Lecture 6

Wari-Bateshwar
–The Fort City and evidences of international trade
Introduction to Wari-Bateshwar
Wari-Bateshwar is an archaeological site located in the Narsinghdi district of Bangladesh.
The site has gained significance due to the regular activities of local inhabitants, such as
land cultivation and household activities, which often expose artifacts from ancient times.
Notably, after rainfall, various objects like semi-precious stone beads and silver punch-
marked coins become visible, prompting local interest in these historical remnants.
Early Discoveries and Research
In the 1930s, local schoolteacher Hanif Pathan and his son Habibulla Pathan began
collecting artifacts from Wari-Bateshwar. Despite its potential importance, the site did not
attract professional archaeological attention until 1989, when systematic excavations
commenced in 2000. This led to the discovery of a fort-city dating back approximately
2,500 years.
Archaeological Features
The archaeological findings at Wari-Bateshwar include a fortified enclosure measuring
600m x 600m, characterized by four mud ramparts. Although many parts of these ramparts
have deteriorated over time, remnants of walls up to 5-7 feet high still exist. Surrounding
the site is a moat that has since silted up but remains visible in certain areas.
Asom Razar Garh
To the west and southwest of the citadel lies a significant structure known as Asom Razar
Garh, which is a 5.8 km long and 10 m high mud rampart. This feature likely served as an
additional defensive mechanism for the fort-city.
Settlement Patterns and Urbanization
Analysis of the archaeological sites around Wari-Bateshwar indicates that ancient settlers
preferred flood-free zones for habitation, showcasing advanced town planning. Similar
settlement patterns can be observed in Mahasthangarh in Bogra and regions in Uttar
Pradesh, India. The concept of urban centers is supported by historical texts such as
Kautilya's Arthashastra, which defines cities as enclosed living spaces.
Economic and Trade Relations
Wari-Bateshwar's status as an affluent trade center is evidenced by artifacts such as
sandwich glass beads and Indo-Pacific monochrome glass beads, suggesting trade
connections with the Mediterranean. The discovery of semi-precious stone beads made
from materials like agate and quartz indicates that these resources were imported.
Architectural Discoveries
Recent excavations have uncovered brick-built structures, including a 160-meter-long
lime-surki road with a by-lane. These findings reinforce the idea that Wari-Bateshwar was
not only a trade hub but also a center for advanced architectural techniques.
Technological Advancements
The inhabitants of Wari-Bateshwar demonstrated significant technical knowledge, evident
in their ability to manufacture beads from semi-precious stones and create pottery using
controlled temperature techniques. The presence of Northern Black Polished Ware further
links this site to urban culture during India's second urbanization phase.
Historical Significance
Wari-Bateshwar is believed to be linked to Souanagoura, a trading center mentioned by
Ptolemy. Artifacts such as rouletted ware and various types of beads confirm its
connections with contemporary regions across the Indian subcontinent and beyond.
Coin Discoveries
Two types of silver punch-marked coins have been found at Wari-Bateshwar: Janapada
coins that date back to ca. 600-400 BC. This discovery places the site within the Sodosha
Maha Janapada kingdom's timeline.
Chalcolithic Culture Evidence
Recent excavations have revealed evidence of Chalcolithic culture at Wari-Bateshwar,
including black and red ware and signs of pit-dwelling similar to those found in Inamgaon,
Maharashtra. However, questions arise regarding the feasibility of pit-dwelling in a rain-
prone region like Wari-Bateshwar.
Conclusion
The archaeological findings at Wari-Bateshwar highlight its significance as an ancient
urban center with advanced trade relations, architectural innovations, and technological
expertise. These discoveries contribute valuable insights into the socio-economic
structures of ancient civilizations in the Indian subcontinent.

• An important archaeological site located in the northeastern part of Bangladesh.

• It has been named after two contiguous villages of Wari and Bateshwar

• This ancient settlement is located 4 km away to the south-west of the Belabo Upazila of
present Narsingdi district

Location and land formation

• Located on the fringe of Pleistocene land unit of Madhupur tract.

