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MUSCULAR SYSTEM
MUSCULAR TISSUE
makes up 40–50% of total adult body weight.
producing body movements
stabilizing body positions
storing and moving substances within the body,
generating heat
MYOLOGY
is the scientific study of muscles? (myo-: muscle; - logy: study of).
TYPES OF MUSCULAR TISSUE
1. Skeletal Muscle Tissue
2. Cardiac Muscle Tissue
3. Smooth Muscle Tissue
1. Skeletal Muscle Tissue
Located: moves most of the bones of the skeletons.
Striated: Alternating light and dark protein bands
works mainly in a voluntary manner.
2. Cardiac Muscle Tissue
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Located: Forms most of the heart wall.
Striated, but its action is involuntary.
This built-in rhythm is termed auto rhythmicity.
3. Smooth Muscle Tissue
Located: in the walls of hollow internal structures, such as blood
vessels, airways, and most organs in the abdominopelvic cavity.
It is also found in the skin, attached to hair follicles.
lacks the striations with involuntary action.
some smooth muscle tissue, such as the muscles that propel food
through your gastrointestinal tract, has auto rhythmicity.
PROPERTIES OF MUSCULAR TISSUE
1. Electrical excitability
Autorhythmic electrical signals
Chemical stimuli
2. Contractility
3. Extensibility
4. Elasticity
1. Electrical excitability
the ability to respond to certain stimuli by producing electrical
signals called action potentials (impulses).
Action potentials in muscles are referred to as muscle action
potentials; those in nerve cells are called nerve action potentials.
Autorhythmic electrical signals
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arising in the muscular tissue itself, as in the heart’s
pacemaker.
Chemical stimuli
such as neurotransmitters released by neurons, hormones
distributed by the blood, or even local changes in pH.
2. Contractility
the ability of muscular tissue to contract forcefully when stimulated by
an action potential.
3. Extensibility
is the ability of muscular tissue to stretch, within limits, without being
damaged.
4. Elasticity
the ability of muscular tissue to return to its original length and shape
after contraction or extension.
PARTS OF A SKELETAL MUSCLE
Fascia
it is a dense sheet or broad band of irregular connective tissue that
lines the body wall and limbs and supports and surrounds muscles
and other organs of the body.
Fascia allows free movement of muscles; carries nerves, blood
vessels, and lymphatic vessels; and fills spaces between muscles.
THREE LAYERS OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE
Epimysium
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The outermost layer of dense, irregular connective tissue,
encircling the entire muscle.
Perimysium
surrounds groups of 10 to 100 or more muscle fibers, separating
them into bundles called fascicles.
Many fascicles are large enough to be seen with the naked eye. They
give a cut of meat its characteristic “grain”; if you tear a piece of meat,
it rips apart along the fascicles.
Endomysium
Penetrates the interior of each fascicle and separates individual
muscle fibers from one another.
Epimysium
– it is a thick dense connective tissue that surrounds the entire
skeletal muscle.
Fascicle
– bundle of skeletal muscle that is surrounded by perimysium.
Perimysium
– thin but dense connective tissue that wraps fascicles.
Muscle fiber
– elongated, multinuclear cells composed of several myofibrils.
Endomysium
– delicate connective tissue that surrounds muscle fiber.
Myofibril
– long, cylindrical filament bundles in the sarcoplasm of myocytes.
NERVES AND BLOOD SUPPLY
Somatic Motor Neuron
stimulates skeletal muscle to contract.
MICROSCOPIC ANATOMY OF A SKELETAL MUSCLE
FIBER
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Muscle Fiber
– structural and functional unit of a skeletal muscle.
Diameter:10 to 100 m.*
Length: average -10 cm (4 in.) although some are as long as 30 cm
(12 in.)
SARCOLEMMA, TRANSVERSE TUBULES, AND
SARCOPLASM
Sarcolemma (sarc- flesh; -lemma- sheath)
the plasma membrane of a muscle cell.
