12/1/19

Introduction  to  Applied  Linguistics

Introduction  to  
Dr.  Donald  W.  Peckham Applied  Linguistics
peckham@lit.u-­‐[Link]
Lecture  #10
Office  hours:
Monday  10-­‐11,  Room  2202 Review  for  the  exam
Phone:  544-­‐284

1.  Key  areas  that  we've  covered:

Overview:
Intro
Review • Definitions  of  AL
-­‐What  we've  done • Theories
• Communicative  language  teaching
-­‐What  we  haven't  done  (and  won't  be  doing) • Communicative  competence
-­‐What  we're  going  to  do
-­‐What  we'd  like  to  do Grammar
• Types  of  grammars
• 3-­way  view  of  looking  at  grammar:  form,  function  and  usage
• Type  vs.  token,  and  lexical  grammar  

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Vocabulary Individual  differences

• What’s  a  word? • Language  aptitude;;  Gladwell’s  view  on  talent/aptitude
• “Leaning  burden” • Motivation  and  Dörnyei’s view
• What  words  need  to  be  learned? • Learning  styles  and  style  stretching
• How  should  vocabulary  be  learned?    Different  approaches   • Communication  strategies
for  different  types  of  words •
• Four  approaches  to  learning  vocabulary Language  teaching  methods
• “The  lexical  bar”  in  English • Approach,  design  and  procedure
SLA • Communicative  language  teaching  as  an  example  of  ADP
• Theories  of  SLA:  name  and  define
• Learner  language:  interlanguage
• Question  formation  as  an  example  of  developmental  stages
• L1  influence:  “language  transfer”
• Recommendations  for  instruction

Bilingual  education Sociolinguistics

• Definition  of  a  bilingual • Sociolinguistics  defined
• Aims  of  bilingual  education:  subtractive  and  additive • Idiolect  and  sociolect
• BICS  and  CALP • Language  variation  and  change,  what,  how  and  why
• Advantages  of  bilingual  education  and  the  threshold   • Dialect  leveling  and  diffusion:  the  Teeside studies
hypothesis • Learning  the  standard  language  in  school:  different  
• Types  of  bilingual  education  and  their  probable  results approaches
•
Psycholingustics
• Psycholinguistics  defined
• Why  vocabulary  is  important:  the  formulator  

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World  Englishes Language  and  the  law

• Key  concepts:  native  and  nativized • Language  crimes
• ELF • Questions  to  witnesses
• “Native  speaker”  as  a  problematic  term • Misconceptions  about  language  in  legal  cases
• The  identity/communication  continuum •
• Pidgins:  Nigerian  Pidgin  English  as  an  example Research  methods
• Phonology  and  the  ELF  core:  functional  load • 3  components  of  research:  how  do  you  know  if  it’s  research  
• Cultural  differences  as  being  more  serious  than  language   or  not?
form  differences • Questions  or  hypotheses?
• Kachru’s circle  model • Structure  of  a  research  article
• Models  for  teaching:  exonormative and  endonormative • Types  of  research:  primary  and  secondary
• Types  of  research:  quantitative  and  qualitative
• Types  of  variables:  independent  and  dependent
• Key  issues:  internal  reliability  and  internal  validity  

2.  What  we  haven't  done 3.  What  we're  going  to  do:  the  exam
-­‐Slides  are  on  CooSpace
-­‐Schmitt,  Ch 4,  on  discourse  analysis -­‐6  dates  plus  UV:  take  the  exam  early,  but  not  often
-­‐Schmitt,  Ch 5,  on  pragmatics -­‐Written
-­‐No  listed  answers  accepted  unless  otherwise  indicated
-­‐Incomprehensible  and  contradictory  answers  will  have  to  be  taken  as  
evidence  of  not  understanding  the  material.
-­‐Poorly  written  answers  will  be  taken  at  face  value
-­‐Question  types
-­‐T/F  questions  with  explanations.  The  explanations  are  the  most  
important   part: they  demonstrate  your  understanding  of  the  material.
-­‐Definitions  +  examples,  etc.    Make  sure  to  read  the  question  carefully.
-­‐Short  answer  essays
-­‐Tasks
-­‐Provide  information
-­‐Analyze  and  explain
-­‐Evaluate
The  following  are  examples  of  acceptable  answers  to  example,  but  some  are  on  
non-­‐applied  linguistics,  questions.

