UNIT-5

OPERATION OF MICROWAVE OVEN:

A microwave even is a common household appliance that falls under the category of
CE.
It is primarily used for cooking and heating food by utilizing microwave radiation to
generate heat within the food .
components: A typical microwave oven consists of a
* magnetron - which generates microwaves.
* cavity - contain the food.
* control panel
* Timer
* Door - with a window to observe the cooking process.
Some advanced models may have additional features such as convection heating,
grilling and steam cooking.

WORKING
Microwave Oven is used to cook the food. In it, microwaves are passed through the
molecules of the food.
These microwaves are produced by a device called magnetron within the microwave
oven.
All food items contain water. The frequency of microwaves, causes the water molecules
to vibrate, as a result, this movement generates heat. when the temperature rises, the
molecules of water travel or vibrate or rotate with higher energies. The frequency of
rotation of water molecules is about 3.3 gigahertz. If the water receives microwaves of
the frequency, its molecules absorb this radiation and water gets heated up. In this way,
the food gets heated up in a microwave oven.

CONSTRUCTION:
The mains plug and socket are three-pin earthing type. The fast blow ceramic fuse is of
15A, 250V interlock switches are linked with the oven door.
power will be applied to the mains transformer only when the door is closed. At least
one interlock switch is in series with the transformer primary, hence even a spot of dirt
in the relay, cannot turn on when the door is open.
There is yet another interlock across the power supply line. It normally remains open. If
the door alignment is not correct then it will be activated.
This is done by putting a short circuit across the line and making the fuse to melt. Thus
microwave oven is fail safe device.
The voltage induced in the secondary winding is about 2000 V at 250mA for domestic
ovens.
The transformer also has a tertiary winding for magnetron filament.
Here are some key aspects of microwave ovens in the context of consumer electronics:
[Link]: Microwave ovens work by emitting microwave radiation, which excites
water, fat, and sugar molecules in food, causing them to vibrate and generate heat. This
heats the food quickly and efficiently. Microwave ovens typically operate at a frequency
of 2.45 GHz.
[Link] Modes: Microwave ovens offer various cooking modes, including
defrosting, reheating, cooking, and sometimes even baking and grilling. These modes
are accessible through the control panel, allowing users to adjust settings like cooking
time and power level.
[Link] Features: Microwave ovens include safety features like interlocking door
mechanisms to prevent radiation leakage, child locks, and sensors to monitor cooking
progress and avoid overheating.
[Link] and Size: Microwave ovens come in various designs and sizes to suit different
kitchen spaces and cooking needs. Common types include countertop, over-the-range,
and built-in microwaves.
[Link] Efficiency: Modern microwave ovens are designed to be energy-efficient,
which means they consume relatively less electricity compared to other cooking
appliances like conventional ovens and stovetops.
[Link] Considerations: When choosing a microwave oven, consumers often
consider factors such as wattage (which affects cooking speed), cooking capacity, user-
friendliness, and additional features like sensor cooking, turntables, and preset cooking
programs.
[Link] and Models: Many reputable electronics and appliance manufacturers
produce microwave ovens. Common brands include Panasonic, Samsung, LG,
Whirlpool, and GE, among others. Consumers can choose from a variety of models with
different features and price points.
[Link] and Safety: Proper maintenance is essential to ensure the safe and
efficient operation of a microwave oven. This includes regular cleaning, avoiding the
use of metal containers or utensils, and following manufacturer instructions for safe
usage.

Microwave Oven Uses: Microwave ovens are versatile and can be used for various
cooking tasks, from heating leftovers to cooking frozen foods.
They are also handy for quickly preparing certain recipes and beverages.
FOOD PROCESSOR:
A food processor a Kitchen appliance used to facilitate repetitive tasks in the preparation
of food. Today, the term almost refers to an electric motor driven appliance, although
there are some manual devices also referred to as food Processors A food processors are
similar to blenders. A food Processor requires the little or no liquid during use and even
its finely chopped products retain some texture. A blender requires a set amount of
liquid in order to blend the food. Food processors are used to blend, chop, dice and slice.
Food processors normally have multiple functions, depending on the placement and type
of attachment or blade. Some of the most challenging tasks like kneading stiff doughs,
chopping raw carrots which may require a more powerful motor. Accessories such as a
blender and juicer attachments may allow a food processor to perform the duties of other
appliances
It is used for a variety of food preparation functions including kneading, chopping,
blending, slicing, grinding, mashing etc.

