VTAMPS 19.

0 Secondary 1 Set 4

Part 1. Multiple Choices

1. Convert golden ratio 𝜑 into a fraction.

√3
A. 1+ 3
1+√5
B.
2
1+√6
C.
2
√7
D. 1+ 3
1+√10
E.
3

2. The expression
2 2
(√5202 + 5202) × (√5202 − 5202)
can be described as which of the following?
A. Positive and Rational
B. Negative and Rational
C. Positive and Irrational
D. Negative and Irrational
E. None of these

3. The irrational expression √5202 is closest to which of the following?

A. 72.122
B. 72.123
C. 72.124
D. 72.125
E. 72.126
4. The volume of a square pyramid can be expressed as one-third of the product of the square of
the base’s side and the pyramid’s height. Given 𝑣 is the volume, 𝑠 is the base side, and ℎ is the
height, determine the algebraic expression equivalent to the side of the pyramid base.
3𝑣
A.
ℎ
𝑣
B.
3ℎ
𝑣
C. √3ℎ

3𝑣
D. √
ℎ
3 3𝑣
E. √
ℎ

5. Two separate sets, 𝑋 and 𝑂, have the same number of terms and the same mean. If the standard
deviation of 𝑋 is greater than that of 𝑂, which of the following is false?
A. The median of 𝑋 is always greater than 𝑂
B. The median of 𝑋 is not always greater than 𝑂
C. The values in 𝑂 are closer to each other than that of 𝑋
D. The values in 𝑋 are closer to each other than that of 𝑂
E. Both A and D

6. Which of the following best describes the given Venn Diagram?

A. 𝐶′ ∩ (𝐴 ∪ 𝐵)
B. 𝐶′ ∪ (𝐴 ∪ 𝐵)
C. (𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) ∩ 𝐶′
D. (𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) ∩ 𝐶
E. None of these
 7. Convert 0. ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
45387 as a fraction in lowest terms.
49
A.
109
91
B.
199
121
C.
269
123
D.
271
5043
E.
11111

8. Simplify (34 + 1)(33 + 1)(32 + 1)(3 + 1).

A. 91820
B. 91830
C. 91840
D. 92830
E. 92840

9. Group A has an average of 88 while group B has an average of 95. The average of both groups is
92. If Group B has 8 members, determine the number of members in group A.
A. 6
B. 7
C. 8
D. 9
E. 10

10. Which of the following is divisible by (𝑥 − 4)?

A. 𝑥 4 − 2𝑥 3 − 4𝑥 2 − 16𝑥 + 1
B. 𝑥 4 − 4𝑥 3 + 8𝑥 2 − 36𝑥 + 16
C. 2𝑥 4 − 8𝑥 3 + 16𝑥 2 − 40𝑥 − 100
D. 2𝑥 4 − 16𝑥 3 + 28𝑥 2 + 16𝑥 − 2
E. 4𝑥 4 − 44𝑥 2 − 88𝑥 + 28

Part 2. Open-ended Problems

11. Simplify 2025 × 100 + 2025 × 103 + 2025 × 10−3 .

12. Given the equations 𝑧 = 2025 + |𝑥| − |𝑦 + 3| and 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 2025, determine the number of
integer solutions for 𝑧.
 4(2𝑥+5) 6(4𝑥+9)
13. Solve for 𝑥 if + = 15.
7 11

14. The measure of each of the interior angles of a regular polygon is 165°. How many sides does
this polygon have?

2 2
15. Simplify (√18 + √6) − (√18 − √6) .

5
16. The conversion formula for Fahrenheit to Celsius is given as 𝐶 = (𝐹 − 32). At what
9
temperature in Fahrenheit is the temperature triple than that of its equivalent in Celsius?

17. Suppose 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 16 and 𝑥𝑦 = 22. Determine 𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 .

11 19
18. of the way from to 𝑥 is 15. Determine 𝑥.
15 9

19. Consider the following set of observations:

13, 𝑤, 18, 𝑥, 23, 𝑦, 28, 𝑧
If the data are already arranged in ascending order, each observation is unique, and is comprised
only of integers, determine the maximum value of 𝑧 if the mean is 22.

