CURRICULUM

Authority : Academic Board (AB), AIMLTA

Duration of course : One year course for regular and in-service candidates. The
medium of instruction and examination shall be English.
Eligibility for : 1) The eligibility conditions for the admission of the
Admission candidates to the DMLT course prescribed by
Academic Board (AB) shall be followed by all
institutions/colleges.
2) A candidate shall be eligible if he /she has passed
the Intermediate Science or 10+2 examination with
Physics, Chemistry, Biology or equivalent
examination of recognized Indian Institution.
3) Obtained minimum 50% marks in aggregate of
Science subjects. Scheduled Caste /Scheduled
Tribes/ Backward class candidates shall be given
relaxation of 10% in the above minimum marks. 5%
seats shall be reserved for the handicapped and 5%
seats shall be reserved for Govt. sponsored
candidates and AB, AIMLTA sponsored candidates.
4) Completed the age of 17 years on or before
31st December.
5) Candidate should have adequate knowledge of
English as per requirement of the course.
Conditions of : 1) The number of students to be admitted in the
Admission institutions/ colleges recognized by AB, AIMLTA in a
session and their eligibility conditions for admission
to the course shall be prescribed by the AB.
2) Maximum 50 candidates can take admission in an
institute/ college subject to sanction of seats by the
academic board according to its infrastructure.
3) Admission, enrolment and registration of a candidate
is liable to be cancelled at any time by AB if it is
detected that there is something against the student
for providing false information, act of gross

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misconduct and indiscipline involving moral
turpitude.

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 4) A student shall be recognized as a member of the
college/institute as soon as he/she has been
accepted by the principal/Director of the college and
has paid the fees required by the college/ Institute.
5) All students of such colleges shall fulfill the
conditions prescribed by the ordinances of AB for the
DMLT qualifying course for which recognition
granted.
Attendance : Students shall satisfy certain minimum percentage of
attendance. Students shall be allowed to appear in the
examination provided they attend at least 75% of the
classes. The attendance of the candidates shall be
counted from the date on which the respective classes
begin. The AB shall have power to condone any
deficiency of attendance but only for congent reasons.
Instructions for : 1) In-service candidates should have five years working
In-service candidates experience in medical laboratories/hospitals/institutions
etc. Candidates are required to furnish a conduct
certificate from the Head of the Institutions/Colleges/
Hospitals/Private Laboratories.
2) The In-service candidate will have to undergo a
certified period of life membership for one year as per
eligibility
requirement for appearing in the examination.
3) Applications shall be forwarded by the respective
State Secretary/CEC member of AIMLTA.
4) If the applications are not accompanied with fees
shall not be considered.

Award of Certificate : 1) During the period of study, the candidate will

maintain a record of work in all disciplines which will
be evaluated by the external examiner during the
examination.
2) DMLT qualifying certificate will be awarded to

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candidates securing 40% marks in theory and 50%
marks in practical and in aggregate 50% marks.

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 3) The certificate of merit and prizes shall be awarded to
the candidates obtaining highest number of marks at
top position and next in order of second position.

NOTE : The interpretation of any rules as well as amendment to it rests solely and
entirely with the Governing Body of Academic Board, AIMLTA. This shall be
final and binding on regular students/ in-service
candidates/institutions/colleges and in no case shall lie in any court of law in
respect of its decision.

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 DISTRIBUTION OF MARKS

Paper Subject Theory Practical

I General Lab Principles, Equipment & Instrumentation 50

100 —
Anatomy and Physiology 50
I Clinical Biochemistry (Chemical Pathology) 100 100
III Histopathology 50+50
100 100
Clinical Pathology 50+50
IV Hæmatology 75+75
100 100
Blood Banking/ Transfusion Medicine 25+25
V Microbiology 75+75
100 100
Serology 25+25
Total 500 400

Distribution of minimum days and hours for theory and practical classes :—

Name of Subject No. of Days Theory(FN) Practical*(AN)

General Lab. Principles 20 60
Anatomy 10 30
Physiology 10 30
Biochemistry 40 120
Clinical Pathology 40 120
Histopathology 20 60
Hæmatology 40 120
Blood Banking 10 30
Microbiology 40 120
Serology 30 90
Total 260 780
* Practical in related disciplines will be done in the afternoon.

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PATTERN OF QUESTIONS AND DISTRIBUTION OF MARKS

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 GENERAL LABORATORY PRINCIPLES, EQUIPMENT &
INSTRUMENTATION

History of biological science and its technology.

Organization of Laboratory: Laboratory management and its place in
patients’ care and service.
Medical ethics and habits of scientific mind.
Basic Principle of specimen collection: Appropriate collection technique,
patient education and Preparation, Patient or Site preparation, An awareness related
to specimen Transport, Processing and Labeling.
Preservation, Storage and Transport of specimens: Preservation of
microbial cultures, antigen, antisera, antibodies (immunoglobulin), Blood, Urine,
Serum, Platelets and Plasma etc.
Protection of specimen transporter, protection of specimen processor.
Labeling and rejection of specimens: Requisitions, Source, Diagnosis/
History, Test required, Unacceptable specimens.
An approach to laboratory diagnosis: Processing of clinical samples,
Prioritization during processing, Gross examination of the specimen, Direct Media
(liquid, solid, semisolid), Specimen inoculation, estimation and detection.
Personal cleanliness and awareness of handling: Acids, Organic solvents,
Inflammable materials, Carcinogenic and corrosive chemicals, Infected materials,
Phathogenic microorganisms and Viruses etc.
Preparation and cleaning of new and used glassware and process of
decontamination.
Methods of disinfection and sterilization.
Knowledge of rapid and automation methods in diagnostic microbiology,
Pathology and Biochemistry.
Instructions and precautions in Immunological and Serological work.
Safety regulation in health laboratories and safeguards against electrical and
mechanical instruments.
Proper disposal of wastes.
Basic knowledge of Medical and Entomology: Arthropods as transmitters
of pathogens, sources of pathogens, Transmitted by insects.

