This notes is strictly for internal circulation, meant to be used by NITK VII Semester Students.

Usage for Commercial purposes is prohibited.

Any body doing so will do it at their on Risk .

Concept of cellular communication

Layout of cellular system

 Mobile terminal is connected to system through (Public Switched Telephone Network)

(PSTN).
  MTSO (Mobile Telephone Switching Office) is heart of the system.

 MTSO is connected by a trunk group to nearby telephone exchange.

 CGSA (Cellular Geographic Service Area) is divided in small cells; hexagonal in nature.

12.5MHz/30KHz = 416 mobile to base, base to mobile 824 -84.9 MHz 869 -894 MHz

 AMPS (Advance Mobile Telephone Systems).

 Centre of cells are placed 4 - 8 miles apart (6.4 to 12.8 Kms).

 Radio transmitter have ERP (Effective Radiated Power) of 100 watts.

 Hand set ERP is usually 0.6 watts.

 Frequency reuse such that no two adjacent cells have same set of frequency.
7 to 12 sets of channel frequency provide from physical separation.

Four different sets of frequency with cell separation.

 Cell splitting by staged growth (subdividing)

  Cell dividing is limited by distance of 1.6 Km radius.

 With cell splitting frequency reuse is better hence less power and smaller antennas with
lowered height can be used.

 With cell splitting directional antennas are preferred to reduce interference.

Radio Propagation in mobile environment

 For LOS communication sites are selected for best propagation.

 But for mobile communication motion is a additional variable, end user is usually in motion.

 Shadowing is frequently encountered due to valleys, high buildings, trees.

  Due to multipath, propagation delays are typically 10 µs.

 'Doppler shift' is also expected due to motion.

 VHF band 800 to 900 MHz and 1200 – 1700 MHz is used.

How is a Radio Telephone difference from wire Telephones

 Requires portable power source.

 Local exchange replaced by Base Station (BS).

 Both Base station (BS) and Mobile station (MS) need antennas.

 Antennas should be suitable for radio frequencies allocations.

 Two radio channels is a must for duplex operation. (TDM in use single channel)

 Forward path BS to MS (Strong) Reverse path MS to BS (weak) to conserve battery.

 Mobile has its own number in its internal memory.

 Roam possible.

 Mobile station is a Transmitter, Receiver and Tuner (Transceiver).

Why 800 MHz?

 FM broadcast is in the vicinity of 100 MHz.

  TV broadcast starts at 41 MHz and extends upto 960 MHz.

 Air to ground communication uses 118 to 136 MHz.

 Military uses 225 MHz to 400 MHz.

 Maritime 160 MHz.

 Therefore due to overcrowding in the 30 to 400 MHz Band and Radio transmission at 10 GHz
or above are affected by rain, path loss, multipath fading the choice was 800 MHz.

A Basic Cellular System

 Mobile unit consists of control unit a transceiver and antenna system.

  Cell site provides interface between MTSO and Mobile unit.

 MTSO – central co-ordinating element for all cell sites contain cellular processor and switch.

 Connections: connect the three subsystems with radio and high speed links.

Performance criteria

Voice Quality

CM5 – Excellent (speech perfectly understandable)

CM4 – good (Speech – do some noise)

CM3 – fair (Speech understandable with slight effort, occasi and repetitions)

CM2 – poor (Speech understandable with considerable effort, repetitions needed.)

CM1 – unusable (Speech not understandable)

Service Quality

Coverage: Large coverage expected.

100% not possible.

Due to weak spots, cost increases.

High transmitted power increases interference.

Usually 90% of area covered in flat terrain 75% in hilly terrain.

Probability:

 Blocking of calls should below hence requires good system plan and more number of radio
channels.

Dropped call:

 Call drop rate should be low high drop rate could be due to coverage problems or handoffs.

Special features:

 Call forwarding, call waiting, voice storing etc.

Fading in Mobile environment

 Fading in mobile environment is quite different while compared to LOS Microwave situation.