20. In a certain map, a plot of land is in the shape of a 2025-sided regular polygon with an area of
2025 𝑐𝑚2 . If the map follows a scale of 1:1000, determine the actual area, in 𝑚2 , of the plot of
land.

7
21. Suppose 𝑥 = 2025 and 𝑥 2025 = 𝑎𝑏 × 𝑐 𝑑 , where 𝑎 and 𝑐 are prime numbers, and 𝑏 and 𝑑 are
rational numbers. Determine 𝑏 + 𝑑.

𝑥 6 −𝑦 6
22. Simplify , where 𝑥 ≠ 0 and 𝑦 ≠ 0.
𝑥 5 −𝑥 4 𝑦+𝑥 3 𝑦 2 −𝑥 2 𝑦 3 +𝑥𝑦 4 −𝑦 5

23. Given that the inequality 2 < 6𝑥 − 5 < 5𝑥 + 9 < 18 < 9𝑥 + 3 has solutions on the interval 𝑎 <
𝑥 < 𝑏, determine 𝑎 + 𝑏.

24. A parallelogram 𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷 has sides 𝐴𝐵 = 5𝑥 − 975, 𝐵𝐶 = 7𝑥 − 2180, and 𝐶𝐷 = 3𝑥 + 225.

Determine the perimeter of 𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷.

22
25. Factor (((𝑥 2 )2 )2 )2 − 𝑦 2 completely.
 VTAMPS 19.0 S1 Set 4 Solution Manual
Part 1
1. Convert golden ratio 𝜑 into a fraction.
√3
A. 1+ 3
1+√5
B.
2
1+√6
C.
2
√7
D. 1+ 3
1+√10
E.
3
𝟏+√𝟓
Answer: B.
𝟐

Solution:
The exact value of golden ratio is in fraction form:

1 + √5
𝜑= ≈ 1.6180 …
2
2. The expression
2 2
(√5202 + 5202) × (√5202 − 5202)
can be described as which of the following?
A. Positive and Rational
B. Negative and Rational
C. Positive and Irrational
D. Negative and Irrational
E. None of these
Answer: A. Positive and Rational
Solution:

Let 𝑥 = √5202 and 𝑦 = 5202. Then,

(𝑥 + 𝑦)2 × (𝑥 − 𝑦)2
= [(𝑥 + 𝑦)(𝑥 − 𝑦)]2
= (𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 )2
So, the expression becomes
2 2
= [(√5202) − 52022 ]
= (5202 − 52022 )2
= [5202(1 − 5202)]2
 = [5202(−5201)]2
= 52022 × 52012
Clearly, this is positive and rational.

3. The irrational expression √5202 is closest to which of the following?

A. 72.122
B. 72.123
C. 72.124
D. 72.125
E. 72.126
Answer: D. 𝟕𝟐. 𝟏𝟐𝟓
Solution:
For a number 𝑁 close to a perfect square 𝑆 2 , we can approximate:
𝑁 − 𝑆2
√𝑁 ≈ 𝑆 +
2𝑆
Using 𝑆 = 72, since 722 = 5184,
5202 − 5184
√5202 ≈ 72 +
2(72)
18
= 72 + = 72 + 0.125
144
≈ 72.125
Checking close choices,
72.1252 ≅ 5202.016
72.1242 ≅ 5201.871
72.1262 ≅ 5202.160

4. The volume of a square pyramid can be expressed as one-third of the product of the square of
the base’s side and the pyramid’s height. Given 𝑣 is the volume, 𝑠 is the base side, and ℎ is the
height, determine the algebraic expression equivalent to the side of the pyramid base.
3𝑣
A.
ℎ
𝑣
B.
3ℎ
𝑣
C. √3ℎ

3𝑣
D. √
ℎ

3 3𝑣
E. √
ℎ
 𝟑𝒗
Answer: D. √
𝒉

Solution:
1
𝑣 = 𝑠2ℎ
3
3𝑣
𝑠2 =
ℎ
3𝑣
𝑠=√
ℎ

5. Two separate sets, 𝑋 and 𝑂, have the same number of terms and the same mean. If the standard
deviation of 𝑋 is greater than that of 𝑂, which of the following is false?
A. The median of 𝑋 is always greater than 𝑂
B. The median of 𝑋 is not always greater than 𝑂
C. The values in 𝑂 are closer to each other than that of 𝑋
D. The values in 𝑋 are closer to each other than that of 𝑂
E. Both A and D
Answer: E. Both A and D
Solution:
Since 𝑋 has a larger standard deviation, its values are more spaced out compared to that of 𝑂.
Hence, C is true and D is false.
The problem does not give enough information to compare the medians of the two sets, hence,
B is true while A is false.

