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UNDERSTANDING THE EMOTIONAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL

IMPACT OF CONJUGAL VISITATION AMONG THE PERSONS
DEPRIVED OF LIBERTY (PDL) OF CATBALOGAN CITY
DISTRICT JAIL

A Thesis Proposal
Presented to the Faculty
of the College of Criminal Justice Education
Samar Colleges, Inc.
Catbalogan City

In Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirements for the Degree
Bachelor of Science in Criminology

by
ADRIAN P. ABANTAO
RENZ LEUER C. ABARCAR
ALQUIN B. ALBINO
BEVERLY JOY D. DACLES
MARK HARRYL M. PODONGAN

November 2024
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CHAPTER 1
THE PROBLEM AND ITS SCOPE

INTRODUCTION

Rationale

Conjugal visitation is a well-established idea in prison systems across

the world, designed to allow jailed people to keep strong connections with

their spouses. These visits provide a regulated yet private atmosphere for

emotional, physical, and personal interaction, with the goal of supporting

both the well-being of the jailed individual and their spouses. According to

some research, conjugal visitation can improve the emotional stability and

psychological well-being of Persons Deprived of Liberty (PDLs) by

providing them with a sense of connection, hope, and emotional release,

potentially improving their behavior and aiding in their rehabilitation.

Despite of the evidence pointing to the possible benefits of conjugal

visitation, there is limited research about this topic especially to the

psychological and emotional effects of it on to the persons deprived of

liberty (PLDs) in the Philippines, particularly in the smaller, local facilities

like Catbalogan City District Jail. Most of the existing studies only talks

about on the institutional and logistical aspects of conjugal visitation

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programs, creating a significant gap in understanding the deeper impact of

conjugal visitation on the incarcerated individuals. A thorough examination

of PDLs' emotional experiences and psychological outcomes linked with

conjugal visits would give a more nuanced understanding of whether such

programs achieve their intended rehabilitative and supportive goals in the

local context.

A number of Western countries and non-Western countries offers

conjugal visitation. In legal terms, both males and females in prison can

have such visits provided certain conditions are met (Einat, 2017). Conjugal

visits are accepted and plays an important role in different various countries

like U.S. states, Canada, and Spain for instance incorporating these

programs as a part of their rehabilitation program. International studies

emphasize the challenges and benefits of conjugal visitation. There are those

who believe conjugal visits in prisons are beneficial as they help reduce

crime rates, improve the mental state of incarcerated individuals and

promote family unity. However, logistical concerns, there are potential risks

to security, and the difficulty in implementing such initiatives are the most

common concerns. Nevertheless, research conducted in various regions

tends to support the notion that providing contact with family and other

loved ones has therapeutic and rehabilitative benefits allowing intimate

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visits, unless used in combination with other interventions used in prison

reform.

Conjugal visiting remains not commonly available or accepted at

Catbalogan City District Jail, and there has been no local study into how

such visitation affects the mental health and overall well-being of PDLs in

this facility. In Catbalogan City District Jail, a facility that temporarily

shelters hundreds of PDLs, the necessity for psychological and emotional

therapy is critical. The mental health problems of the inmates may worsen

due to overcrowding, limited access to healthcare, and being imprison

without trial. Understanding the possible advantages of conjugal visitation

for persons deprived of liberty (PDLs) individually as well as for the larger

penitentiary system requires research on the emotional and psychological

effects of this type of visitation in this specific setting. This research could

influence the local policy makers to create decisions regarding to the

development or expansion of visitation programs aimed in supporting the

mental health of PDLs.

The goal of this study is to deeply understand the impact of conjugal visits

on the emotional and psychological well-being of persons deprived of liberty

(PDLs) at Catbalogan City District Jail. This study seeks to provide

substantial insights into how conjugal visits might be utilized as a

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rehabilitative method by examining their influence on mental health,

emotional stability, and interpersonal connections. It will also determine

whether this strategy will ease the mental health issues associated with long-

term confinement. Finally, our research aims to influence policymaking and

institutional changes that prioritize the holistic well-being of people

deprived of liberty (PDLs), with the goal of creating more compassionate

and effective approaches to imprisonment.

Theoretical Background

This study is anchored on three (3) theories, namely: Self-

Determination Theory by Edward L. Deci and Richard M. Ryan (1980), the

Attachment Theory by John Bowlby (1940), and Cesare Beccaria's

Rehabilitation Theory (1746).

According to Self-Determination Theory developed by Edward L.

Deci and Richard M. Ryan (1980), relatedness, competence, and autonomy

are vital for fostering human growth, wellness, and innate drive. To foster

the development of emotional bonds and attachments, such as in the case of

conjugal visitation, persons particularly those imprisoned for extended

periods tend to require freedom. It is proposed from this perspective, that

prolonged intimacy between offenders and their wives, tends to be beneficial

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for their health, improves the chances of getting parole, and assists offenders

in acclimatizing to society. Conjugal visits, which meet these basic

psychological needs, are in line with Self Determination Theory of PDL in

the District Jail of Catbalogan City. These visits also help offenders to

reconnect with their families prevent them from emotional stagnation and

assist in self-governing by carrying out their family obligations. Conjugal

visits promote good behavior and help raise the level of intrinsic motivation,

improve psychological health levels, and support rehabilitation, release, and

reintegration into society.