 Multipath propagation is the rule since receiver is in motion. (micro motion).

  Multiple rays reach the receiver antenna with its own delay.

 Constructive and destructive fading can be quite complex.

 Energy will arrive reflected from streets, buildings, lakes, knife edges, rounded objects etc.

 20 dB to 30 dB fading is observed.

 For digital systems fading is severe for 64000/bps, bit period is 15 µSec.

Eg: 1000 bps bit period is 1 msec.

 A 10 µsec delay will spill into 2/3 thirds of the bit period.

 This is called Inter symbol interference (ISI).

 High probability of bit error for high bit rate.

Classification of fading

 Gaussian Channel

 Rayleigh Channel

 Rician Channel

Gaussian channel: Ideal and impaired by additive white Gaussian noise only (AWGN). Generated by
receiver internally very difficult to active ideal Gaussian channel.

Rayleigh channel: worst case channel.

Rician channel: in between those of Gaussian and Rayleigh channel. Channel is characterized by a
function K.

As cells become smaller LOS component becomes prominent or dominant.

where K = 0 numerator is zero all energy is from scattered path channel is Rayleigh.

If K = ∞ channel is Gaussian and denominator is zero. No energy from scattered path.

BER verses SNR of channel for various values of K.

 For micro cell mobile scenario K varies from 5 to 30.

 large cells tend towards low values of K.

Space Diversity (Technique used to reduce fading and dispersion effects)

Diversity means when two or more radio paths have same information and one path is fading and
the other is usually not fading.

 Employed at cell site.

 Two separate antenna required.

 Separated in horizontal or vertical plane.

h = antenna height

d = antenna separation

Frequency diversity with CDMA (direct sequence spread spectrum)

Building Penetration

For multi storey building at frequency of 864 to 1728 MHz path loss.

LdB = L(v) + 20 logd + nf af + nw aw

where L(v) = value of clutter loss

af = attenuation of floors

aw = attenuation of walls

nf = no. of floors along line of transmission

nw = no. of walls

Micro cell prediction model

 Defined as a cell of radius 1Km or less

 Used in heavily urbanized areas where demand of service is high.

 Cell coverage is spotty.

 LOS conditions are seldom encountered.

Propagation Model for urban microcell.

Path loss model for a typical micro cell site in urban area

Pr = PLOS – LB

Pr = received signal , LB = blockage loss

PLOS = Pt – 77dB -21.5 log (d/100ft) + 30 log (h1 / 20ft) for 100ft ≤ d < 200ft

PLOS = received signal at LOS conditions

Pt = ERP of dipole in dB

d = total distance in ft.

h = transmitter antenna height in ft.

B = a + b + C blockage distance for 200ft ≤ d < 1000ft

PLOS = Pt – 83.5dB - 14 log (d/200ft) + 30 log (h1 / 20ft) for 1000ft ≤ d < 5000ft

PLOS = Pt – 93.3dB – 36.5 log (d/1000ft) + 30 log (h1 / 20ft)

LB = 0 1ft ≤ B

LB = 1 + 0.5 log (B/10ft) 1ft ≤ B < 25ft

LB = 1.2 + 12.5 log (B/25ft) 25ft ≤ B < 600ft

LB = 17.95 + 3 log (B/ 600ft) 600ft ≤ B ≤ 300ft

LB = 20dB 3000ft ≤ B

Ex: Mobile terminal is 500 ft from cell site antenna which is 30 ft high. Three building in line between
mobile terminal and cell site antenna of cross section widths 50, 100 or 150 ft respectively. Therefore
B = 300ft

ERP = +30 dBm (1 watt)

LB = 1.2 + 12.5 log (300/25ft)

=14.7 dB

Received signal level

PLOS = 30 dBm – 83.5 dB – 14 log (500/200) + 30 log (30/20)

Pr = -53.79 dBm – 14.7 dB

= - 68.47 dBm

Ex4:
separation between Transmitter antenna at cell site and Receiver antenna at mobile is 4000ft.
Transmitter antenna height is 40ft. Four buildings cause blocking 150ft, 200ft, 140ft and 280ft.
Therefore B = 770ft. ERP = +20dBm. Calculate received signal Pr assume no gain or no loss in receiver
antenna.