6. Which of the following best describes the given Venn Diagram?

 A. 𝐶′ ∩ (𝐴 ∪ 𝐵)
B. 𝐶′ ∪ (𝐴 ∪ 𝐵)
C. (𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) ∩ 𝐶′
D. (𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) ∩ 𝐶
E. None of these
Answer: A. 𝑪′ ∩ (𝑨 ∪ 𝑩)
Solution:
The shaded area includes everything not in 𝐶, i.e., 𝐶′ common with the union of 𝐴 and 𝐵. So:
𝐶′ ∩ (𝐴 ∪ 𝐵)

7. Convert 0. ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
45387 as a fraction in lowest terms.
49
A.
109
91
B.
199
121
C.
269
123
D.
271
5043
E.
11111
𝟏𝟐𝟑
Answer: D.
𝟐𝟕𝟏

Solution:
̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅. Then,
Let 𝑥 = 0. 45387
100000𝑥 = 45387. ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
45387
100000𝑥 − 𝑥 = 45387. 45387 − 0. ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ 45387
99999𝑥 = 45387
45387 5043 123
𝑥= = =
99999 11111 271

8. Simplify (34 + 1)(33 + 1)(32 + 1)(3 + 1).

A. 91820
B. 91830
C. 91840
D. 92830
E. 92840
 Answer: C. 𝟗𝟏𝟖𝟒𝟎
Solution:
(34 + 1)(33 + 1)(32 + 1)(3 + 1) = (81 + 1)(27 + 1)(9 + 1)(3 + 1)
= 82 × 28 × 10 × 4
= 91840

9. Group A has an average of 88 while group B has an average of 95. The average of both groups is
92. If Group B has 8 members, determine the number of members in group A.
A. 6
B. 7
C. 8
D. 9
E. 10
Answer: A. 𝟔
Solution:
Since group B has 8 members with an average of 95, their total score is:
95 × 8 = 760
Let 𝑥 be the number of members in Group A. Since they have an average of 88, their total score
is 88𝑥. Thus, the average of both groups can be expressed as
88𝑥 + 760
= 92
𝑥+8
88𝑥 + 760 = 92𝑥 + 736
4𝑥 = 24
𝑥=6

10. Which of the following is divisible by (𝑥 − 4)?

A. 𝑥 4 − 2𝑥 3 − 4𝑥 2 − 16𝑥 + 1
B. 𝑥 4 − 4𝑥 3 + 8𝑥 2 − 36𝑥 + 16
C. 2𝑥 4 − 8𝑥 3 + 16𝑥 2 − 40𝑥 − 100
D. 2𝑥 4 − 16𝑥 3 + 28𝑥 2 + 16𝑥 − 2
E. 4𝑥 4 − 44𝑥 2 − 88𝑥 + 28
Answer: B. 𝒙𝟒 − 𝟒𝒙𝟑 + 𝟖𝒙𝟐 − 𝟑𝟔𝒙 + 𝟏𝟔
Solution:
For an expression to be divisible by (𝑥 − 4), it must be 0 when evaluated at 𝑥 = 4. Testing the
choices,
 A. 𝑥 4 − 2𝑥 3 − 4𝑥 2 − 16𝑥 + 1
= (4)4 − 2(4)3 − 4(4)2 − 16(4) + 1
= 256 − 2(64) − 4(16) − 64 + 1
= 193 − 128 − 64 = 1
4 3 2
B. 𝑥 − 4𝑥 + 8𝑥 − 36𝑥 + 16
= (4)4 − 4(4)3 + 8(4)2 − 36(4) + 16
= 256 − 4(64) + 8(16) − 144 + 16
= 128 − 256 + 128 = 0