• Four different types:

1. Old Brahmaputra Flood Plain 2. New Brahmaputra & Jamuna Flood plain

3. Mid-Meghna Flood Plain 4. Madhupur Tract

Rivers around

• The old Brahmaputra and its branches:

– Arial Kha –Koira –Gangajali –Paharia

50 heritage sites have been discovered in the four upazilas of Narsingdi district:

1. Monohordi 2. Shibpur 3. Raypur 4. Belabo

Major Artifacts: Chance Findings

• Neolithic tools • Beads: semi-precious stone beads, glass and terracotta beads

• Silver punch-marked coins • Iron artifacts • Terracotta objects

• Bronze and copper objects etc. were found by chance findings

Mahasthangarh(Pudnagala)
– The First Urban Center of Bangladesh

Introduction to Mahasthan
Mahasthan, or Mahasthangarh, is recognized as the earliest and largest archaeological site
in Bangladesh, comprising the ruins of the ancient city of Pundranagara. It is situated 13 km
north of Bogra town along the Dhaka-Dinajpur highway. The site features an oblong plateau
measuring 1500m N-S and 1400m E-W, surrounded by rampart walls averaging 6m in
height from river level.
Historical Significance
The highest point within the enclosure is marked by the mazar (tomb) of Shah Sultan
Mahisawar and a mosque built during the reign of Mughal Emperor Farrukh Siyar. This
mosque has been enclosed by a modern structure, limiting future excavation opportunities.
The northern, western, and southern sides of the fortified city were encircled by a deep
moat, remnants of which are still visible, while the eastern side is bordered by the Karatoya
River.
Archaeological Discoveries
Numerous isolated mounds around the site indicate that it was once surrounded by
suburbs. Notable scholars and travelers, including Buchanan, O'Donnell, Westmacott,
Beveridge, and Sir Alexander Cunningham, have documented their visits to Mahasthan.
Cunningham identified these ruins as Pundranagara in 1879, suggesting its founding by the
Mauryas based on a Brahmi inscription.
Excavation History
The first systematic excavation was conducted in 1928-29 by the Archaeological Survey of
India under K.N. Diksit. This initial work focused on three mounds and a portion of the
eastern rampart but was halted for three decades. Excavations resumed in the early 1960s
and continued intermittently until 1991, revealing significant findings that necessitated
further investigation.
Cultural Sequence
The archaeological work at Mahasthan has uncovered various cultural layers:
• Period I: Pre-Mauryan Phase
• Characterized by Northern Black Polished Ware (NBPW), Rouletted ware,
and mud-built houses. Radiocarbon dating suggests this phase dates back to the
late 4th century BC.
• Period II: Mauryan Period
Marked by broken tiles and evidence of brick construction. Radiocarbon dates range from
366-162 BC.
• Period III: Post-Mauryan Phase
Features better-preserved architectural remains with significant quantities of terracotta
plaques and coins dating from 197 BC to 122 AD.
• Period IV: Kusana-Gupta Phase
Identified through Kusana pottery and terracotta figurines with scant architectural remains.
• Period V: Gupta Phase
Yields remains of a temple called Govinda Bhita and various antiquities dating between 361
AD and 594 AD.
• Period VI: Pala Phase
Noted for numerous Buddhist establishments erected during this flourishing period.
• Period VII: Muslim Phase
Evidenced by architectural remains of mosques and artifacts typical of the era.
Recent Excavations
Excavations conducted by a joint venture between Bangladeshi and French archaeologists
since 1993 have revealed extensive building levels and significant artifacts. The site has
also unveiled three gateways related to different historical periods, indicating its strategic
importance.
Conclusion
Mahasthan serves as a vital archaeological site that encapsulates the rich history and
cultural evolution of ancient Bengal. Continued excavations promise to further illuminate its
historical significance and provide insights into early urban life in the region.

Earliest Written Record: Mahasthan Brahmi Inscription

The inscription record an order issued by a ruler(name not mentioned) to the mahamatra
stationed at Pudanagala (Pundranagara), with a view to relieve the distress (cause not
mentioned) of the Samvamgiyanam (the people called Samvabgiyas [?], who apparently
lived in and around the nagara) by distributing dhanya (dhaniyam,) [from the granary] and
by advancing coins (gamdaka) [from the treasury].