PLOS = 20 dBm – 93.3 dB – 36.5 log (4000/1000) + 30 log (40/20)

= -73.3dBm – 21.4 dB + 9dB

= -85.67 dBm

LB = 17.95 + 3 log(770/600)

=18.28 dB

Pr = -85.67 dBm – 18.28 dB

=-103.94 dBm

International consultative committee on radio (Propagation Models)

CCIR formula

Path Loss LdB = 40logdm – 20log (hT hr)

dm = distance in mts between Transmitter and Receiver

hT = Transmitter antenna height in mts

hr = Receiver antenna height in mts

Ex: If d = 1000mt, hT x hr =10m2, L = 100dB

If d=25km hT x hr =100m2 L = 136dB

Ammended CCIR equation

LdB = 40logd – 20log (hThr) + B

B = additional losses due to

 Surface roughness

 LOS obstacles

 Buildings and trees

British urban path loss Formula

LdB = 40logdm – 20log (hThr) + 20 + f/40 + 0.18L – 0.34H

f = frequency in MHz

L = Land usage factor (0 – 100%)

(Buildings etc)

H = Terrain height difference (Transmitter antenna – Receiver antenna)

The Okumara Model

LdB = 69.55 + 26.16log f – 13.82log hT - A (hr) + (44.9 – 6.55log ht) log d

f = 150 – 1500MHz
ht = 30 – 300mt

d = 1 to 20Km

correction factor for mobile antenna height

A(hr) = (1.1logt – 0.7)hr – (1.56logt – 0.8)dB

for medium size city

hr = 1 to 10mt f ≥ 400MHz

Geometry of a Hexagonal cell

 Triangle Square Hexagon can be use. Hexagon preferred since fewer cells for given area and
less expensive.
Distance D between C1 and C2

D = {(u2 – u1)2 (cos30)2 + [(v2 – v1) + (u2 – u1) sin 30]2} - eqn (1)

D = {(u2 – u1)2 + (v2 – v1)2+ (v2 - v1)(u2 – u1)}6/2 - eqn (2)

If (u1, v1) = (0, 0) or origin centre of hexagonal cell and restrict (u2, v2) to be (i, j) integer values then
eqn (2) is

D = [i2 + j2 +i j]½

The actual distance between two adjacent cells, centre to centre is 2Rcos30° or R, where R = centre
to vertex distance.
If cell size and transmitted power are same (assume).  co channel interference is independent of
transmitted power.

Co-channel interference is a function of q = D/R

D is a function of NI and S/I

NI = number of co-channel interfering cells in first tier.

S/I = Received signal to interference ratio at derived mobile Receiver.

Figure above radius of large cell

D2 = 3R2 (i2 + j2 + i j) (1)

∵ area of Hexagon is proportional to square of distance between centre and vertex.

Area of large Hexagon is

Alarge = K [3R2 (i2 + j2 + i j)] (2)

K = constant.

Asmall = K (R2) (3)

comparing (2) and (3) and using (1)

(4)

From symmetry we observe that the large hexagon encloses the centre cluster of N cells plus one
third of the number of cells associated with six other peripheral hexagons. Thus total number of cells
(hexagons) enclosed.

N + 6 (1/3 N) = 3N (5)

Since the area is proportional to number of cells Alarge = 3N, Asmall = 1

(6)

sub (6) into (4)

3N = 3 (i2 + j2 + i j)

q = reuse ratio

q < reduced – reduces cells per cluster / increases traffic capacity

q > increased – increases co-channel interference and traffic capacity

Relationship between q & N

Co-channel Interference ratio

The S/I ratio in Mobile receiver is

In a fully equipped hexagonal shaped cellular system there are always six co-channel interfering cells
in the first tier NI = 6

when transmitter power of base station equal and path loss exp equal
where r lies between 2 and 5 is the propagation path loss slope and it depends upon the terrain.