Part 2

11. Simplify 2025 × 100 + 2025 × 103 + 2025 × 10−3 .

𝟏
Answer: 𝟐𝟎𝟐𝟕𝟎𝟐𝟕. 𝟎𝟐𝟓 𝑜𝑟 𝟐𝟎𝟐𝟕𝟎𝟐𝟕
𝟒𝟎

Solution:
2025 × 100 + 2025 × 103 + 2025 × 10−3 = 2025(100 + 103 + 10−3 )
1
= 2025 (1 + 1000 + )
1000
1000 + 1000000 + 1
= 2025 ( )
1000
1001001 2027027025
= 2025 ( )=
1000 1000
1
= 2027027.025 = 2027027
40

12. Given the equations 𝑧 = 2025 + |𝑥| − |𝑦 + 3| and 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 2025, determine the number of
integer solutions for 𝑧.
Answer: 𝟐𝟎𝟐𝟗
Solution:
From the second equation,
𝑦 = 2025 − 𝑥
So,
𝑧 = 2025 + |𝑥| − |2025 − 𝑥 + 3|
𝑧 = 2025 + |𝑥| − |2028 − 𝑥|
Thus, the critical values are 𝑥 = 0 and 𝑥 = 2028.
If 𝑥 ≤ 0, then |𝑥| = −𝑥 and |2028 − 𝑥| = 2028 − 𝑥. So,
𝑧 = 2025 + (−𝑥) − (2028 − 𝑥)
 𝑧 = 2025 − 𝑥 − 2028 + 𝑥
𝑧 = −3
If 0 < 𝑥 < 2028, then |𝑥| = 𝑥 and |2028 − 𝑥| = 2028 − 𝑥. So,
𝑧 = 2025 + 𝑥 − (2028 − 𝑥)
𝑧 = 2025 + 𝑥 − 2028 + 𝑥
𝑧 = 2𝑥 − 3
If 𝑥 ≥ 2028, then |𝑥| = 𝑥 and |2028 − 𝑥| = 𝑥 − 2028. So,
𝑧 = 2025 + 𝑥 − (𝑥 − 2028)
𝑧 = 2025 + 𝑥 − 𝑥 + 2028
𝑧 = 4053
To summarize, the integer solutions for 𝑧 are:
• For 𝑥 ≤ 0, 𝑧 = −3, so only 1 solution in this 𝑥 range.
• For 0 < 𝑥 < 2028, 𝑧 = 2𝑥 − 3, where 𝑥 can have values within the range [1,2027], giving
us 2027 integer solutions for 𝑧 in this range.
• For 𝑥 ≥ 2028, 𝑧 = 4053, so only 1 solution in this range of 𝑥 values.
Therefore, the number of integer solutions is
1 + 2027 + 1 = 2029

4(2𝑥+5) 6(4𝑥+9)
13. Solve for 𝑥 if + = 15.
7 11
𝟓𝟓𝟕 𝟒𝟓
Answer: 𝑜𝑟 𝟐
𝟐𝟓𝟔 𝟐𝟓𝟔

Solution:
4(2𝑥 + 5) 6(4𝑥 + 9)
77 [ + ] = 77(15)
7 11
11[4(2𝑥 + 5)] + 7[6(4𝑥 + 9)] = 1155
44(2𝑥 + 5) + 42(4𝑥 + 9) = 1155
88𝑥 + 220 + 168𝑥 + 378 = 1155
256𝑥 = 1155 − 598
557 45
𝑥= =2
256 256

14. The measure of each of the interior angles of a regular polygon is 165°. How many sides does
this polygon have?
Answer: 24
 Solution:
The measure of an interior angle of any regular 𝑛-sided polygon is given by
180(𝑛 − 2)
𝑛
So, for our given polygon,
180(𝑛 − 2)
= 165
𝑛
180𝑛 − 360 = 165𝑛
(180 − 165)𝑛 = 360
360
𝑛= = 24
15

2 2
15. Simplify (√18 + √6) − (√18 − √6) .