Transverse (T) tubules,
tiny invaginations of the sarcolemma, tunnel in from the surface
toward the center of each muscle fiber.
Sarcoplasm
the cytoplasm of a muscle fiber.
Composition:
Glycogen – large molecule composed of many glucose molecule;
can be used for ATP synthesis.
Myoglobin – red-colored protein; found only in muscle, binds
oxygen molecules that diffuse into muscle fibers from interstitial
fluid.
MYOFIBRILS AND SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM
MYOFIBRILS (myo- muscle; -fibrilla little fiber)
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appears like little threads inside the sarcoplasm; it is the contractile
organelles of skeletal muscle.
2m in diameter and extend the entire length of a muscle fiber.
Their prominent striations make the entire skeletal muscle fiber
appear striped (striated).
SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM
A fluid-filled system of membranous sacs which encircles the entire
myofibrils.
TERMINAL CISTERNS
dilated end sacs of the sarcoplasmic reticulum butt against the T
tubule from
MYOFILAMENTS
Myofilaments or filaments
small protein structures within the myofibrils
Thin filaments are 8 nm in diameter and 1–2 m long and composed
mostly of the protein actin,
Thick filaments are 16 nm in diameter and 1–2 m long and
composed mostly of the protein myosin.
Both thin and thick filaments are directly involved in the contractile
process.
Overall, there are two thin filaments for every thick filament in the
regions of filament overlap. The filaments inside a myofibril do not
extend the entire length of a muscle fiber. Instead, they are arranged
in compartments called sarcomeres
Sarcomeres
are the basic functional units of a myofibril.
COMPONENTS OF SARCOMERE
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Z discs
– narrow, plate-shaped regions of dense protein material separate one
sarcomere from the next. Thus, a sarcomere extends from one Z disc to the
next Z disc.
A band
– the darker middle part of the sarcomere which extends the entire length
of the thick filaments.
-Toward each end of the A band is a zone of overlap, where the thick and
thin filaments lie side by side.
I band
– Is a lighter, less dense area that contains the rest of the thin filaments
but no thick filaments and a Z disc passes through the center of each I
band.
H zone
– located in the center of each A band contains thick but not thin
filaments.
M line
– so named because it is at the middle of the sarcomere; at the center of
the H zone.
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MUSCLE PROTEIN
Muscle Proteins
(1) contractile proteins, which generate force during
contraction;
Myosin is the main component of thick filaments and functions as
a motor protein in all three types of muscle tissue; shaped like two
golf clubs twisted together.
Motor proteins pull various cellular structures to achieve movement
by converting the chemical energy in ATP to the mechanical
energy of motion.
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The myosin tail (twisted golf club handles) points toward the M
line in the center of the sarcomere.
Tails of neighboring myosin molecules lie parallel to one another,
forming the shaft of the thick filament.
The two projections of each myosin molecule (golf club heads) are
called myosin heads. The heads project outward from the shaft in a
spiraling fashion, each extending toward one of the six thin filaments
that surround each thick filament.
Actin
Individual actin molecules join to form an actin filament that is twisted
into a helix.
On each actin molecule is a myosin-binding site, where a myosin head
can attach.
(2) regulatory proteins, which help switch the contraction
process on and off;
(3) structural proteins, which keep the thick and thin filaments
in the proper alignment, give the myofibril elasticity and
extensibility, and link the myofibrils to the sarcolemma and
extracellular matrix.
REGULATORY PROTEINS
Tropomyosin and troponin are also part of the thin filament. In
relaxed muscle, myosin is blocked from binding to actin because
strands of tropomyosin cover the myosin-binding sites on actin.
The tropomyosin strands in turn are held in place by troponin
molecules. You will soon learn that when calcium ions (Ca2) bind to
troponin, it undergoes a change in shape; this change moves
tropomyosin away from myosin-binding sites on actin and muscle
contraction subsequently begins as myosin binds to actin.