John Bowlby's 'Attachment Theory' (1940) postulates the significance

of very early experiences of being 'attached' to some crucial figure for the

mental well-being of an individual and their capacity to establish

relationships. Conjugal visitation enables the inmates to cultivate important

emotional ties with their spouses or partners, thus enhancing emotional

support, and decreasing the sense of abandonment and loneliness. According

to Bowlby's Attachment Theory, conjugal visits have a long-term positive

impact on rehabilitation and social integration for inmates in Catbalogan

City District Jail. These visits reduce discomfort and feelings of isolation,

which in turn reduces the likelihood of behavioral problems and recidivism.

A supportive partner facilitates a more seamless reintegration into society by

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encouraging offenders to participate in constructive behavior and

rehabilitation. Conjugal visits are not just a luxury but also necessary for

fostering long-term social and emotional growth. So, the extension of the

term "visitation" within family relationships cannot be regarded as an

optional extra. It is rather a crucial aspect to ensure the psychological

comfort and social inclusion of the imprisoned individuals.

According to Cesare Beccaria's Rehabilitation Theory (1746), inmates

must achieve successful rehabilitation. In his opinion, punishment must be

proportional to the crime if he wishes to see social betterment and

rehabilitation of criminals, whom he considered to be tools of crime. This

principle is the premise on which modern-day correctional programs like in

this case conjugal visitation are based. The idea of conjugal visits

encourages such psychological and emotional coordination in that they

allow prisoners to maintain close relationships with their spouses. Besides

decreasing recidivism rates, this also encourages social ties that help to

prevent engagement in crime in the future. Restoration of psychological and

social well-being is crucial for effective rehabilitation. Provided that they

help ease the tension and resentment brought about by boredom and

dissatisfaction with the surroundings, conjugal visits at Catbalogan City

District Jail further assist in this by supporting healthy family relations and
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emotional balance. These meetings are helpful in the rehabilitation process,

induce positive behavior, and help avoid such offenses in the future.

Moreover, aiding family connections and providing them with the means for

successful rehabilitation integration, conjugal visiting reduces the chances of

recidivism and enhances the prospects of rehabilitation within the convict.

Another theory that supports the study is The Family Systems Theory

developed by Dr. Murray Bowen (1913-1990) draws attention to the concept

of emotional interdependence by noting the basic 'connectivity' of the

emotional objects in families. There exists a strong bond among family

members despite their distances and infrequent meetings, hence the mutual

dependence on their thoughts, feelings, and actions. The very connection

that holds families together might, however, be a source of stress and lead to

problems such as alcohol dependence, depression, infidelity, and other social

or health concerns. Within this context, it is posited that the provision of

conjugal contact visits for Persons Deprived of Liberty (PDLs) at

Catbalogan City District Jail benefits the PDLs and their spouses by

allowing the preservation of emotional bonds, minimizing stress, and

controlling anxiety. The emotional health of the family is well balanced

since the tendency for members to extricate themselves from relationships is

low and the family is adept at coping with stress. Conjugal visits allow both
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members to sustain the stress of being away from one another by providing

an essence of continuity and a positive outlook.

It points out that conjugal visits are essential in the rehabilitation

process as well as emotional welfare of the PDLs confined herein at the

Catbalogan City District Jail. Anchored on the Self-Determination Theory,

Attachment Theory, Rehabilitation Theory and Family Systems Theory, it

would be found that such conjugal visits pose the necessary elements

towards the rehabilitation process, wherein they establish emotional

contacts, ensure psychological a relative healthiness and ensure family

bonding by which the inmates will have a good chance of integrating

themselves easily back to society. The Self-Determination Theory requires

the fulfillment of innate psychological needs, while Attachment Theory

deals with maintaining an emotional connection with spouses. Rehabilitation

Theory encompasses both: psychological and social rehabilitation for

successful rehabilitation. The implications of this study advocate for

recognition of conjugal visits as an essential element of any correctional

program aimed at reducing recidivism and ensuring long-term social-

emotional development. Wherever possible, policymakers and correctional

facilities should promote and extend these practices, as they are among the
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most significant factors in rehabilitation and overall health for the family as

a whole.

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND RELATED STUDIES

Review of Related Literature

Incarceration can make an individual who is not free for a

considerable time undergo various psychological and emotional challenges.

Statistical analysis between 2019, reveals that the effects of stress related to

incarceration, being cut off from the outside world, as well as family

separation causes detrimental effects on the health of persons incarcerated.

Policymakers, correctional officials, stakeholders and the rest should engage

in thorough deliberation and consider a scientifically based more so when it

comes to assessing the effectiveness and fairness of conjugal visitation

programs. Most of the research findings show that even though not all places

have introduced this service, such services offer key mental and emotional

therapy readjusting blue collar workers serving prison sentences. The main

aim of the prison visits is to promote discipline among the inmates while
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reinforcing their family ties. Still, jail visits are not always pleasant for

prisoners, and we are not entirely sure why (Turanovic and Tasca, 2019).