Answer: 𝟐𝟒√𝟑
Solution:

Let 𝑎 = √18 + √6 and 𝑏 = √18 − √6. Recall the identity for difference of two squares:
𝑎2 − 𝑏 2 = (𝑎 + 𝑏)(𝑎 − 𝑏)
So,
2 2
(√18 + √6) − (√18 − √6) = 𝑎2 − 𝑏 2
= [(√18 + √6) + (√18 − √6)] × [(√18 + √6) − (√18 − √6)]
= (2√18)(2√6) = 4√6 × 3 × 6
= 4(6)√3 = 24√3
Or, using identities: (𝑎 + 𝑏)2 = 𝑎2 + 2𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏 2 and (𝑎 − 𝑏)2 = 𝑎2 − 2𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏 2 ,
2 2
(√18 + √6) − (√18 − √6) =
[18 + 2√18 × 6 + 6] − [18 − 2√18 × 6 + 6]
= 4√6 × 3 × 6 = 4(6)√3
= 24√3

5
16. The conversion formula for Fahrenheit to Celsius is given as 𝐶 = 9 (𝐹 − 32). At what
temperature in Fahrenheit is the temperature triple than that of its equivalent in Celsius?
Answer: 𝟖𝟎
 Solution:
Note that:
5 9
𝐶= (𝐹 − 32) ⟹ 𝐹 = 𝐶 + 32
9 5

If 𝐹 = 3𝐶, then
9 𝐹
𝐹= ( ) + 32
5 3
3
𝐹 − 𝐹 = 32
5
32
𝐹= = 16 × 5 = 80
2
5

17. Suppose 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 16 and 𝑥𝑦 = 22. Determine 𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 .

Answer: 𝟑𝟎𝟒𝟎
Solution:
Recall the identity for sum of two cubes:
𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 = (𝑥 + 𝑦)(𝑥 2 − 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 )
Manipulating to make use of the identity (𝑥 + 𝑦)2 = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 ,
𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 = (𝑥 + 𝑦)(𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 − 3𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 )
= (𝑥 + 𝑦)[(𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 ) − 3𝑥𝑦]
= (𝑥 + 𝑦)[(𝑥 + 𝑦)2 − 3𝑥𝑦]
Substituting given values,
𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 = 16[(16)2 − 3(22)]
= 16(256 − 66) = 16(190)
= 3040

11 19
18. of the way from to 𝑥 is 15. Determine 𝑥.
15 9
𝟏𝟗𝟒𝟗 𝟔𝟖
Answer: 𝑜𝑟 𝟏𝟗
𝟗𝟗 𝟗𝟗

Solution:
19 11 19
If the starting point is and of the distance between and 𝑥 can be expressed as
9 15 9
11 19
15
(𝑥 − 9
), then
 19 11 19
+ (𝑥 − ) = 15
9 15 9
Multiplying both sides of the equation by 135,
19 11 19
135 [ + (𝑥 − )] = 135(15)
9 15 9
19
15(19) + 9(11) (𝑥 − ) = 2025
9
285 + 99𝑥 − 209 = 2025
99𝑥 = 2025 − 76
1949 68
𝑥= = 19
99 99

19. Consider the following set of observations:

13, 𝑤, 18, 𝑥, 23, 𝑦, 28, 𝑧
If the data are already arranged in ascending order, each observation is unique, and is comprised
only of integers, determine the maximum value of 𝑧 if the mean is 22.
Answer: 37
Solution:
Since the mean is given, to maximize 𝑧, the other unknown variables must be minimized. To
follow the given restrictions, their values should then be
𝑤 = 14, 𝑥 = 19, 𝑦 = 24
Therefore,
13 + 𝑤 + 18 + 𝑥 + 23 + 𝑦 + 28 + 𝑧
= 22
8
13 + 14 + 18 + 19 + 23 + 24 + 28 + 𝑧
= 22
8
139 + 𝑧 = 22(8)
𝑧 = 176 − 139
𝑧 = 37

20. In a certain map, a plot of land is in the shape of a 2025-sided regular polygon with an area of
2025 𝑐𝑚2 . If the map follows a scale of 1:1000, determine the actual area, in 𝑚2 , of the plot of
land.
Answer: 𝟐𝟎𝟐𝟓𝟎𝟎
 Solution:
The scale tells us that for every 𝑐𝑚 in the map, the length of the actual land is 1000 𝑐𝑚. Therefore,
the actual area is
(1000 𝑐𝑚 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙)2
2025 𝑐𝑚2 (𝑚𝑎𝑝) ×
(1 𝑐𝑚 𝑚𝑎𝑝)2
= 2025 × 1000000 𝑐𝑚2
= 2025000000 𝑐𝑚2 (𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙)