For all cells : assume D = DK DK is same

usually S/I is 18 dB for FM i.e, (63.1) and v = 4




seven cell reuse pattern is needed for S/I ratio of 18 dB in a cluster.

Example: 395 voice channels frequencies average call holding 120 sec; call blocking during system
busy is 2%.
calculate

a) no. of calls per cell site per hour.

b) Mean S/I ratio for cell reuse factors are 4, 7, 12

Assume omnidirectional antennas with six interference in first tier and slope for path loss of
40dB/decade (r = 4).

Solution: For reuse factor N = 4. Number of voice channels per cell site = 395/4 ≈ 99 and

using Erlang B table for traffic or 99 channels with 2% blocking traffic load is 87 Erlangs

 No. of calls/cell/hr = 2610

By increasing reuse factor from N =4 to N = 12 the mean S/I ratio is increased from 14 dB to 23.3 dB
(66.4% improvement) call capacity is reduced from 2610 to 739 calls per hour (72% reduction)
Cellular system design in worst case scene with an Omnidirectional antenna

Worst case with mobile unit at boundary of cell as in fig. below.

Receives weakest signal from its own cell receives strong interference from all the interfering cells in
first tier.
Distance are as shown

 = 4 and D/R = q rewriting

If q = 4.6 for seven cell pattern S/I = 54.3 or 17.3 dB

Due to imperfect cell site location since in real life situation S/I is less than 17.3 dB we need N = 9 or
N =12 cell reuse which provide S/I = 19.78 dB and 22.54 dB.

Co-channel interference reduction with the use of directional antennas.

 Dividing of cells into sectors improves frequency reuse instead of increasing N (number of
cells)

Three sector case

For worst case with mobile unit at M receives weak signal of own cell and strong interference of cell
(1) and (2).

Because of directional antennas the number of interfering cells is reduced from six to two.

At point M, distance between point M and two interfering antennas are D and D + 0.7R.
If q = 4.6 S/I = 24.5dB = 285

The S/I for mobile unit served by cell site with 120° directional antenna exceeds 18dB in worst case.

 use of directional antenna is beneficial in reducing co-channel interference.

Six sector case

only one interference

If q = 4.6 S/I = 789 or 29 dB

Further reduction in co-channel interference

Figure shows traffic in Erlangs for seven cell cellular system in busy metro. Total available channels is
395. Assume each subscriber generates a traffic of 0.03 Erlangs. Average call holding time is 120 sec.
System covers area of 1200 Sq. Miles. GOS is 2%.

Calculate

a) number of channels required in each cell.

b) number of subscribers served by system.

 c) average number of subscribers per channels.

d) number of calls supported by the system.

e) subscriber density/ square mile.

f) call density/ square mile.

g) cell radius in miles.

h) channel reuse factor.

Solution: from Erlang B table

No. of channels No. of calls served by

ell Number Erlang's traffic No. of sub/cell
required cell

30.8 40 30.8 x 30 = 924 924/0.9 = 1026.7

66.7 78 66.7 x 30 = 2001 2001/0.9 = 2223.3

48.6 59 48.6 x 30 = 1458 1458/0.9 = 1620

33.2 43 33.2 x 30 = 996 996 /0.9 = 1106.7

38.2 48 38.2 x 30 = 1146 1146/0.9 = 1273.3

37.7 48 37.7 x 30 = 1134 1134/0.9 = 1260.0

32.6 42 32.6 x 30 = 978 978/0.9 = 1086.7

otal 287.9 358 8637 9597.0

c) average no. of subscribers / channel

= 9597/358 = 26.8

e) subscriber density per square mile

= 9597/1200 = 7.99  8
f) call density / square mile

= 8637/1200 = 7.19  7

g) radius of cell

w.k.t Ahex = 2.6R2

Area of each hexagon = 1200/7 = 171.4 square miles

h) channel reuse factor = 358/395 = 0.906

CELL SPLITTING
  Cells are split into smaller cells due to increased traffic.

