Digitally signed by Dr Adel Bondok
Dr Adel Bondok
DN: cn=Dr Adel Bondok gn=Dr Adel Bondok c=Egypt l=EG
o=Mansoura Universtiy ou=Faculty of Medicine
e=adelbondok@[Link]
Reason: I am the author of this document
Location: Mansoura University
Date: 2016-12-03 22:32+02:00
NERVOUS
SYSTEM
Dr Adel Bondok
STRUCTURE OF THE
NERVOUS SYSTEM
Formed of 2 types of cells:
1. Nerve cells:
called neurons
They communicate by synapses
2. Supporting Cells:
called neuroglia (glial cells) Dr Adel Bondok ®
NERVE CELLS
Cytology:
1. Cell Body:
nucleus & cytoplasm
2. Processes:
one axon & dendrites
Communications:
via synapses Dr Adel Bondok ®
PROCESSES
ONE AXON
Transmits information to
other nerve cells
Dr Adel Bondok ®
DENDRITES
Receive information
AXONS are like electric wires. Either:
Myelinated Unmyelinated
Myelin: Insulation + impulse conduction
The thicker the faster the conduction
Dr Adel Bondok ®
MYELIN PRODUCING CELLS
1. In the CNS:
Oligodendrocytes
Dr Adel Bondok ®
2. In the PNS:
Schwann cells
Types of Nerve Cells
ACCORDING TO:
Size, Function & # of Processes
A. SIZE:
1. Golgi type I: large; have long axon
2. Golgi type II: small, have short axon
B. FUNCTION: Dr Adel Bondok ®
1. Motor: movement
2. Sensory: perception of sensations
3. Interneurons: connect nerve cells together
Classification: Types
C. # OF PROCESSES: Dr Adel Bondok ®
1. Unipolar: 1 process:
a. True: amacrine cells of the retina.
b. Pseudounipolar: in dorsal root ganglia
2. Bipolar: 2 processes, in sense organs
3. Multipolar: more than 2;
most nerve cells
NEUROGLIA
CENTRAL: 4
1. Astrocytes: protection
2. Oligodendrocytes: myelin
3. Microglia: in inflammation
4. Ependyma: line ventricles,
CSF (cerebrospinal fluid)
production & circulation
PERIPHERAL: 2
1. Schwann cells: myelin Dr Adel Bondok ®
2. Satellite cells: around nerve cells
TERMINOLOGY
NUCLEUS:
collection of nerve cells inside the CNS
GANGLION:
collection of nerve cells outside the CNS
Dr Adel Bondok ®
1. Definition:
contact point between 2
nerve cells
2. TYPES: Dr Adel Bondok ®
a. Chemical Synapse:
transmission by chemical substance
b. Electrical Synapse:
transmission without chemical
substance
Structure of the chemical synapse: 3 elements
1. Presynaptic element: axon
contains synaptic vesicles filled with neurotransmitters,
and mitochondria
Dr Adel Bondok ®
2. Synaptic cleft
3. Postsynaptic element:
may be dendrite, axon, cell body or muscle
Axon
TYPES OF SYNAPSES
1. Axodendritic: axon + dendrite
2. Axoaxonic: axon + axon
3. Axosomatic: axon + cell body
4. Neuromuscular: axon + muscle
Dr Adel Bondok ®
Neuromuscular
Dr Adel Bondok ®
DIVISIONS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
1. Central Nervous System:
a. Brain.
Dr Adel Bondok ®
b. Spinal cord.
2. Peripheral Nervous System:
A. Somatic Nervous System:
a. Cranial nerves: 12 pairs.
b. Spinal nerves: 31 pairs.
c. Associated ganglia.
B. Autonomic Nervous System:
a. Sympathetic: thoracolumbar
b. Parasympathetic: craniosacral
Divisions of the Nervous System
Peripheral Peripheral
Central Somatic Autonomic
Spinal
Brain Nerves: 31 Sympathetic
Thoracolumbar
Cranial
Spinal Nerves: 12
Cord Parasympathetic
Craniosacral
Dr Adel Bondok ® Ganglia
1. FOREBRAIN:
a. 2 Cerebral hemispheres
b. Diencephalon: thalamus & hypothalamus
2. MIDBRAIN
3. HINDBRAIN:
a. Pons
b. Medulla
c. Cerebellum
Dr Adel Bondok ®
ANOTHER BRAIN DIVISIONS
1. CEREBRUM:
a. 2 Cerebral hemispheres:
b. Diencephalon: formed mainly of:
thalamus & hypothalamus
2. CEREBELLUM: Coordination & balance
3. BRAINSTEM: formed of the
a. midbrain
b. Pons Dr Adel Bondok ®
c. medulla
Ventricular System
1. Lateral ventricle: Dr Adel Bondok ®
in the cerebral
hemisphere
2. Third ventricle:
in the diencephalon
3. Fourth ventricle:
In the hindbrain
Dr Adel Bondok ®
Dr Adel Bondok ®
BRAINSTEM
1. MIDBRAIN
2. PONS
3. MEDULLA Dr Adel Bondok ®
SOMATIC PERIPHERAL
NERVOUS SYSTEM
1. Spinal Nerves: 31 pairs
Dr Adel Bondok ®
2. Cranial Nerves: 12 pairs
3. Spinal & Cranial Ganglia
31 PAIRS OF
SPINAL NERVES
Distribution:
8 Cervical
Dr Adel Bondok ®
12 Thoracic
5 Lumbar
5 Sacral
1 Coccygeal
FORMATION OF THE
SPINAL NERVE
Dr Adel Bondok ®
BRANCHES
OF THE
SPINAL
NERVE Dr Adel Bondok ®
VENTRAL RAMUS DORSAL RAMUS
Large in size Small in size
Runs anteriorly Runs backward to back muscles
Joins others & form plexuses Does not form plexuses
Attached to symp ganglion Not attached to symp ganglia
ORIGIN OF THE
CRANIAL NERVES
1. Olfactory N: from nose
2. Optic Nerve: from retina
3. III & IV: from midbrain
4. Middle 4: from pons
5. Last 4: from medulla Dr Adel Bondok ®
CRANIAL NERVES
1. Olfactory nerve (I).
2. Optic nerve (II).
3. Oculomotor nerve (III).
4. Trochlear nerve (IV).
5. Trigeminal nerve (V).
6. Abducent nerve (VI).
7. Facial nerve (VII).
8. Vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII).
9. Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX).
10. Vagus nerve (X).
11. Accessory nerve (XI).
12. Hypoglossal nerve (XII).
Dr Adel Bondok ®
AUTONOMIC
NERVOUS
SYSTEM
Dr Adel Bondok ®
1. Sympathetic: called
thoraco-lumbar. From spinal
cord segments T1–L2
2. Parasympathetic: called
cranio-sacral
a. Cranial: with cranial nerves
b. Sacral: S2, 3 & 4
FUNCTION OF SYMP.
Dr Adel Bondok ®
1. CRANIAL OUTFLOW:
with cranial nerves:
III, VII, IX & X
2. SACRAL OUTFLOW:
from S2, 3, 4 spinal cord segments
PARASYMPATHETIC
Dr Adel Bondok ®
FUNCTION
OF
PARASYMP.
Dr Adel Bondok ®
GOOD
LUCK
and
Best
Wishes
Dr Adel Bondok ®