Features:
• Power-600watt
• Size and capacity
• Attachments and accessories- bowls, blades, disks, feeding tube, dough kneader.
• Brands and price.

[Link]: It is also called as mixer. It is used for mix, crush the food.
Blender consists of a container with rotating metal or plastic blade at bottom, powered
by electric motor at bottom.
Characteristics:
➢ Easy to use.
➢ Low noise.
➢ Power usage.
➢ Ease of cleaning.
➢ Quick blending.
Applications:
➢ Grind semi-solid ingredients fruits, vegetables.
➢ Blend icecream, milk.
➢ Mix and crush ice.
➢ Reduce small solids to powder.
➢ Help dissolve solids into liquids.

Fig: Blender(Mixer)

[Link] cooker: It is used to boil or steam the rice.

It consists of cooking bowl and thermostat, which is used to measure the temperature
the of cooking bowl and control heat.
High tech rice cookers may have more sensors and other components.
Advantages:
➢ Saves time.
➢ Multifundtional
➢ reduce manual effort.
➢ Healthy eating.
➢ Affordable.
➢ Easy to cook.
➢ Great tool for busy professional.
Block diagram of food processor:

SCANNER:
A scanner is an electrical device that reads and converts documents such as photos
and pages of text into a digital signal.
This changes the documents in a form that can be viewed and or modified on a
computer system by using software applications.
The first scanner was invented in 1860s by Russel kirsch , which is still in use.

Diagram
CCD = charge – coupled device which converts the light to electrical sensors.
ADC = Analog to digital convertor which convert the analog signal to digital signal.

Types of Scanners

[Link] Scanners
• The most popular type of optical scanner is a flatbed
scanner, which scans documents on a flat surface.
• These scanners do not require the document to be moved
and are capable of capturing all of the document's elements.
• Flatbed scanners come in a couple of different sizes for
standard paper and are effective for delicate materials, like
documents that are fragile, including also vintage photographs and papers.
• These scanners are also effective for scanning books, articles, newspapers, and
even DVD cases.
• If you have purchased a high-resolution scanner, they are also better for
scanning photos as well.
• The process of scanning documents of the flatbed scanner is very easy. Users
merely need to place the paper on the glass and close the lid to scan the
document.
• Additionally, some other models of flatbed scanners can include advanced
features such as Bluetooth or wireless connectivity as well as automatic
document feeders.

Advantages
➢ Flatbed scanners can scan thick objects.
➢ Flatbed scanners can scan clearly even the document is moving while
scanning the document.

Disadvantages
➢ Time taken process , Need to scan all pages individually when there are
huge number of pages to scan.
➢ More Expensive and takes more space than other scanners.
[Link] scanner: Sheetfed scanner allows only
papers to be scanned.
• These scanners come with lesser image
resolution.
• They are great for scanning enormous amounts
of paper. These are useful when we want to scan
a huge number of papers at a time
automatically.
• They are commonly used by businesses to scan office papers, but they are
less commonly used by archives and libraries to scan books, and they're
built specifically for scanning loose sheets of paper.
• These scanners have duplex capabilities, are capable of handling, have a
duty cycle rating, and are fast in terms of paperweight and size (pages per
minute).
• Sheetfed scanners allow you to scan multiple documents at once instead of
turning pages manually after each scan.

Advantages
➢ Faster page scanning and scans multiple loose papers automatically.
➢ Time saving
Disadvantages
➢ Lower image resolution and Expensive.

[Link] scanner
• A portable scanner is a compact manual scanning device that
functions similarly to a flatbed scanner.
• It is positioned above the thing to be scanned. The handheld
scanner, on the other hand, is dragged over the page to be
scanned.
• It scans physical documents into their digital forms, which
makes it capable of storing, modifying, forward, and emailing digitally.
• It is mainly used to scan barcodes.
• These are used to scan items as large as it .These are also having good
image resolution.
• In markets , There are some models of handheld scanners available on the
market that include additional features such as storing and sending scanned
content to computers and other devices, including translations, definitions,
and reading printed text aloud.
Advantages
➢ Portable , low size and less expensive.
➢ Scans barcodes.
➢ Scans any page or document of any size.

Disadvantages
➢ Need to manually scan every text of the document.