STRUCTURAL PROTEIN
structural proteins, which contribute to the alignment, stability,
elasticity, and extensibility of myofibrils.
Several key structural proteins are titin, -actinin, myomesin,
nebulin, and dystrophin.
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STRUCTURE OF THICK AND THIN FILAMENTS
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Sliding filament mechanism of muscle contraction, as it occurs in
two adjacent sarcomeres.
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THE SLIDING FILAMENT MECHANISM
Muscle contraction occurs because myosin heads attach to and
“walk” along the thin filaments at both ends of a sarcomere,
progressively pulling the thin filaments toward the M line. As a result,
the thin filaments slide inward and meet at the center of a sarcomere.
They may even move so far inward that their ends overlap. As the thin
filaments slide inward, the Z discs come closer together, and the
sarcomere shortens.
However, the lengths of the individual thick and thin filaments do not
change. Shortening of the sarcomeres causes shortening of the whole
muscle fiber, which in turn leads to shortening of the entire muscle.
THE CONTRACTION CYCLE
Sarcomeres exert force and shorten through repeated cycles during
which the myosin heads attach to actin (cross-bridges), rotate, and
detach.
During the power stroke of contraction, cross-bridges rotate and move
the thin filaments past the thick filaments toward the center of the
sarcomere.
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The role of Ca2 in the regulation of contraction by troponin and
tropomyosin.
(a) During relaxation, the level of Ca2in the sarcoplasm is low, only 0.1
M (0.0001 mM), because calcium ions are pumped into the sarcoplasmic
reticulum by Ca2 active transport pumps.
(b) A muscle action potential propagating along a transverse tubule
opens Ca2 release channels in the sarcoplasmic reticulum, calcium ions
flow into the cytosol, and contraction begins.
An increase in the Ca2 level in the sarcoplasm starts the sliding of thin
filaments. When the level of Ca2 in the sarcoplasm declines, sliding
stops.
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CARDIAC MUSCLE TISSUE
The principal tissue in the heart wall
Between the layers of cardiac muscle fibers, the contractile cells of
the heart, are sheets of connective tissue that contain blood vessels,
nerves, and the conduction system of the heart.
Cardiac muscle fibers have the same arrangement of actin and myosin
and the same bands, zones, and Z discs as skeletal muscle fibers.
intercalated discs are unique to cardiac muscle fibers. These are
microscopic structures that are irregular transverse thickenings of the
sarcolemma that connect the ends of cardiac muscle fibers to
one another.
Cardiac muscle tissue has an endomysium and perimysium, but lacks
an epimysium.
SMOOTH MUSCLE TISSUE
visceral (single-unit) smooth muscle tissue (more common type).
It is found in the skin and in tubular arrangements that form part of the
walls of small arteries and veins and of hollow organs such as the
stomach, intestines, uterus, and urinary bladder.
Like cardiac muscle, visceral smooth muscle is autorhythmic.
multiunit smooth muscle tissue, consists of individual fibers, each with
its own motor neuron terminals and with few gap junctions between
neighboring fibers. Stimulation of one visceral muscle fiber causes
contraction of many adjacent fibers, but stimulation of one multiunit
fiber causes contraction of that fiber only.
Multiunit smooth muscle tissue is found in the walls of large arteries, in
airways to the lungs, in the arrector pili muscles that attach to hair
follicles, in the muscles of the iris that adjust pupil diameter, and in
the ciliary body that adjusts focus of the lens in the eye.
Smooth muscle tissue
(a) One autonomic motor neuron synapses with several visceral
smooth muscle fibers, and action potentials spread to neighboring
fibers through gap junctions.
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(b) Three autonomic motor neurons synapse with individual multiunit
smooth muscle fibers; stimulation of one multiunit fiber causes
contraction of that fiber only.
(c) Relaxed and contracted smooth muscle fiber.