There are still debates around conjugal visitation, focusing on

arguments both for and against these policies. Some claims that conjugal

visit supports PDLs’ mental health, foster family connection and reduce

recidivism by motivating a good behavior. However, some argue that it may

compromise security risks, administrative challenges, and ethical issues in

allocating resources for these visits. This complicated topic focuses on the

diverse effects of conjugal visits on recovery, family stability, and prison

management (Johnson-Roehr, 2023). The article "Conjugal Visits in the

Context of Incarceration of Women and Girls in the State of Bahia, Brazil"

examines how conjugal visits affect the psychological and emotional health

of women who are jailed. It examines how these visits affect family

dynamics and social interactions while taking into account the wider

outcome for the rehabilitation of female inmates into society. This highlights

the difficulties that women have while incarcerated, specifically mentioning

the Brazilian setting (Krahn et al., 2019)

"Extending the Ties That Bind" examines the purpose of extended

family visits while incarcerated, along with potential benefits and

drawbacks. These visits, which are sometimes referred to as conjugal visits,

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provide prisoners the chance to spend quality time with their families in

private, fostering emotional bonds and restoring a sense of normalcy.

Multiple researches have addressed their effectiveness; some report no

statistical value, whereas others claim that the visits prove stress-relieving

but also strengthen familial bonds and even curb violence within penal

institutions. The selection criteria for extended visitation programs -

specimens being those of Connecticut, Washington, and New York - are

sometimes strict, requiring LSI-offenders to complete several trips and have

no disciplinary offenses on file. These programs also differ in organization;

some jurisdictions allow overnight visits to specified institutions. Some

argue that extended visits improve rehabilitation and reduce recidivism by

preserving family links, although there are logistical and regulatory

differences from state to state (Nwoko, 2021).

The topic of conjugal rights in jail has long been debated. The

conjugal visits program, which originated in Mississippi in the 1900s, is now

extensively employed in prisons across the world, including America,

Europe, Asia, and Africa. According to studies, these visits can help

minimize homosexuality, sexual assault, and physical violence. The denial

of conjugal rights to inmates' spouses can be interpreted as both a

punishment for innocent victims and an incentive for good behavior and
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rehabilitation. However, because to congestion, the program is often

expensive and ethically dubious in African countries. It has been criticized

for supporting a one-parent family structure and being open to exploitation

by both convicts and prison officials. Despite these obstacles, it has been

agreed that, particularly in countries that have adopted the rehabilitative

concept, validly married convicts and their wives should be granted to

conjugal visits (Kajawo, 2021).

Imprisonment has many negative effects on person's psychological

and emotional state, and this can range from stress, feelings of emptiness,

and even to instability in the family. These practices are mired in

controversy but they have offered certain benefits such as enhanced

psychological well-being of inmates, improvement of relationships among

family members, and decrease in the rate of repeat offenders. In spite of

these advantages, such applications have been challenged on grounds of

security threats, moral issues, and managerial concerns. In the case of Ghana

and Brazil, conducted research indicates that the policies on conjugal visits

have different consequences on rehabilitation, family relations and prison

culture, and these opposing approaches have made clear the challenges of

the programs in focus. Based on the experiences of incarcerated women in

Brazil and policies adopted in the United States and Africa, conjugal visits
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comprise both positive and negative effects on rehabilitation, family

relationships and prison society. Conjugal visits can be beneficial to

encourage discipline and emotional health but such visits have to take into

account different practical, ethical and economic issues. Policymakers and

other stakeholders should undertake evidence-based discussions on the need

for such initiatives to ensure they are in line with the overall purposes of

rehabilitation, justice and humane treatment.

Review of Related Studies

The studies addressing the emotional and psychological aspects of the

persons deprived of liberty (PDLs) have shown that being in detention has a

negative impact on an individual’s well-being and can bring about stress,

anxiety, and emotional seclusion. Conjugal visits, which are available in a

majority of, if not all, prisons, have been identified as a key ameliorative

factor that helps maintain bonds and alleviate psychological strain. A study

stated in 2019 that family ties, in this case, conjugal visits, tended to have an

essential influence on the emotional stability of prisoners. It underlined the

fact that prisoners with access to conjugal visits suffer less from anxiety and

depression than those who have no access to these privileges. Such cases

enable them to reduce feelings of emotional isolation, infusing hope and

some meaning into their imprisonment (Cochran, 2019). This emotional

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support also extends to positively influence behavior in reducing prison

violence and improving such relationships with other inmates. Research has

demonstrated the significance of frequent visits, with individuals who

receive them having a lower likelihood of reoffending during the first six

months following their release. It also shows how partners might be

significant members of the prison population's social network. Furthermore,

this dissertation has shed light on ways to facilitate visits while a person is in

custody, hence increasing the number of visits and their frequency. That

being said, this does not guarantee that beneficial outcomes will transpire.

(Berghuis, 2022).