 Provides increased amount of channel reuse.

 Decreasing cell boundaries implies crossing of cell boundaries by users more often and
hence increase in handoff.

 Cost benefit study is essential before cell splitting.

Cell Splitting

 When call traffic increases, cell splitting is the solution which usually reduces cell radius by
half.

 If cell is split into four new smaller cells.

 Traffic is then increased by four folds.

Transmitted power after splitting

 Let transmitted power of new cell be Pt1.

 Let transmitted power of old cell be Pt0.

(Pr1 = α Pt1 r1-4)

Now received power at cell boundary old cell

Pr = α Pt0 R0- --(1)

where α = Constant (slope angle)

Pt0 = Transmitted power of old (original) cell

R0 = Radius of old cell

 = Path loss

Now received power at cell boundary of New cell number 1 is

--(2)

To set up same received power at boundaries of both cells (old and new) combining eqn. (1) and (2)

∵ R1 = R0/2

 = 4 for mobile environment

or

Pt1 = Pt0 – 12 dB

That is the new transmitted power must be 12 dB less than old transmitted power.
A general formula for new cell which is split n times, and radius R is ½ of old one.

Then

Ptn = Pt0 – n (12) dB

Here co-channel interference reduction factor q remains same and D is half.

As cell splitting takes place from one cell to four sub cells traffic load increases four times. Then
second splitting increases traffic load to 16 times and so on.

new traffic load = (4)n x (traffic load of original cell)

Splitting size limitations

Depends on

Radio aspect

Capacity of switching processor

Radio aspect size of a small cell is dependent on coverage pattern control and locating a vehicle
accurately.

Capacity of switching processor

 Smaller the cells more handoffs. Hence processor used for handoff plays a major role in the
size limitation of a cells.

Effects of splitting

 Cells splitting affects the neighbouring cells by causing an unbalanced situation in power and
frequency reuse distance and hence it is necessary to split cells in the neighbouring areas
also.
  Certain channels (frequency sets) need to be used as barriers. These frequency groups are
used only in these adjacent cells to eliminate interference.

Installation of Antenna use of existing building structure

 Roof top should be flat.

 Enough clearance around antenna port.

h = d tan (/2)

h = height of antenna port

d = distance from antenna port to edge of roof

ϕ = Beam width of antenna

Shadow region around the building

H = building height

D = shadow region distance.

If there are adjacent building, multipath scattered waves are generated and shadow region is
reduced.

Cell Splitting Techniques

Permanent splitting

 Antennas are mounted on Mono poles or buildings.

 Cut overs from large cells to small cells should be done during non-peak traffic period.

Temporary splitting

 During traffic jam or fairs etc. traffic is very high.

 The unused (idle) (inactive) small cell sites are rendered operative in order to increase the
cells traffic capacity.

Frequency reuse
 Figure illustrates concept of frequency reuse.

 Cell with same alphabets use same set of frequencies.

 Actual radio coverage is called footprint and is obtained by field measurements and
modelling.

 By using hexagonal geometry the fewest number of cells can cover a geographic region and a
hexagon closely approximates a circular radiation pattern.

 Practical considerations do not allow Base station to be place at exact centre but are
permitted about ¼ of cell radius away from centre.

 Let S duplex channels be available

Let K < S channels be allocated to a cell

Let N be number of cells in a cluster

Then total number of available channels is expressed as

S = KN

N cells is called a cluster. If cluster is replicated M times. Then capacity C = MKN = MS.

 capacity is directly proportional to number of times cluster is replicated N can have values of 4, 7,
12.

From design view point value of N needs to be small in order to increase capacity in a given area.

The figure above has exactly six equidistant neighbours. The geometry of hexagon is such that,
number of cells per cluster N can only have value which satisfy eqn.