Visceral smooth muscle fibers connect to one another by gap junctions
and contract as a single unit. Multiunit smooth muscle fibers lack gap
junctions and contract independently.
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THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM
The function of most muscles is to produce movements of body parts.
A few muscles function mainly to stabilize bones so that other skeletal
muscles can execute a movement more effectively.
This chapter presents many of the major skeletal muscles in the body,
most of which are found on both the right and left sides. We will
identify the attachment sites and innervation (the nerve or nerves that
stimulate contraction) of each muscle described.
Relationship of skeletal muscles to bones.
Muscles are attached to bones by tendons at their origins and
insertions. Skeletal muscles produce movements by pulling on bones. Bones
serve as levers, and joints act as fulcrums for the levers. Here the lever–
fulcrum principle is illustrated by the movement of the forearm. Note where
the load (resistance) and effort are applied in (b).
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Lever structure and types of levers.
• based on the placement of the fulcrum, effort, and load (resistance).
LEVERS AND FULCRUMS
In producing movement, bones act as levers, and joints function as the
fulcrums of these levers.
A lever is a rigid structure that can move around a fixed point called a
fulcrum
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A lever is acted on at two different points by two different forces: the
effort (E), which causes movement; The effort is the force exerted by
muscular contraction.
the load or resistance, which opposes movement; the load is typically
the weight of the body part that is moved or some resistance that the
moving body part is trying to overcome (such as the weight of a book
you might be picking up).
TYPES OF LEVERS
1. first-class levers. The fulcrum is between the effort and the load.
2. second-class levers. The load is between the fulcrum and the effort.
3. third-class levers. The effort is between the fulcrum and the load.
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NAME MEANING
Based on the Direction
Rectus Parallel to midline
Transverse Perpendicular to midline
Oblique Diagonal to midline
NAME MEANING
Based on the Direction
Rectus Parallel to midline
Transverse Perpendicular to midline
Oblique Diagonal to midline
NAME MEANING
Based on the Size
Maximus Largest
Minus Smallest
Longus Long
Brevis Short
Latissimus Widest
Longissimus Longest
Magnus Large
Major Larger
Minor Smaller
Vastus Huge
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Group of Muscles by FUNCTION
1. Prime Mover/Agonist
- Primary responsibility is producing a particular motion.
2. Antagonists
- Muscles that oppose a particular movement.
3. Synergists
- Muscles that help prime movers and stabilize motion
4. Fixators
- Synergist that immobilize a bone.
Naming Skeletal Muscles by SIZE
1. Maximus = Large
2. Minimus = Small
3. Longus = Long
4. Brevis = Short
Naming Skeletal Muscles by DIRECTION
1. Midline of body = Axis of the bone
2. Rectus = Parallel
3. Transversus = Perpendicular
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4. Oblique = At some angle
Naming Skeletal Muscles by NUMBER OF ORIGINS
1. BI-ceps – Have 2 origins
2. TRI-ceps – Have 3 origins
3. QUAD-riceps – Have 4 origins
Naming Skeletal Muscles by TYPE OF MOTION
Naming the Skeletal Muscle by LOCATION OF ATTACHEMENT
POINT(S) OF ORIGIN + POINT OF INSERTION
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Naming the Skeletal Muscle by SHAPE
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IMPORTANT MUSCLES IN THE HUMAN
BODY
Muscles That Move the Tongue
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Muscles of the Anterior Neck
Muscles That Move the Head
Muscles of the Posterior Neck and the
Back
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Muscles That Position the Pectoral Girdle
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Intrinsic Muscles of the Hand
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Muscles of the Thigh
Gluteal Region Muscles That Move the Femur
Muscles That Move the Feet and Toes
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WHOLE BODY
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PRINCIPAL SUPERFICIAL SKELETAL MUSCLES.
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MUSCLES OF THE HEAD THAT PRODUCE FACIAL EXPRESSIONS