Converting to 𝑚2 ,
(1 𝑚)2
2025000000 𝑐𝑚2 ×
(100 𝑐𝑚)2
2025000000 2
= 𝑚
10000
= 202500 𝑚2

7
21. Suppose 𝑥 = 2025 and 𝑥 2025 = 𝑎𝑏 × 𝑐𝑑 , where 𝑎 and 𝑐 are prime numbers, and 𝑏 and 𝑑 are
rational numbers. Determine 𝑏 + 𝑑.
𝟏𝟒
Answer:
𝟔𝟕𝟓

Solution:
Note that 2025 = 34 × 52 . Hence,
7 7 7
𝑥 2025 = 20252025 = (34 × 52 )2025
28 14
= 32025 × 52025
7
Therefore, from 𝑥 2025 = 𝑎𝑏 × 𝑐 𝑑 ,
28 14
𝑎 = 3, 𝑐 = 5, 𝑏 = ,𝑑 =
2025 2025
So,
28 + 14 42 14
𝑏+𝑑 = = =
2025 2025 675

𝑥 6 −𝑦 6
22. Simplify , where 𝑥 ≠ 0 and 𝑦 ≠ 0.
𝑥 5 −𝑥 4 𝑦+𝑥 3 𝑦 2 −𝑥 2 𝑦 3 +𝑥𝑦 4 −𝑦 5

Answer: 𝒙 + 𝒚
 Solution:
Note that polynomials of the form such as the numerator 𝑥 6 − 𝑦 6 usually has a factor of 𝑥 + 𝑦
and/or 𝑥 − 𝑦. Testing 𝑥 + 𝑦 by long division,
𝑥 5 − 𝑥 4 𝑦 + 𝑥 3 𝑦 2 − 𝑥 2 𝑦 3 + 𝑥𝑦 4 − 𝑦 5
̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝑥 + 𝑦 ⟌𝑥 6 − 𝑦6

−(𝑥 6 + 𝑥 5 𝑦)
−𝑥 5 𝑦 − 𝑦 6
− (−𝑥 5 𝑦 − 𝑥 4 𝑦 2 )
𝑥4𝑦2 − 𝑦6
− (𝑥 4 𝑦 2 + 𝑥 3 𝑦 3 )
−𝑥 3 𝑦 3 − 𝑦 6
− (−𝑥 3 𝑦 3 − 𝑥 2 𝑦 4 )
𝑥2𝑦4 − 𝑦6
− (𝑥 2 𝑦 4 + 𝑥𝑦 5 )
−𝑥𝑦 5 − 𝑦 6
− (−𝑥𝑦 5 − 𝑦 6 )
0
So,
𝑥6 − 𝑦6 (𝑥 + 𝑦)(𝑥 5 − 𝑥 4 𝑦 + 𝑥 3 𝑦 2 − 𝑥 2 𝑦 3 + 𝑥𝑦 4 − 𝑦 5 )
=
𝑥 5 − 𝑥 4 𝑦 + 𝑥 3 𝑦 2 − 𝑥 2 𝑦 3 + 𝑥𝑦 4 − 𝑦 5 𝑥 5 − 𝑥 4 𝑦 + 𝑥 3 𝑦 2 − 𝑥 2 𝑦 3 + 𝑥𝑦 4 − 𝑦 5
=𝑥+𝑦
Alternatively, factoring separately,
𝑥 6 − 𝑦 6 = (𝑥 3 − 𝑦 3 )(𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 )
= (𝑥 − 𝑦)(𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 )(𝑥 + 𝑦)(𝑥 2 − 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 )
and
𝑥 5 − 𝑥 4 𝑦 + 𝑥 3 𝑦 2 − 𝑥 2 𝑦 3 + 𝑥𝑦 4 − 𝑦 5
= (𝑥 − 𝑦)(𝑥 4 + 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 + 𝑦 4 )
= (𝑥 − 𝑦)(𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 )(𝑥 2 − 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 )
So,
𝑥6 − 𝑦6 (𝑥 − 𝑦)(𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 )(𝑥 + 𝑦)(𝑥 2 − 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 )
=
𝑥 5 − 𝑥 4 𝑦 + 𝑥 3 𝑦 2 − 𝑥 2 𝑦 3 + 𝑥𝑦 4 − 𝑦 5 (𝑥 − 𝑦)(𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 )(𝑥 2 − 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 )
=𝑥+𝑦