N = i2 + ij + j2 i and j are non-negative numbers.

eg: i = 3, j = 2, N = 19
Method of locating co-channel cells

To find the nearest co-channel neighbour

a) Move i cells along any chain of Hexagons

b) Turn 60° anticlockwise and move j cells.

First Generation

AMPS – Advance mobile phone system

TACS – Total access communication system

Maximum number of frequency channels per cell

Maximum number of frequency channels is closely related to an average calling time in the system.

If Qi is maximum calls/hr/cell

then offered load is

T = time the call is active

If blocking probability is known then the number of radio channels required can be calculated.

Ex 1: Let maximum call/hr Qi in one cell be 3000 and average call time 1.76 min. Blocking probability
2%. The offered load

The maximum number of channels with Blocking probability 2% and offered load 88 is obtained as
100 from Erlang's table

Ex 2: Qi = 28000 calls/hr, B = 2%, T = 1.76 min; Calculate radio channels N = ?

From table N = 820

Ex 3: If there are 50 channels in a cell to handle all calls with average call time 100 sec/call. How
many calls can be handled in this cell with Blocking probability of 2%.
From table offered load A = 40.3. Number of calls/hr in cell is

Concept of frequency reuse

 A radio channel consists of a pair of frequencies one for each direction of transmitter called
full duplex.

 A particular radio channel used in one geographic location (cell) can be used in another
geographic location (cell) at a distance.

 Frequency reuse can drastically increase spectral efficiency. Interference may be serious in
improperly designed systems called co-channel interference.

Number of customers in a systems

During busy hour 10 cells have calls of 2000, 1500, 3000, 500, 1000, 1200, 1800, 2500, 2800, 900
calls/hr. 60% of mobiles are operating / hr.

Total number of calls

No. of customer

AMPS, TDMA, E-TDMA, SS, CDMA

Second Generation Cellular Systems

 Where designed to overcome the short comings of first generation like

 Poor signed

 Low battery performance / life

  False handoffs

 Size large

 Analogue Technology

Group Special Mobile (GSM) (Global system for mobile)

 Good voice quality

 Call privacy

 Network security

 SIM (Cards) (Subscriber Identity Module)

 Multimedia communication

 International roaming facility

 ISDN compatible (Integrated services digital network)

 Sleep mode – longer battery life

Architecture of GSM Transceiver

 Signal picked up by antenna.

 Transmitter / Receiver is a switch since it never receives or transmits at same time.

 Filtering is needed.
  Signal down converted to IF using frequency synthesizer for amplification and filtering.

 Digitizing and equalize is done after amplification.

 Removes multipath and demodulates.

 Following this data is decrypted, de-interleaved and errors corrected.

 On Transmitter path speech is encoded error correction bits added.

 Interleaved and encrypted.

 Modulation and power amplified to final output frequency for transmitter.

Architecture of GSM Transceiver (Cell Phone)

GSM Channel and frame structure

 Bandwidth is 25 MHz.
  Uplink frequency is 890 to 915 MHz.

 Downlink frequency 935 to 960 MHz.

 Has 124 channels, each BW 200 KHz.

 Fu = 890.2 + 0.2 (N-1) MHz

Fd = 935.2 + 0.2 (N-1) MHz

N = channel no. 1, 2, .........., 124

Each Mobile station is allotted with Fu and Fd

Each Radio channel supports eight calls.

 124 x 8 = 992 simultaneous users.

Time Division Multiplexing

GSM TDM Signal Structure

one time slot transmitter

one time slot receiver

3 for switching

3 for monitoring

Each time slot is 576 µsec.

Pattern repeats after 4.615 msec

 Transmitter, receiver and monitoring frequencies are different from each other.

 Radio is hopping thrice in 4.6 msec

GSM TDM Time slot structure

Total 148 Data bits

Tail bit are guard bits for timing error.

Training bits allow to estimate the amount of distortion.