In an effort to assist PDLs and their families, the Bureau of

Corrections is conducting research that calls for increased support and visits

from family members who are jailed. This will inspire expectations of

freedom and relieve the pressure of inward conflict. Further, to give PDLs a

wider scope for channeling and relieving internal pressure, the Bureau may

also engage more licensed counselors. Moreover, the research may also

generate interest in the public, especially towards Penal Farm and Iwahig

Prison, which generate more income for PDLs. The results could potentially

influence how social service solutions are created. Prison expenses go

beyond the price of the buildings and furnishings. The institution that
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envelops every person, as well as the costs associated with incarceration for

their children and family, possess both psychological and social

repercussions. Thus, it involves negative and positive experiences; negative

because they experienced longing for their family and loneliness, and

positive because they experienced change inside the jail and learned from

their mistakes in the past through the help and guidance of the rules and

regulations imposed inside. (Ortaleza and Nabe, 2024).

Imprisonment impacts particular family and intimate relationships are

affected, lives beyond the prisoners. In particular, family and intimate

relationships are affected. Only some countries permit private conjugal visits

in prison between a prisoner and community living partner. The balance of

evidence about conjugal visiting is positive, but there is little of it. As stable

family relationships have, elsewhere, been associated with visits to distance

from crime, the contribution of conjugal visiting to these should be better

researched. Research into the role of conjugal visits between prisoners and

their established partners is rare, with only three studies in this millennium

and most of all studies being from North America. Two main themes

emerge: the possible impact of such visits on the conjugal partnership and

the possible impact on in-prison behavior and prison health, though it is

arguable that a second them, prisoner health is also important. There is a

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requirement of more emphasis towards the safety as well as the well-being

of the visiting companion. To some extent, some benefits to relationships

can be contextually confounded as they are only a small aspect of a bigger

family program. Even when controlling for various resource-related

variables, such as staff counts, prisons that permit conjugal visits have lower

levels of misconduct than prisons that do not. Data on staff attitudes towards

such visiting, at their most positive when experienced around such visits,

pose interesting, researchable questions about the direction of benefit (Vladu

et. al, 2021). There are benefits to family visiting detained loved ones,

children, institutions, public safety, and convicts. It lowers misbehavior,

lowers recidivism, and motivates prisoners to participate in rehabilitation

programs. Nevertheless, a lot of families and prisoners have difficulties

during visits, which adds to the cycle of incarceration (Chopin, 2020).

These studies brought together indicate that the conjugal visitation

programs are emotionally and psychologically helpful to the inmates in

maintaining their mental stability due to less isolation and anxiety. For

facilities of the level of Catbalogan City District Jail, these can be a very

important intervention to maintain PDLs in better health conditions.

However, such initiatives also face some implementation barriers, thus

mirroring urgent needs for policy reform in general and jail resources
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specifically. This study would, therefore, delve deeper into these impacts

that conjugal visitation programs would have in improving the inmates'

psychological well-being within the context of Catbalogan City Jail.

THE PROBLEM

Statement of the Problem

This study aims to explore and understand the emotional and

psychological impact of conjugal visitation on Persons Deprived of Liberty

(PDL) in Catbalogan City District Jail.

Specifically, it aims to address the following questions:

1. What are the best and hardest parts of having a conjugal visit

2. How does the lack of conjugal visitation affect your relationship with

your partner?

3. How do conjugal visits give you strength to keep going in prison?

4. How does having conjugal visits help your relationship with your

partner?
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The study aims to provide insight into whether conjugal visits contribute

to emotional stability, improved mental health, or present challenges for

incarcerated individuals in the context of Catbalogan City District Jail.

Significance of the Study

The result of the study benefited the following:

Persons Deprived of Liberty (PDLs). Through this research, it

would be understood that conjugal visitation fosters good emotional well-

being, reduces stress, and develops psychological stability among the PDL.

This could inspire jail management to develop policies that recognize the

importance of maintaining intimate relationships as part of rehabilitation.

Family Members of PDLs. More awareness regarding the

involvement of emotional support that their imprisoned family members

receive will benefit the families. The research may prompt more active

involvement by family members in prison visitation programs and, therefore,

strengthen family bonds and enhance rehabilitation.

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Catbalogan City District Jail or The Correctional Institution.

Findings of the study can be helpful to jail administrators in designing or

refining policies of visiting which balance jail concerns with the

psychological welfare of inmates. The study may show the emotional value

of family connection and thus reduce tension among inmates, thereby

reducing behavioral problems in the jail.

Social Workers and Mental Health Professionals. The findings

would inform practitioners working with those persons behind bars to

develop interventions that target emotional well-being, family therapy, and

trauma recovery. Such an understanding can guide reforms in prisons with

mental health interventions so that these interventions address the

psychological implications of imprisonment as well as estrangement from

family members.

Policymakers and Government Agencies. Results will be drawn

upon to inform practitioners working with the incarcerated to assist in

developing strategies designed to improve emotional well-being, facilitate

family therapy, and aid recovery from trauma. The results of this study can

inform initiatives within corrections regarding mental health programs

designed to address the emotional impact of incarceration and estrangement

from loved ones.

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Community and Reintegration Programs. The study highlights the

role of family support in reducing recidivism, providing insights into re-

entry programs with the aim of preparing inmates for life upon release. It

also underscores emotional well-being as essential to successful re-entry and

community safety.