• It was one of the oldest urban center Bangladesh • It was grew beside the Karatoya River
• It was a fort city with high security walls • It has trading connection with the Ganges valley
• It was excavated by a joint team of Bangladesh and French Archaeologists (1993-2006)
• Shah Sultan Mahisawar settled and spread Islam in this area

Notable Structures and Findings

-Ancient Gateway (restored)Eastern Rampart, Mahasthan

-Khodar Pathar Bhita, Mahasthan -Terracotta statue of Surya, Mahasthan

-Bronze Statue of Manjusri, Saralpur, Bogra -Standing Buddha: Mahasthan

-Terracotta Figurines: Mahasthan -Bronze Mirror, Mahasthan

Paharpur Buddhist Monastery

Introduction

Paharpur, located in the Badalgachhi Upazila of Naogaon district, Bangladesh, is one of

the most significant archaeological sites in South Asia. It is home to Somapura
Mahavihara, an ancient Buddhist monastery and one of the largest monasteries south of
the Himalayas. The name ‘Paharpur’ derives from the Bengali word Pahar (hill), referring to
the central mound of the site.

Discovery and Excavation History

• Early Records:
The site was first documented by Buchanan Hamilton between 1807 and 1812.
Later, it drew the attention of Westmacott and Sir Alexander Cunningham in the
19th century.
• Systematic Excavations:
Regular archaeological excavations began in 1923, led by the Archaeological Survey
of India in collaboration with the Varendra Research Society. Key archaeologists like
D.R. Bhandarkar, R.D. Banerjee, and K.N. Dikshit played a significant role in
uncovering the monastery's architectural and cultural significance.
• Post-Independence Efforts:
After Bangladesh's independence in 1971, the Department of Archaeology resumed
excavations in phases. This included clearing debris, uncovering early cultural
layers, and preserving architectural remains.

Architectural Layout of Somapura Mahavihara

• Monastic Complex:
The monastery is a quadrangular complex, measuring approximately 274 meters on
 each side, enclosed by massive walls about 5 meters thick. It includes 177
monastic cells, arranged in a square around a spacious courtyard.
• Central Shrine:
The cruciform-shaped central shrine stands on three raised terraces adorned with
brick cornices, terracotta plaques, and intricate stone carvings.
• Decorative Art:
The terracotta plaques depict scenes from daily life, Buddhist myths, and motifs of
flora and fauna, representing the cultural and religious narratives of the time.

Physical Environment

• Geography and Climate:

The region has a tropical monsoon climate, with most rainfall occurring from May to
October. The average temperature ranges from 7°C to 39°C.
• Soil and Topography:
The area is part of the Barind Tract, characterized by red soil, light loam, and marshy
black loam.

Archaeological Findings

• Terracotta Plaques:
Over 2,000 terracotta plaques have been recovered, showcasing scenes from
everyday life, Buddhist teachings, and mythical stories.
• Inscriptions and Seals:
Clay seals discovered on-site attribute the construction of Somapura Mahavihara to
Dharmapala, the second king of the Pala dynasty.
• Pottery and Ornaments:
Various types of pottery, metal objects, ornaments, and votive tablets have been
unearthed, reflecting the artistic and technological advancements of the Pala
period.
• Religious Artifacts:
Stupas, statues of the Buddha, and other votive objects confirm the site’s religious
significance.

Historical Background and Spreading of Religion

• Construction by the Pala Dynasty:

Somapura Mahavihara was built by Dharmapala (781–821 AD), the second ruler of
the Pala dynasty. His successor, Devapala, expanded the monastery’s influence
and supported Buddhist learning.
• Center of Buddhist Learning:
The monastery became a hub for Mahayana Buddhism, attracting monks and
scholars from Southeast Asia, China, and Tibet.
 • Role in Spreading Buddhism:
Somapura Mahavihara was instrumental in the dissemination of Buddhism across
South and Southeast Asia. Its influence reached regions like Myanmar, Sri Lanka,
and Indonesia, as seen in architectural similarities with sites like Borobudur in
Indonesia.
• Religious Transition:
Over time, the decline of Buddhism in Bengal due to invasions, natural disasters,
and changing dynastic patronage led to the monastery’s abandonment.