Data bits contain information

Model of the GSM System

BSS provides and manages transmission paths between the mobile stations and NSS.

Includes management of radio interface between MS and rest of GSM.

NSS has the responsibility of managing communications and connecting MS’s to the relevant
networks or other MS’s.
MS, BSS and NSS form operational part of GSM system.

OSS provides the means for a service provider to control them.

GSM subsystem Entitles

GSM Reference Model

Abis: Interface between BTS & BSC

Um: Air Interface

Mobile Station: Ms consists of physical equipment used by subscriber to access a PLMN (Public land
mobile Network) Mobile station is of 5 different power class.

Class I & II 20 and 8W RF power for vehicular and portable

Class III, IV, V 5, 2 and 0.8W RF power for hand held units

International Mobile Station Identification (IMSI) (Embodied in SIM card)

15 digit number has

(1) Mobile Country Code (MCC) three digits

(2) Mobile Network Code (MNC) two digits

(3) Mobile Subscriber Identification (MSIN)

(4) National Mobile Subscriber Identity (NMSI)

Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity (TMSI)

Assigned by visitor location register to MS. Maximum Bits is 32.

International Mobile Station Equipment Identity (IMEI)

15 digit code uniquely identifies a MS equipment assigned by equipment manufacturer.

Subscriber Identity Module Carrier (SIM)

 Authentication key

 Subscriber Information

 Cipher key

 Additional GSM services

 Location area Identity

 Forbidden PLMN
Base Station Subsystem

 Physical equipment that provides radio coverage to prescribed geographical areas (cells)

Network and Switching subsystem

 Main role is to manage the communications between GSM and other network users.

Mobile Service Switching Centre

 Performs required switching functions for MS’s location in associated geographical area.

 Carry out handoff functions.

Home Location Register

 Functional unit used for management of mobile subscribers. Two type of information like
subscriber information and mobile information are stored to route calls.

Visitor Location Register

 Functional unit that dynamically stores subscriber information

 When a roaming MS enters MSC area. MSC informs associated VLR about MS

Operation and Maintenance Subsystem

 Responsible for handling system security

Authentication centre

 Is accessed by HLR to determine whether an MS will be granted service.

Equipment Identity Register (EIR)

 Maintains a list of legitimate, fraudulent or faulty MS’s

Operation and Maintain Centre

Service provider monitors the control

GSM Service Quality requirements

 Time from switching to service ready – 4 sec in Home system

10sec in visiting system

 Connect time to called network – 4 sec

 Release time to called network – 2 sec

 Time to alert mobile of inbound call – 4 sec in first attempt

- 15 sec in final attempt

 Max gap due to handoff - 150 msec if inter cell

- 100 msec if intra cell

 Max one way speech delay – 90 msec

 Intelligibility of speech – 90%

Data Transmission in GSM

 Information transmission is digital.

 Two modes – Transparent, non-transparent

 Transparent mode tries to recreate data stream as faithfully as possible.

 No error correction. Errors correct at user end.

 Non transparent mode extra protocol are used to detect errors.

 Retransmission of data is done if data is found in error.

 Accuracy better but time delay more.

 Two major tasks – Information processing, Modulation processing

 Information processing involves transcoding, channel coding, encrypting and multiplexing.

 Modulation involves the physical preparation of signal to carry information on an RF carrier.

 Each digital radio link process in transmitting path has its peer in receiving path.
  Equalization process is required for compensation of time delays due to multipath
propagation.

 Transmitting bit period is 37 µsec.

 Delay spread is 5 µsec.

GSM Speech processing

 Analog speech at mobile station is passed through low pass filter.

 Sampled at 8000 samples/sec.

 Quantized to 213 (8192) levels.

 Coded using 13 bits / sample.

 Result is a digital stream at 104 Kbs.

 At base station the speech signal is 64 Kbs converted from 8bit – 13 bit sample resulting is
104 Kbs.

 The 104 Kbs stream is fed to a speech encoder transcoding it into 13Kbs.