The Researchers. This study will make the researchers contribute

meaningfully to the few existing local literature concerning inmate welfare,

especially concerning the emotional and psychological impacts of conjugal

visitations. They will thereby bolster their research skills, gain experience

while using the methodologies firsthand, and better understand the social

issues involving mental health, family ties, and rehabilitation in correctional

facilities. Opportunities for academic growth, growth as professional

carriers, and advocacy opportunities through the diffusion of positive change

in policies that would ensure humane practices in prisons are presented

through the study. Furthermore, the research leads to a sense of fulfillment

and awareness of ethics, enriching the perspective of the researchers on

marginalized communities and real-world problems.

Future Researchers and Academics. The study will contribute to the

literature because it explores the emotional and psychological effects of

conjugal visitation in a context that will be local or local Catbalogan. It may

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provide a reference for further research about inmate well-being, mental

health, and the role of family in rehabilitation.

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Research Design

This qualitative research used phenomenological research design by

using an interview guide for personal interviews and focused group

discussions (FGD).

Phenomenological research involves a thorough examination of what

experiences mean to individuals. At its core, it is concerned with the

research of ordinary human experiences in order to learn about people's

common-sense knowledge and the meaning they get from their own and

others' experiences. Phenomenological study needs a researcher to focus on

people's experiences of a phenomenon in order to acquire complete details

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that offer a platform for reflective structural analysis, which eventually

discloses the substance of the experience. (Bliss, 2016).

Furthermore, the focus will be on actual experiences of the

participants, since the nature of phenomenological research is most

applicable to investigate emotional and psychological effects of conjugal

visits among PDLs. This method will enable the researchers to look more

deeply into personal feelings, changes in mental health, and social

relationships that arise from the conjugal visits. Moreover, it helps explain

how such contacts influence the feelings of optimism, dignity, and emotional

stability needed for rehabilitation. Also, bracketing of researcher biases has

been done to ensure that the insights represent reality itself for detainees

(Creswell & Poth, 2018).

This approach allows for a number of interesting insights into how

conjugal visits impact health and motivation for change, which is of great

relevance in the improvement of prison policies and therapies.

Research Environment

Catbalogan City District Jail is located in Brgy. Lagundi, Catbalogan,

Samar the Bureau of Jail Management and Penology (BJMP) manages this

facility focuses on both incarceration and rehabilitation programs for

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Persons Deprived of Liberty (PDLs). The jail administration, directed by Jail

Superintendent Benedicto Ramirez Jr., actively fosters relationships with

both government institutions and civil society to improve living conditions

and develop a road for effective reintegration of offenders.

The researcher identified qualifying criteria for participating

institution as a locale of the study. The researcher will look for the following

criteria: first, male or female inmates with access to conjugal visits; second,

must have experienced at least one conjugal visit in the past 6-12 months.

They must be married and lastly, they are willingness to participate and

provide informed consent.

Research Participants

The participants of this study were persons deprived of liberty (PDLs)

specifically, the one that is married and have experienced at least one

conjugal visit in the past 6-12 months of selected persons deprived of liberty

(PDLs). This study involved ten (10) participants wherein six (6) of whom

are for individual interview and the remaining four (4) will be for Focused

Group Discussion (FGD).

Researchers identified the participants in this study using the

purposive convenience sampling method. The number of participants in

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Catbalogan City District Jail whose length of service as a persons deprived

of liberty (PDLs) range from 2 years to 5 years. The researcher identified

qualifying criteria for participating institution as a locale of the study. The

researcher will look for the following criteria: first, male or female inmates

with access to conjugal visits; second, must have experienced at least one

conjugal visit in the past 6-12 months. They must be married and lastly, they

are willingness to participate and provide informed consent.

Moreover, the informants who were selected were based on the

researches convenience and accessibility and was taken into consideration.

Research Instruments

In gathering all the necessary data for the study, an interview guide

was carefully crafted. The panel members screened and evaluated the

questions that were created. The type of questions that were used in this

study were open-ended questions. The interview guide consists of four parts.

The participants' demographic profile comes first, followed by the

participants' experience on conjugal visitation. Third, the responses of the

participants towards challenges encountered in the performance of duties.

Lastly, solicit the views of the participants' regarding their aspirations for

quality service.
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Additionally, researcher used the prepared questions in a focus group

discussion and an individual interview with the chosen persons deprived of

liberty (PDLs) in Catbalogan City District Jail.

Research Procedures

Data Collection. In the conduct of this study, researchers sought

permission for the validation of the interview guide from our adviser. After

its review and validation, researchers wrote a letter to Jail Warden of

Catbalogan City District Jail citing the purpose of the study. After the

permission was granted, data were gathered and established using the

prepared research interview guide through individual interviews and focus

group discussions. An audio recorder was used to properly document the

data that were gathered. After this, a transcript of the individual interview

and focus group discussion was created. The interviews were conducted in

Waray-Waray. It was recorded, transcribed verbatim, and then translated

into English for further analysis by an experienced English translator.

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Data Analysis. The obtained data was analyzed using the Colaizzi

method. By coding the relevant comments made by the informants, the

information obtained was classified. Key definitions were developed based

on their statements. Due to parallels, it was re-grouped in classification and

interpretations and clustered into themes, with the evolving themes crafted

by the researcher. Thematic analysis was used to interpret the research

findings.