[Link] scanner
• A scanner that uses a photomultiplier tube to capture the highest resolution
from an image is known as a photomultiplier tube scanner
• The photomultiplier tubes used by
drum scanners are vacuum tubes that
are excessively sensitive to light.
• A glass tube is available in the drum
scanner, and the image is mounted on
that. When the scanner starts to scan
the image, the beam of light moves
over the image, and photomultiplier tubes (PMT) pick up its reflection and
process it.
• Drum scanners are noted for their high resolution, which may reach more
than 10,000 dots per inch (dpi).
• Due to their cost and large size, they are not more popular than flatbed
scanners in the market.

[Link] scanner
• A type of optical scanner that is mainly used to scan photographs.
• Photo scanners provide high resolution and colour depth.
• They are smaller as compared to general-purpose scanners.
• A photo scanner has the ability to scan 3x5-inch or 4x6-
inch photographs with higher resolution.
• Some photo scanners come with software that can help
you clean and restore outdated photos. A photo scanner is
shown in the image below.
[Link] scanner
• A film scanner is a device that scans photographic film and transfers it to a
computer.
• It scans without the need of any printmaking
intermediates.
• The photographer directly can perform certain aspects
like a ratio of the original image on the film, cropping,
adjusting, unmolested image on film, and more.
• Many film scanners can remove film grain and scratches
and improve color reproduction from film through special software or
hardware.

[Link] scanner
• Portable scanners are designed in a way that can be easily carried around as
they are small in size.
• Even some can be carried in the pockets, too, as they are
as small as your PDAs.
• They are effective for text document scanning. They have
limitations in terms of resolution.
• These are having less resolution and not capable of
scanning photographs.
• They are also available with a wireless facility.

Advantages of scanner
1. Reliability : scanners has the capability of transmission or storage of crucial
information because they are not reliant on two way communication.
2. Quality : Scanners are capable of reproducing the images with high
resolution and accuracy. Scanners are also more useful in the photography
and engineering fields.
3. Efficiency : Modern scanners comes with ease of use as well as
convenience. And, they are designed to offer better speed and efficiency.
4. Cost-Saving : The conversion of physical files into digital forms is one of
the biggest advantages of scanning. Using a scanner offers environmental
benefits as well, since it helps to conserve physical space that would
otherwise be utilised for storage.
5. Ease of Use : Easy use of scanners and the scanned documents like
modifying , forwarding , emailing the documents.
Disadvantages of scanner
1. Scanned Output Quality may vary : Depending on the number of factors,
the quality of the scanned output can be different. These factors include the
quality of the scanner's lens, the condition of the original documents and
scanner glass, and the cleanliness of the scanner glass.
2. Scanner Maintenance can be expensive : The use of a scanner can be
expensive as there are numerous companies that need a large amount of
paperwork. To deal with this, they use high-volume scanners, which can be
more expensive.
3. Scanners are relatively slow : Individuals and companies' users need to
think about the time taken in scanning their paperwork as scanners are also
relatively slow. Although automatic feeders can help to save time, it can still
take more time to scan a collection of documents.

What are the uses of scanner

1. Copying : Copying is one of the most common uses of a scanner. A scanner
can be used to make multiple copies of a poster, brochure, worksheet, or
other document so that it can be printed as many times as necessary.
2. Research : Scanners are also played an important role in research projects.
Long-term research projects, whether for school or business, nearly always
need acquiring information from borrowed library books or other privately
held sources.
3. Archiving : Digital archiving is another one of the popular uses of the
scanner. It's a method for making and saving digital copies of hard copies of
documents. Business records, personal documents, and tax paperwork, as
well as family letters, are examples of these documents.
4. Sharing photos : Through the internet, scanners can also be used by users
to share hard copy photos with friends and relatives. Although professional
and amateur photographers commonly use digital photography with the
prevalent format, many people still have old family pictures that were never
recorded digitally because these photos were captured with traditional film
cameras.
DIGITAL ELECTRONIC LOCK:

An electronic lock (or) electric lock is a locking device which operates by means of
electric current.
These are sometimes stand-alone with an electric control assembly mounted directly
to the lock.
It is connected to an access control system, the advantages of which includes: key
control, where keys can be added and removed without re-keying the lock cylinder,
fine access control, where time and place are factors,
transaction logging, where activity is recorded.
Electronic locks can also be remotely monitored and controlled both to lock and to
unlock.

