DSE CHEM MASTERY

THE MASTER NOTE

ATTENTION

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Questi on 1

Compound Chemical Formulae Structural Formula Electronic Diagrams

Hydrogen chloride HCl H-Cl

Water H! O H-O-H

Carbon dioxide CO! O=C=O

Iodine solid I! I-I

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Each Cl atom needs 1 more electron to attain a stable octet structure. X should have 5 outermost shell electrons and it
can form X3- (can think about phosphorus).

While Mg will form Mg2+, to balance the charges between two types of ions, the compound formed would be Mg3X2.

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Only 2 non-metals (NOT Group 0) could react to form covalent compounds. Therefore, only (2) and (3) can form a
covalent compound.

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Ar exists as gas in room temperature and pressure which means it has low boiling point as its molecules are held together
by weak van der Waals’ forces only.

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(1) X The atomic number of helium is 2 and it has a duplet structure instead of an octet structure

(2) √ He is used to fill balloons

(3) √ Because it has a stable outermost shell structure (duplet)

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Mark

(a) (i) Layers in graphite are only held by weak van der Waals’ forces 1

(ii) Graphene can conduct electricity as it has delocalized electrons 1

(iii) 1

(b) No, graphene layer has a giant covalent structure. A large amount of energy is required to break 1
the large amount of covalent bonds between atoms.

Questi on 7 2015 Q1

Mark

(a) 1

(b) Van der Waals ' forces 1

NOT accept the use of drawings/ " VDW force ", " id - id interaction "

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 (c)
Element Natural source Method of extraction

Fractional distillation of liquefied air (1)

Rock salt/ Sea water/ Ocean (1)

Chlorine NOT accept " lakes ", " river ", " salt Electrolysis of sea water (1)

water ", etc.

Consider the answers for " Nature source " and " Method of extraction " together.

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A. False
Solid carbon dioxide has a crystal structure.

B. True
Carbon dioxide can displace oxygen to extinguish the fire.

C. False
Helium is most common in filling weather balloons.

D. False
Carbon dioxide dissolves in water gives carbonic acid which is acidic.

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Y is a compound formed from F and S.

A. X covalent compounds are formed by sharing of electrons

B. √

C. X giant covalent structure substances: graphite, diamond, silicon, silicon dioxide

D. X Y in molten state has no mobile ions so Y in molten state cannot conduct electricity

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Quartz is a giant covalent structure; each silicon atom is joined to four oxygen atoms by covalent bonds while each
oxygen atom is joined to two silicon atoms by covalent bonds.

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(1) True
Molten zinc chloride contains mobile ions which can conduct electricity.

(2) True
Magnesium sulphate is soluble in water and there will be presence of mobile ions for conducting electricity

(3) False
The mixture of ethanol and water does not contain any mobile ions.

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(1) X each H atom only contribute one electron to the bond

(2) √ each O atom provide 1 electron to the OH bond and 1 electron to the O-O bond

(3) √ total electron number: 1 + 1 + 8 + 8 = 18

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Questi on 13

A. Cu contains delocalized electrons

B. KCl(l) has mobile ions

C. Graphite has delocalized electrons in each layer

D. No mobile ions present in liquid ethanol

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A. √ Silicon is a semi-conductor, and it can conduct electricity at high temperature.

B. X Si has giant covalent structure which makes Si has a very high mp

C. X SiO! is a giant covalent structure and the atoms in the oxide are held by strong covalent bond

D. X giant covalent structures do not dissolve in any kinds of solvents

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A. X no mobile ions present in NaCl(s)

B. √

C. X ionic bonds are strong

D. X NaCl is soluble in water (think about table salt)

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The presence of delocalized electrons/mobile ions make a substance can conduct electricity

The hardness of diamond and graphite is about the structure of them. C atoms in diamond held tetrahedrally resulting
a hard structure while for graphite, layers of graphite are held by weak van der Waals’ only so that graphite is soft. But
this is not related to electrical conductivity.

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Questi on 17

Graphite is soft because the layers in graphite are only held by weak van der Waals’ forces while C atoms in diamond
are held tetrahedrally with strong covalent bonds.

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1st statement: True. Si is a giant covalent structure, atoms are held by strong covalent bond while P has a simple
molecular structure, P molecules are only held by weak van der Waals’ forces only.

2nd statement: True. Si has 14 electrons and P has 15 electrons.

Number of electrons present in an atom do not related to the type of structures.

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1st statement: True. Metallic bond in Na is stronger than that of K

2nd statement: True. Increase in e- number means increase in atomic size à increase distance between nucleus and e-.
Hence, attraction between nucleus and electrons fail means weaker metallic bond.

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(1) False
Iodine has a simple molecular structure

(2) True

(3) True
Iodine has chemical formula of I2 which means 2 iodine atoms come together to form an iodine molecule

Questi on 21

Zinc chloride is soluble in water hence Z is not zinc chloride.