Ethical Considerations. To ensure the participants' dignity and

reputations, the researchers made sure that their identities were kept

anonymous. This also indicated participants are aware of their rights and the

study's technicalities. In like manner, the study used the right procedures in

getting authorization from the participants first before the conduct of the

study.

To ensure that the ethical considerations of research will be carried

out in the right way, the researchers made sure that the participants are

aware about the topic and how would the interview and data gathering

would be conducted. The participants are fully aware about the devices that

the researchers used to collect data such as audio recording and interview

guide.
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Trustworthiness. To ensure trustworthiness researchers made sure to

ask permission from the participants about the information that they gave

whether they agree to be kept anonymous or not. To help the participants

understand the topic, the researchers informed them their purpose or aim of

the study. Thus, the researchers made sure that they gave the participants

written permission of informed consent that includes confidentiality and data

privacy for, to give them liberty to participate in the conduct of the study.

The data was made available for the participants of the study. The rights of

the participants were respected and considered throughout the data gathering

and the anonymity was laid with the participants. According to Lincoln and

Guba (1985) as cited by Stahl and King (2020)

As for credibility, researchers were assured and confident that the

findings of the study were true and genuine. The credibility of the study

being conducted were met because the real portrait of the phenomenon under

scrutiny were depicted. Credibility was the first aspect of criterion that must

be established. It was seen as the most important aspect or measure in

establishing trustworthiness because credibility essentially asks the

researcher to clearly link the research findings with reality in order to

demonstrate the truth of the research findings (Sarsalejo, 2018).

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It was also dependable because it can be repeated by other researchers

or future researcher and its findings will be consistent. The researcher’s aim

is to verify his/her findings and should be consistent with the raw data

collected. It is dependable when you reach the same conclusion and arrive at

same findings.

It was transferable, as the study's findings can be applied to similar

situations and phenomena. The details of the study provided sufficient

details for other researchers to decide whether to conduct a similar study in a

different setting.

Finally, it was verified because the data gathered was based on the

information of the informants and not a single word was changed or deleted

from the researcher's own opinion or idea. This criterion is concerned with

the degree of certainty that has been strictly adhered to. The primary goal of

the researcher was neutrality. In other words, the study will be conducted

objectively, and the findings will be based on the responses of the

participants.
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DEFINITION OF TERMS

Best parts of having a conjugal visit. refers to the benefits or experiences

that prisoners in Catbalogan City District Jail claim to have during or

following conjugal visits, such as increased closeness, emotional fulfillment,

and better relationship dynamics.

Conjugal visits. Refers to a private visitation session allowed to Persons

Deprived of Liberty (PDLs) at Catbalogan City District Jail, which allows

them to spend personal time with their spouses with the goal of improving
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emotional stability, developing mental well-being, and encouraging

rehabilitation.

Emotional gratification. Refers to the enjoyment and emotional fulfillment

that individuals deprived of liberty have when they can physically and

emotionally interact with their spouses during conjugal visits.

Hardest parts of having a conjugal visit. Refers to the difficulties or

challenges inmates associate with conjugal visits, such as emotional distress

after separation, limited time, or restrictions imposed by prison policies.

Help to your relationship with your partner. Refers to the ways in which

conjugal visits contribute to maintaining or enhancing the emotional and

relational bond between an inmate and their partner.

Intimacy. Is the aspect of physical and emotional closeness that is felt and

experienced during conjugal visits, which assists in maintaining the

relationship and helps to enhance the emotional wellbeing of the partners.

Issues with conjugal visits. Refers to unique obstacles encountered during

conjugal visits, such as time constraints, logistical hurdles, privacy concerns,

and emotional distress following the visit.

 31

Lack of conjugal visitation. Refers to the absence or lack of opportunity for

persons deprived of liberty in Catbalogan District Jail to have conjugal

visits, which may cause them to feel alone or can cause rift in their

relationship with their spouse.

Mental well-being. Concerns the well-being of prisoners which can be

further improved by the availability of scheduled conjugal visits as a respite

from emotional stress caused by confinement.

Partner connection. It relates to the type of emotional attachment and the

communication patterns that exist between an inmate and their spouses,

patterns that are enhanced or diminished by the possibility of having

physical/sexual interactions.

Prison regulations regarding conjugal visits. Refers to the rules and

regulations established by correctional facilities that control the

permissibility, duration, and terms of conjugal visits.

Relationship strain. This is a situation that is characterized by emotional

tension, misunderstanding or alienation of an inmate and his or her

sweetheart, which is brought about by few conjugal visits.

 32

Strength to keep going in prison. Refers to the inner resilience, hope, and

motivation derived from conjugal visits, helping inmates to cope with the

challenges of incarceration.