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True/False Directions:  mark  the  following  answers  as  true  or  false,   An  excellent  T/F  exam  question  type:
and  then  justify  your  answer  in  the  space  provided.  
The  following  appeared  in  our  textbook:
Example:    Syntax  involves  the  study  of  semantically  meaningful  
sentences.     True          False
True          √False
“[Concerning  grammar]…what  should  not  be  expected  is  a  simple,  
Justification:  Syntax  is  concerned  with  the  creation  and   proximal,  causal  link  between  what  is  taught  and  what  is  
description  of  well-­‐formed  sentences,  which  specifically  does   learned.  This  is  not  surprising  though,  given  the  non-­‐linear  
not  involve  meaning.    This  is  such  the  case  that  the  connection   nature  of  the  learning  process,  and  it  does  not  reduce  in  the  
between  syntax  and  semantics  is  a  key  area  of  research.    An   least  the  need  for  grammar  instruction.”
example  of  a  syntactically  well-­‐formed  and  semantically  
meaningless  sentence  is  Chomsky’s  famous  “Colorless  green  
ideas  sleep  furiously.”

Definitions Directions:  define  the  following  terms. Short  answer  essay Directions:  answer  the  following  question  in  the  
space  provided.
Example:  What  is  Phonology?
Example:  In  experimental  research,  which  is  a  more  serious  threat,  
Phonology  is  the  branch  of  linguistics  which  deals  with  the   problems  with  internal  or  external  validity?
description  and  analysis  of  the  sounds  of  language.    While  the  
field  of  phonetics  is  primarily  concerned  with  the  descriptive   Although  it  is  important  that  both  types  of  validity  are  carefully  
level  only,  phonology  deals  with  how  sounds  are  organized  into   considered,  internal  validity  poses  the  greatest  threat.    This  is  
meaningful  units,  particularly  in  the  construction  of  a  mental   because  internal  validity  is  concerned  with  the  relationship  
grammar.    For  example,  the  phoneme  is  a  theoretically   between  the  independent  and  dependent  variables,  and  if  the  
important  unit  in  phonology. dependent  variable  is  being  greatly  influence  by  hidden  or  
unknown  independent  variables,  then  the  results  are  
meaningless.    External  validity,  that  is,  the  generalizability  of  the  
results  is  important,  but  generally  weak  in  all  areas  of  linguistic  
research,  and  therefore  not  the  most  important  threat.

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4.  What  we'd  like  to  do

-­‐See  excellent  answers  being  written.
-­‐Give  and  get  help  ahead  of  time.
-­‐See  you  in  our  applied  linguistics  courses  and  contact  us  about  your  own  
research  interests!

Some  of  the  applied  linguistics  topics  and  areas  you  can  learn  about  and  research  
in  our  program:

Gender  studies,  media  studies,  life  writing,  social  linguistics,  critical  discourse  
analysis,  language  teaching,  methodology,  first  language  development,  second  
language  acquisition,  psycholinguistics,  methodology  of  foreign  language  teaching,  
sociolinguistics,  bilingualism,  language  contact,  second  language  acquisition,  
language  pedagogy,  vocabulary  acquisition, English  in  Europe,  sociopragmatics,  
cross-­‐ and  intercultural  pragmatics,  linguistic  (im)politeness,  conversation  analysis  
in  mundane  and  institutional  settings,  methodology,  third  language  acquisition,  
multiple  language  learning,  language  skills,  second  language  learning,  task-­‐based  
language  learning,  negotiation  for  meaning,  focus  on  form,  learner  attitudes,  
translation  studies,  language  attitudes,  second  language  phonetics  and  phonology.