The Goodlife: Happiness & Goal
sustainability Setting
 Goal 8: Develop a global partnership for
Eudaimonia that refers to the quest of “happiness”;
development
and Hedonism, which pertains to seeking pleasure
The MDGs served as a global framework for the needed and comfort.
action to be done to address the challenges.
Though Plato and Socrates were noted to contribute
The SDGs are the new global agenda that covers issues that first to the concept of Eudaimonia, it was Aristotle
affect us all.
who treated the said concept in a profound and
 Goal 1. End poverty in all its forms everywhere systematic approach. But it is important to note that
 Goal 2. End hunger achieve food security and Socrates was thought as the founder of the
improved nutrition and promote sustainable eudaemonist tradition that implies Eudaimonia takes
agriculture as the highest good and ultimate goal (telos) in all
 Goal 3. Ensure healthy lives and promote well- human undertakings and endeavors.
being for all at all ages
 Goal 4. Ensure inclusive and equitable quality Aristotle - happiness can be achieved through aretê
education and promote lifelong learning or virtue in every rational activity one undertakes.
opportunities for all
 Goal 5. Achieve gender equality and empower all Epicurus contradicts the close relationship between
women and girls happiness and virtue. School of thought focuses on
 Goal 6. Ensure availability and sustainable Hedonism, of which he argues that happiness is
management of water and sanitation for all based according to pleasure.
 Goal 7. Ensure access to affordable, reliable,
sustainable and modern energy for all Four distinct definition categories that address a
 Goal 8. Promote sustained, inclusive and different part of a process: orientations, behaviors,
sustainable economic growth, full and productive experiences, and functioning.
employment and decent work for all
 Goal 9. Build resilient infrastructure, promote STS UNIT 2. CHAPTER 3 ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (AI)
inclusive and sustainable industrialization and AI refers to machines or systems that mimic human
foster innovation intelligence to perform tasks such as learning, reasoning,
 Goal 10. Reduce inequality within and among problem-solving, and decision-making.
countries
 Goal 11. Make cities and human settlements HISTORY OF AI
inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable
 AI discussions date from ancient Egypt
 Goal 12. Ensure sustainable consumption and
 Astrolab – Early navigation instruments
production patterns
 6th BC – Greek & Roman moving statues using
 Goal 13. Take urgent action to combat climate
water
change and its impacts
 Middle Ages –mechanical talking heads
 Goal 14. Conserve and sustainably use the oceans,
 Renaissance “automatons” that could write
seas and marine resources for sustainable
development 1950 – Birth of AI
 Goal 15. Protect, restore and promote sustainable
use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage Alan Turing proposed the Turing Test to evaluate machine
forests, combat desertification, and halt and intelligence. Father of Computer Science and AI.
reverse land degradation and halt biodiversity loss
Artificial intelligence (1950) – The possibility of creating a 4. COMPUTER VISION AI that allows machines to
machine that can think. interpret and analyze visual data like images and
videos.
1956 – AI as a field John McCarthy coined the term
5. ROBOTICS AND AUTOMATION I-driven systems
“Artificial Intelligence” ➢ One of the founders of the
that perform physical tasks with minimal human
discipline of artificial intelligence.
intervention.
Present & Future AI powers self-driving cars, robotic
ETHICAL AND SOCIAL IMPLICATIONS AI brings significant
assistants, and creative AI tools like ChatGPT and Image
benefits, but it also raises ethical and social concerns.
generator Apps, Smart Home System.
Responsible development and regulation are crucial to
IMPORTANCE AND APPLICATIONS OF AI ensuring AI serves humanity positively.

1. AI enhances efficiency, accuracy, and automation in 1. AI BIAS AND FAIRNESS AI can inherit biases from
various fields. the data it is trained on, leading to unfair
outcomes.
2. It helps in decision-making, problem-solving, and 2. PRIVACY AND DATA SECURITY AI RELIES ON VAST
innovation. AMOUNTS OF PERSONAL DATA, RAISING
CONCERNS ABOUT MISUSE AND SURVEILLANCE.
3. Drives Innovation and Scientific Advancements, Enhances
Human Capabilities, Transforms Everyday Life. DOST’s Critical and Strategic Technologies [
Real World Applications of AI 1. Remote Sensing Technology - the use of satellite and
aircraft for acquiring geospatial and temporal data without
Healthcare ➢ AI predicts diseases, assists in robotic
making physical contact with the object.
surgeries (IBM Watson for Oncology).
2. Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) - a remote-sensing
Finance ➢ AI detects fraud and manages investments (AI-
technique that uses lasers to measure distances to
powered trading systems).
reflective surfaces and produce fine scale elevation and
Education ➢ AI provides personalized learning experiences surface data.
(Duolingo, Coursera AI tutors).
3. Biotechnology - any technology application that uses
Transportation ➢ AI enables self-driving cars (Tesla biological systems, living organisms, or derivatives thereof,
Autopilot). to make or modify products or processes for specific uses.

Customer Service ➢ AI chatbots answer queries (ChatGPT, 4. Genomics - the study of the complete genetic material of
customer support bots). an organism and the function of individual genes crucial for
health and agriculture.
THREE MAIN TYPES
5. Advanced materials - all new materials and their
1. NARROW AI/ WEAK AI - AI designed for specific modifications for superior performance in one or more
tasks without general reasoning abilities. characteristics that are critical for the considered
2. GENERAL AI/ STRONG AI - Can think, learn, and applications.
adapt like a human.
3. SUPER AI - A hypothetical AI that surpasses human 6. Nanotechnology - the technology that designs and
intelligence in all aspects, including creativity, controls matter at nano level to create new materials for
emotions, and decision-making. use in food, energy, industrial materials, health, diagnostics,
and electronics.
CORE TECHNOLOGIES IN AI
7. Big Data / Analytics - the aggregation of data from
ai relies on several foundational technologies that enable disparate sources to provide emergency managers with
machines to learn, process data, and make intelligent warnings for extreme weather events and gather breaking
decisions. information on disaster conditions from first responders.
1. MACHINE LEARNING (ML) - A subset of AI that
allows machines to learn from data without being
explicitly programmed.
2. DEEP LEARNING - An advanced form of machine
learning that uses artificial neural networks to
simulate human brain function.
3. NATURAL LANGUAGE PROCESSING - AI technology
enables machines to understand, interpret, and
generate human language.