REFERENCES

Berghuis, M. (2022, June 23). Receiving visits in Dutch prisons: a study on

the determinants and consequences of prison visitation.
https://scholarlypublications.universiteitleiden.nl/handle/1887/342146
8

Bliss, L (2016). Phenomenological Research: Inquiry to Understand the

Meaning of People’s Experiences.
 33

Chopin, G. (2020) Content analysis: family visitation, a review of literature,

and policy implications for Post-Prison success. [California State
University, Long Beach].
https://scholarworks.calstate.edu/downloads/pr76f888s

Christian, J. (2019). Prison Visitation.

https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/display/document/obo-
9780195396607/obo-9780195396607-0273.xml
Cochran, J. C. (2019). Inmate social ties, recidivism, and continuing
questions about prison visitation. In Springer eBooks (pp. 41–64).
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-12744-2_3

Cornell Law School. LII / Legal Information Institute.

https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/incarceration

Creswell, J. & Poth, C. N (2018). Qualitative inquiry and research design:

Choosing among five approaches.
https://searchworks.stanford.edu/view/11934622

Einat, T. (2017). Conjugal visits. The Encyclopedia of Corrections, 1–5.

https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118845387.wbeoc001
Johnson-Roehr, S. N. (2023). Controversy and conjugal visits. JSTOR
Daily. https://daily.jstor.org/controversy-and-conjugal-visits/

Kajawo, S. C. R. (2021). Conjugal Visits in Prisons Discourse: Is it Even an

Offender Rehabilitation Option in Africa? Advanced Journal of Social
Science, 8(1), 67–76. https://doi.org/10.21467/ajss.8.1.67-76

Krahn, N. M. W., De Arruda, J. S., & Costa, J. C. (2019). Conjugal visits in

the context of incarceration of women and girls in the State of Bahia,
Brazil: permissions, prohibitions and (in)visibilities. Oñati Socio-
legal Series, 10(2), 415–441. https://doi.org/10.35295/osls.iisl/0000-
0000-0000-1052

Nwoko, S. (2021). Conjugal visits in prison | Extended family prison visits.

https://www.ebpsociety.org/blog/education/487-extending-the-ties-
that-bind
 34

Ortaleza, L. and Nabe, N. (2024) A MULTIPLE CASE STUDY ON IN-

PRISON TREATMENT OF PERSONS DEPRIVED OF LIBERTY IN
A PENAL COLONY WITHOUT WALLS [Zenodo]
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10458319

Ramones, M. S., Gubia-On, A., & Cagatao, P. P. (2022). Depression,

Anxiety and Stress Level Among Persons Deprived of Liberty, a Year
after COVID-19 Pandemic: It’s Implication to Jail Management.
https://ejournals.ph/article.php?id=20359

Turanovic Jillian J., Tasca Melinda. 2019. “Inmates’ Experiences with

Prison Visitation.” Justice Quarterly 36(2):287–
322. https://doi.org/10.1080/07418825.2017.1385826

Vladu, A., Kalebic, N., Audley, J., Stevens, A., & Taylor, P. J. (2021).
Benefits and risks of conjugal visits in prison: A systematic literature
review. Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health, 31(5), 343–361.
https://doi.org/10.1002/cbm.2215

APPENDIX A

TRANSMITAL LETTER

Republic of the Philippines

Commission on Higher Education
SAMAR COLLEGE
COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
Catbalogan City
A.Y 2023-2024
 35

November 19, 2024

JOSEPH ROQUE A. PENSOTES, JR

Dean, College of Criminal Justice Education
Samar College, City of Catbalogan

Dear Sir,

A pleasant day!

I am writing to inform you about our research project titled UNDERSTANDING

THE EMOTIONAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL IMPACT OF CONJUGAL
VISITATION AMONG THE PERSONS DEPRIVED OF LIBERTY (PDL) OF
CATBALOGAN CITY DISTRICT JAIL. This study aims to explore the emotional
and psychological effects of conjugal visitation among the persons deprived of liberty
(PDLs) at Catbalogan City District Jail.

This study is qualitative research employing a Phenomenological Approach, to

explore the thoughts and experiences of incarcerated individuals within the Catbalogan
City District Jail. The information gathered may provide valuable insights that could lead
to improved support services and policy changes for PDLs and their families, potentially
benefiting future participants in conjugal visitation programs.

With this in mind, I humbly request permission to conduct a focused group

discussion with four (4) participant and conduct individual in-depth interviews with six
(6) participants. Please be assured that all data gathered will be treated with the utmost
confidentiality and used solely for research purposes.

Attached herewith are the interview guide and informed consent form, should you
have any concerns or questions regarding this study, please do not hesitate to contact me
at [0967-8212-842]
 36

Thank you for your time and consideration. We hope for a favorable response in
return to this request. Good day and more power to your respective office.

Very respectfully yours,

ADRIAN P. ABANTAO
RENZ LEUER C. ABARCAR
ALQUIN B. ALBINO
BEVERLY JOY D. DACLES
MARK HARRYL M. PODONGAN
Researchers

Noted by:

KEVIN CABAGNAN, LPT

Research Adviser

Approved by:

JOSEPH ROQUE A. PENSOTES, JR. RCrim. MSCJ

Dean, College of Criminal Justice Education

APPENDEX B

SAMPLE CONSENT FORM

Samar College
College of Criminal Justice Education
Catbalogan City
A.Y 2023-2024
 37

Research Title:

Understandings the Emotional and Psychological Impact of Conjugal Visitation

Among the Persons Deprived of Liberty (PDLs) in Catbalogan City District Jail

Researchers:

ADRIAN P. ABANTAO
RENZ LEUER C. ABARCAR
ALQUIN B. ALBINO
BEVERLY JOY D. DACLES
MARK HARRYL M. PODONGAN

Greetings!