Operation:-

• Electric locks use magnets, solenoids or motors to actuate the lock by either
supplying or removing power.
• operating the lock can be as simple as using a switch, for example an apartment
intercom door release or as complex as a biometric based access control system.

Block Diagram of Electronic lock

Types:-
There are two basic types of locks:
1. preventing mechanism
2. operation mechanism.
[Link] mechanism:
• Electromagnetic Lock
• Electronic strikes
• Electronic dead bolts and latches
• passive electronic lock
• programmable lock.

2. Operation mechanism

⇒ Authentication methods:-
• Numerical codes, passwords and Passphrases
• security tokens
• Biometrics
• RFID (Radio- Frequency identification)

XEROX MACHINE/ PHOTO COPIER:

We have all used photocopiers and they are a modern way of printing copies of
pages or entire documents.
Companies, schools, businesses and individuals use them on a regular basis.
Working:
• The master copy is placed face down on the glass top of the photocopier.
• An intense beam of light runs along the top of the copier shining onto the
paper master copy.
• The light reflects from the white surface onto a positively charged rotation
drum and the drum loses its positive charge - only on the illuminated parts
of the surface.
• Toner is attracted onto the remaining positively charged parts of the surface,
as the drum rotates.
• As the drum pulls the copier paper through the machine, the toner is
transferred to the paper.
• The copied master sheet is ejected from the machine. The toner can be seen
as it is now text and pictures on the paper.
 DIAGRAM OF A PHOTOCOPIER IN ACTION

VACUUM CLEANER:
Vacuum cleaners are a common and essential household appliance in the consumer
electronics category. They are designed to clean floors, carpets, and various surfaces by
creating suction to remove dust, dirt, and debris.
Dust in the house contains the bacteria, fungal, allergic particles, mist, and
environmental contaminants like perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), carbon dioxide,
nitrous and sulfur oxides. Environmental contaminant concentration increases
drastically in cities and metros due to the automobiles. A vacuum cleaner is one of the
solutions to get a clean environment in the house. It helps in reducing the allergic
environment in the house. Microfiltration bags used in the modern vacuum cleaner have
the ability to capture 99% of the dust particles of size up to 0.3 microns.

Working principle:

Materials flow from one location to another when a pressure difference is created
between two locations. This phenomenon is the basic working principle of an ideal
vacuum cleaner. When a centrifugal fan rotates it makes the air to flow by adding it
external kinetic energy. Air is sucked from behind and pushed forward with pressure
and so negative pressure it creates behind the fan. An ideal vacuum cleaner has such
centrifugal fan in it connected to a motor. This unit has suction and discharge
connections, on the suction side filter bag is fitted before the hose connection. The
discharge has another air purifier filter and opened to the atmosphere.
When the electric power is given the motor rotates and so the centrifugal fan. Air from
the suction side is sucked into the unit, along with the air all air born particles, cat
allergen, mist, dirt, and small solid particles are carried to the suction filter. They are
trapped in the filter and dirt free air is pushed out from the discharge opening.
Types of vacuum cleaners:
1. Domestic Robotic vacuum cleaners:
These are the best human caretakers and help in maintaining the room clean. Due to
their fuzzy navigation system, they automatically identify and remove the dirt and dust
on the floor. Motion sensors provide the robotic vacuum cleaner with the ability to
pass between the objects in-house without any obstruction.

Engineering design of vacuum cleaner

Motor, centrifugal fan, filter are three important design items to take care of to
improve the performance of the vacuum cleaner. Friction, noise, power consumption,
suction pressure are the design variables that govern the aerodynamics and mechanical
design factors. The nozzle and narrow compartment geometry play important role in
maintaining the pressure and airflow pattern.

Block Diagram of vacuum cleaner

Selection of vacuum cleaners

Specifications to be known before buying a vacuum cleaner:

• Collection Bag pore size in micron
• Outlet filter life and pore size in micron
• Motor capacity
• The weight of the equipment
 • Movability and easy handling facility
• Self-cleaning feature
• Accessories like painter tool, adsorbent, cord spring
• Less noise generation during cleaning

Maintenance of vacuum cleaner:

Periodic cleaning of the filter bag maintains the cleaning performance for longer time
and power consumption can be maintained consistently.