Cultural and Religious Importance

• Architectural Influence:
The cruciform design and artistic elements of Somapura Mahavihara inspired
subsequent Buddhist and Hindu temple architecture in the region.
• Pilgrimage and Scholarship:
The monastery served as both a pilgrimage site and a center of religious philosophy,
contributing to the spiritual and intellectual traditions of Buddhism.

UNESCO Recognition

• World Heritage Site:

In 1985, Somapura Mahavihara was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site for
its unique architectural and historical significance.
• Preservation Challenges:
The site faces challenges such as environmental degradation and vandalism.
Conservation efforts are ongoing to protect its cultural heritage.

Decline and Rediscovery

• Abandonment:
The monastery was likely abandoned in the 12th century due to the decline of
Buddhism in Bengal and invasions from other regions.
• Rediscovery:
Forgotten for centuries, the site was rediscovered by colonial archaeologists in the
19th century, sparking interest in its excavation and study.

Findings
-Bronze Buddha, found in Excavation, 1980 in a residential complex

Terracotta art in Bengal is a significant and ancient form of plastic art that has evolved over
centuries, reflecting the cultural and social dynamics of the region. This composition
summarizes the key data regarding its history, techniques, themes, and cultural
significance.
Overview of Terracotta Art

Terracotta, or burnt clay, is recognized as the earliest form of plastic art in which Bengal
artists excelled. This medium has been utilized since prehistoric times to create objects
that satisfied both artistic impulses and the domestic and ritual needs of ordinary people.
The use of clay was favored due to the scarcity of stone and the complex technology
involved in metal sculpture, making it an accessible material for countless untutored
artists.

Historical Context

The practice of terracotta art began in Bengal from prehistoric times and continued
through early medieval to medieval periods, persisting on Hindu monuments until the mid-
nineteenth century. Significant archaeological finds at sites such as Bangarh and
Mahasthan have revealed a rich tradition of terracotta plaques, which are notable
contributions to South Asian art. The discovery of various series, such as those from
Chandraketugarh-Tamralipti and Mangalkot-Saralpur-Palashbadi, indicates multiple
terracotta art traditions coexisting in Bengal.

Techniques and Styles

Terracotta plaques were typically created using a combination of moulding and hand
modeling techniques. Their primary purpose was to decorate temple walls while also
serving as instructional sources for pilgrims. The subject matter depicted included deities
from Hindu and Buddhist pantheons as well as scenes from daily life, reflecting the diverse
experiences of people across different social strata.

Cultural Significance

Terracotta art serves as a vital documentation of social history, illustrating local rites,
rituals, and everyday activities. The plaques often depicted significant events from epics
like the Ramayana, showcasing the artists' connections to their communities. The intricate
details in these artworks provide visual evidence of societal norms and practices.

Evolution Through Eras

After the Palas period, there was a decline in terracotta art due to shifting artistic
preferences under Muslim rule. However, during the early Muslim period (14th-15th
centuries), there was a revival in using terracotta for architectural ornamentation. This
period saw a hybrid style emerge that integrated local motifs with Islamic geometric
designs.
Artistic Flourishing in Temples

The late 16th century marked a resurgence in terracotta art within Hindu temples
influenced by Sri Chaitanya's teachings. Temples constructed during this time featured
elaborate terracotta plaques depicting mythological stories and daily life activities.
Notable examples include the Kantanagar temple at Dinajpur, which showcases lavish
decorations.

Terracotta Figurines

Excavations at sites like Mahasthan and Mainamati have uncovered numerous terracotta
figurines that reflect the cultural history of Bangladesh. These figurines evolved through
various periods—from the Mauryan to Gupta—each showcasing distinct artistic styles and
themes. Notably, Gupta period figurines reached a high level of artistic excellence,
incorporating both religious and secular narratives.

Conclusion

The tradition of terracotta art in Bengal is a testament to its rich cultural heritage. From its
origins in prehistoric times to its adaptations through various historical periods, this art
form continues to provide invaluable insights into the lives, beliefs, and practices of the
people of Bengal. The legacy of terracotta art remains significant not only as an artistic
endeavor but also as a crucial element in understanding the region's social history.