Zinc chloride cannot conduct electricity in solid as there is no mobile ions.

Zinc chloride could conduct electricity in both liquid and aqueous state as there is mobile ions present.

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Questi on 22

A solid ionic compound cannot conduct electricity hence W is not an ionic compound.

Ionic compound has a giant ionic structure, and the melting point should be high as there are many strong ionic bonds
between the oppositely charged ions and a large amount of heat is needed to overcome the ionic bonds.

Solubility cannot be used to judge whether the solid is ionic compound or not as some are soluble and some are insoluble
(e.g., NaCl and CaCO3)

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The chemical formula of potassium sulphide is K2S and it is an ionic compound.

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X has a relatively high melting point and it can conduct electricity in molten state which means there are mobile ions or
delocalized ions.

When X is heated, it will not undergo decomposition which means it will not be a compound, it could only be an element.

Therefore, X should have a giant metallic structure.

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Only metals can conduct electricity in both solid and molten state as both states contain delocalized electrons.

Ionic compounds only conduct electricity in molten/aqueous state as mobile ions only present in these two states;
mobile ions are absent in solid state as the ions are held together by strong ionic bonds.

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Questi on 27

Simple molecular structure should have a very low melting point and it is a poor electrical conductor.

Since X has a low melting point, but still exist as solid under room temperature, so X is the correct answer.

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(1) True
Helium exists as simple molecular structure and its molecules are held by weak van der Waals forces.

(2) True
Carbon atoms in diamond are held together by strong covalent bonds tetrahedrally.

(3) True
MgO is an ionic compound and the oppositely charged ions are held together by strong ionic bonds.

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X is Mg, Y is S and Z is Cl.

A. True

B. False
Chlorine is a stronger oxidizing agent as chlorine is more readily to gain electrons due to greater effective
attraction of the nucleus for the electrons.

C. False
X has a giant metallic structure as it is a metal

D. False
There is no mobile ions nor delocalized electrons in the molten state of S.

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As the substance is a liquid in −90℃, this temperature should be in between the substance’s melting point and boiling
point.

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Questi on 31

All 4 of the substances are with simple molecular structure, they all have weak van der Waals’ forces between their
molecules.

All elements involved in the substances are non-metals and there will not be any ionic bonds.

Argon is a noble gas and it exists as monoatomic molecule which means there is no covalent bond in an argon molecule.

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(1) True
Giant molecules usually refer to polymers and they have relatively high melting points (depends on types of
polymers) and they cannot conduct electricity as there are no mobile electrons.

(2) True
Diamond could be a possibility. It has a giant covalent structure and it cannot conduct electricity due to absence
of delocalized electrons.

(3) True
Ionic compounds with giant ionic structure are high in melting and they cannot conduct electricity in solid state
due to the absence of mobile ions.

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Mark

(a) Atoms with the same number of protons but different number of neutrons 1

(b) 20 × 90.48% + 21 × 0.27% + 22 × 9.25% = 20.19 2

(c) Fill neon lights 1

(d) Neon is monoatomic while oxygen is diatomic, oxygen molecules have a larger molecular size than Ne. 2

The van der Waals’ forces exist between oxygen molecules is stronger than that of Ne molecules.

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Questi on 34

Mark

(a) (i) Because the van der Waals’ forces between graphite layers are weak. 1

(ii) There are delocalized electrons present in graphite and graphite can conduct electricity 1

(b) In Pb, there is strong metallic bond between Pb2+ ions and delocalized electrons, while graphite 2
only has weak van der Waals’ force between its layer.

So, Pb metals tear off less readily than graphite.

(c) Diamond has a giant covalent structure. 2

There are strong covalent bonds between atoms in diamond.

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Questi on 35

Mark

(a) Let x be the relative abundance of 63Cu. 2

𝟔𝟑𝐱 + 𝟔𝟓(𝟏 − 𝐱) = 𝟔𝟑. 𝟓

∴ % abundance of 63Cu is 75% and % abundance of 65Cu is 25%

(b) Cu has a giant metallic structure with metallic bonds between Cu2+ and delocalized electrons. 2

Cu can conduct electricity as it contains delocalized electrons.

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Mark

(a) Bromine exists as simple molecules with weak van der Waals; forces/weak intermolecular attraction. 2
Therefore, it has low boiling point.

(b) In PbBr2, the attraction between the ions is strong ionic bond/PbBr2 has strong electrostatic attraction. 1
Therefore, it has a higher melting point.

(Do NOT accept bromine has weak covalent bond)

(Do NOT accent PbBr2 is an ionic compound/with giant ionic structure)

(c) In solid PbBr2, there are no mobile ions so that it does not conduct electricity. 1

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Questi on 37

Mark

(a) 1

(b) 1

(c) Melting point of A is higher than that of B. Ions of A are linked by strong ionic bonds/ electrostatic force 2
forming a giant crystal lattice.

Molecules of B are attracted by weak van der Waals’ forces/intermolecular forces.

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