Good day, Ma'am/Sir. In partial fulfillment of our requirement for Criminological

Research 2 (Criminology 8), for the degree of Bachelor of Science in Criminology. We,
the researchers, would like to ask permission to conduct a research study entitled:
Understandings the Emotional and Psychological Impact of Conjugal Visitation
Among the Persons Deprived of Liberty (PDLs) in Catbalogan City District Jail

Background and Purpose

This study aims to explore the emotional and psychological effects of conjugal
visitation among the persons deprived of liberty (PDLs) at Catbalogan City District Jail.
The researchers aim to understand how conjugal visits impact the mental well-being,
relationships, and overall life satisfaction for incarcerated individual. This study may help
to improve support service and policies for incarcerated individuals and their families.

Procedure
 38

 DEFINE RESEARCH OBJECTIVE – Clearly outline the goals and objectives

of the study.
 OBTAIN ETHICAL APPROVAL – Seek approval from relevant ethics
committees to ensure that this research adheres to ethical standards, particularly
concerning participants' consent, privacy, and potential emotional impact.
 PARTICIPANT RECRUITMENT – Recruit a diverse group of participants in
Catbalogan City District Jail, considering factors such as the status, length of
incarceration and the number of conjugal visits between 6-12 months. Ensure
informed consent is obtained and emphasize voluntary participation.
 MAINTAIN CONFEDENTIALITY – Assure participants that their information
will be kept confidential and anonymized in reporting to protect their privacy and
encourage honest and open sharing.

Possible Risks

Breach of confidentiality, even with anonymized data, there's a slight risk that
participants could be identified. Some questions may cause emotional discomfort or bring
up sensitive memories. The participants are free to skip any question if they do not feel
comfortable answering or to pause or end the interview at any time without any penalty.

Benefits

There are no direct benefits to you for participating in this study. However, the
information gathered may provide valuable insights that could lead to improved support
services and policy changes for PDLs and their families, potentially benefiting future
participants in conjugal visitation programs.

Confidentiality

We are committed to conducting this research ethically and respectfully. Your

anonymity will be protected throughout the study.

We hope you will consider participating and sharing your experiences.

Consent

By signing below, I acknowledge that I have read and understood the information
provided in this consent form. My signature below indicates my agreement to participate
in this study.
 39

__________________________________________ ____________________

Participant's Signature over Printed Name Date

___________________________________________ _____________________

Interviewer's Signature over Printed Name Date

APPENDEX C

INTERVIEW GUIDE & VALIDATION OF INTERVIEW GUIDE

Samar College
College of Criminal Justice Education
Catbalogan City
 40

A.Y 2023-2024

Research Title: Understandings the Emotional and Psychological Impact of

Conjugal Visitation Among the Persons Deprived of Liberty
(PDLs) in Catbalogan City District Jail

Researchers:

ADRIAN P. ABANTAO
RENZ LEUER C. ABARCAR
ALQUIN B. ALBINO
BEVERLY JOY D. DACLES
MARK HARRYL M. PODONGAN

INTERVIEW GUIDE

INTERVIEW INTRODUCTION

Length: 30-45 minutes

Interviewee’s Initial: (minimum of 2 letters)
Date of Interview:
To be completed at time of data entry
Date of data entry:
Initial of data entry staff:

PRELIMINARIES

Overview: The interview will be begin briefly asking the interviewee its verbal consent
and general information about background and open questions such as:

 Could you describe your relationship with your spouse and how long you’ve been
receiving conjugal visits?
 What does conjugal visitation mean to you personally, and how do you feel it
affects your time here?
 How do you feel emotionally after a conjugal visit? Does it affect your mood or
outlook in the days that follow?
 In what ways, if any, do these visits affect your mental well-being or sense of
connection?
 41

 How do conjugal visits influence your thoughts or feelings about life after your
detention?

1. What are the advantages and challenges of having a conjugal visit?

 What emotional benefits do conjugal visits provide for incarcerated individuals?
 How do conjugal visits affect the relationship between prisoners and their
partners?
 What logistical challenges do inmates and their families face in accessing
conjugal visits?
2. How does the lack of conjugal visitation affect relationships?
 How does the absence of physical intimacy affect the emotional connection
between partners?
 In what ways does the lack of conjugal visits impact communication within the
relationship?
 How do prisoners and their partners cope with the absence of conjugal visitation?
3. How do conjugal visits help inmates stay resilient in prison?
 What role do conjugal visits play in maintaining a sense of hope or motivation for
prisoners?
 How do conjugal visits impact the mental well-being and emotional stability of
inmates?
 How do prisoners describe the importance of conjugal visits in their daily lives?
4. How do conjugal visits contribute to the strengthening of a relationship?
 In what ways do conjugal visits improve trust and bonding between inmates and
their partners?
 How do conjugal visits help resolve conflicts or strengthen emotional intimacy in
relationships?
 What long-term effects do conjugal visits have on relationships once the partner is
released from prison?

APPENDIX D

LOCATION MAP
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APPENDIX E

ADVISERS FORM
 44

APPENDIX F

APPROVED TITLE PROPOSAL

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