23. Given that the inequality 2 < 6𝑥 − 5 < 5𝑥 + 9 < 18 < 9𝑥 + 3 has solutions on the interval 𝑎 <
𝑥 < 𝑏, determine 𝑎 + 𝑏.
𝟓𝟐 𝟕
Answer: 𝑜𝑟 𝟑
𝟏𝟓 𝟏𝟓
 Solution:
Solving the inequality by parts,
7
2 < 6𝑥 − 5 ⟹ 7 < 6𝑥 ⟹ <𝑥
6
6𝑥 − 5 < 5𝑥 + 9 ⟹ 𝑥 < 14
9
5𝑥 + 9 < 18 ⟹ 5𝑥 < 9 ⟹ 𝑥 <
5
5
18 < 9𝑥 + 3 ⟹ 15 < 9𝑥 ⟹ < 𝑥
3
Note that
7 5 5
( < 𝑥) ∩ ( < 𝑥) ⟹ < 𝑥
6 3 3
and
9 9
(𝑥 < 14) ∩ (𝑥 < ) ⟹ 𝑥 <
5 5
Therefore,
5 9
<𝑥<
3 5
So,
5 9 25 + 27 52 7
+ = = =3
3 5 15 15 15

24. A parallelogram 𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷 has sides 𝐴𝐵 = 5𝑥 − 975, 𝐵𝐶 = 7𝑥 − 2180, and 𝐶𝐷 = 3𝑥 + 225.

Determine the perimeter of 𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷.
Answer: 𝟖𝟎𝟗𝟎
Solution:
For a parallelogram, opposite sides should be congruent. So, 𝐴𝐵 = 𝐶𝐷 and 𝐴𝐷 = 𝐵𝐶. Thus,
5𝑥 − 975 = 3𝑥 + 225
2𝑥 = 1200
𝑥 = 600
Therefore, the side lengths are
𝐴𝐵 = 𝐶𝐷 = 3(600) + 225 = 1800 + 225 = 2025
𝐴𝐷 = 𝐵𝐶 = 7(600) − 2180 = 4200 − 2180 = 2020
And the perimeter is
𝑃 = 2(2025) + 2(2020) = 4050 + 4040 = 8090
 22
25. Factor (((𝑥 2 )2 )2 )2 − 𝑦 2 completely.
Answer: (𝒙 − 𝒚)(𝒙 + 𝒚)(𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 )(𝒙𝟒 + 𝒚𝟒 )(𝒙𝟖 + 𝒚𝟖 ) or
(𝒙𝟖 + 𝒚𝟖 )(𝒙𝟒 + 𝒚𝟒 )(𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 )(𝒙 + 𝒚)(𝒙 − 𝒚)
Solution:
22 4
Applying law of exponents (𝑥 𝑎 )𝑏 = 𝑥 𝑎𝑏 and noting that 𝑦 2 = 𝑦 2 = 𝑦 16 , then
22
(((𝑥 2 )2 )2 )2 − 𝑦 2 = 𝑥16 − 𝑦16
Recall the identity for difference of two squares: 𝑎2 − 𝑏 2 = (𝑎 − 𝑏)(𝑎 + 𝑏). So,
𝑥16 − 𝑦 16 = (𝑥 8 − 𝑦 8 )(𝑥 8 + 𝑦 8 )
= (𝑥 4 − 𝑦 4 )(𝑥 4 + 𝑦 4 )(𝑥 8 + 𝑦 8 )
= (𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 )(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )(𝑥 4 + 𝑦 4 )(𝑥 8 + 𝑦 8 )
= (𝑥 − 𝑦)(𝑥 + 𝑦)(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )(𝑥 4 + 𝑦 4 )(𝑥 8 + 𝑦 8 )