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 Knowledge about structure of Microscope, Care and proper handling of
microscope and its components, Instructions while handling Microscope, Micrometry,
Different types of microscopes, Advantages of different types of microscopes (Fluorescent,
Electron and Scanning Electron Microscope-SEM).
Care and use of Physical, Chemical, Analytical and Electrical balance.
Principle of Colorimeter. Use and care and maintenance.
Principles, Care, Maintenance and Use of common laboratory equipment and
machines of the medical laboratories.
Elementary knowledge of Statistical evaluation.
Abbreviations and conversion factors: Mass, Length, Area, Volume, Unit,
Temperature, Time and other abbreviations.
Emergence of quality control: (Internal & External).
Knowledge of releasing diagnostic reports.

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 ANATOMY
1. Introduction of Anatomy and Histology, Elementary Histology of cell, Tissues of the
body organs and system, Elementary Anatomy and Histology of :-

a) Skeletal System : Development of bones, types of bones, Micro-

anatomical and gross structure of bones,
Osteology of human skeleton and various
movements of joints.

b) Muscular System : Structure and type of muscles in human body,

important muscles and their group action.

c) Circulation System : Structure of heart and blood vessels, Systemic

circulation, pulmonary circulation, Portal
circulation and coronary circulation.

d) Lymphatic System : Lymph vessels, Lymph nodes and Lymphoid

organs, their structure and functions.

e) Digestive System : Gastrointestinal tract and associated glands

(Salivery glands, Liver, Pancreas etc.)

f) Respiratory System : Trachea, Lungs including other air passages.

g) Urinary System : Kidney, Ureters and Urinary bladder etc.

h) Endocrine System : Thyroid glands, Parathyroid glands, Adrenal glands

and Pituitary glands.

i) Famale and Male roproductory organs and Systems:

j) Skin and its appendages:

k) Special sense organs : Eye, Ear, Nose, Taste buds, Subcutaneous sense
organs.

l) Nervous System : Brain, spinal cord and peripheral nerves.

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 PHYSIOLOGY

1. Blood : Blood volume, composition and functions of blood,

hæmopoiesis, blood groups, body fluids.

2. Cardiovascular System : General plan of circulatory system, functioning of

heart and blood vessels (arteries, arterioles, capillaries
and veins), heart sound and E.C.G., nervous
control of heart and blood vessels, regulations
of blood pressure.

3. Respiratory System : Functional anatomy of respiratory system,

mechanism of breathing and exchange of gases in the
lungs. Regulation of respiration, Oxygen and
carbondioxide carriage, anoxia, dyspnea, cyanosis,
artificial respiration and pulmonary function test.

4. Gastrointestinal System : Alimentary canal and its various glands, digestion

of food in mouth, stomach and small intestines, gastro-
intestinal tract movements and absorption.
Function of liver and liver function tests and
metabolism.

5. Excretory System : Structure and function of kidney and Urinary

bladder. Structure and function of skin.

6. Endocrine Glands : Endocrine glands and their function. Regulation of

endocrine secretion.

7. Reproductive System : Physiology of male and female reproductive

system.

8. Muscular System : Type of muscles, innervations of muscles,

neuromuscular transmission, mechanism of muscular
contraction.

9. Nervous System : Neurone and its function, spinal cord and reflex
action, sensory end organs and sensory path ways,
cerebral cortex and motor path ways.
Maintenance of posture and locomotion,
automatic nervous system, Physiology of vision,
hearing test and olfaction.

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 CLINICAL BIOCHEMISTRY (CHEMICAL PATHOLOGY)

1. Organization of laboratory, General laboratory instructions, Manners and Methods,

Maintenance of laboratory records, Release of laboratory reports.
2. Cleaning and washing of used and new glassware in Biochemistry laboratory.
3. Preparation of anticoagulants, Reagents, Solutions and Buffer Solutions, Glass
distilled water and De-ionized water.
4. Collection and preservation of specimens.
5. Basic Concept of Chemistry:
(i) Matters, Elements (Metals and Non-Metals), Modern periodic table,
Compounds, Mixture, Properties of compound and mixture, Law of chemical
combination, Concept of molecules, lonization, Atoms, Atomic number, Mass
number, Valency, Chemical bonding, Representation of chemical reactions,
Factors that influence the speed of reactions, Chemical Equations, Balancing of
chemical equation. Concept of important organic solvents used in Biochemistry
laboratory.
(ii) Symbol, Formula and Mole concept, Significance of mole.
(iii) Volumetric Analysis: Acidimetry and Alkalometry, Oxidation-Reduction (Redox)
titration, Precipitation titration, Concept of end point and equivalent point,
Normal solution, Normality, Molarity, Equivalent weight, Basicity, Indicators,
Range of pH indicators, salient features of ionic theory of acid base indicators.
6. Concept of carbohydrates, Fats, Lipids, Proteins, Amino acids, Vitamins, Salivery
digestion, Gastric digestion and Intestinal digestion.
Investigations/ Exercises:
7. Laboratory detection of a free inorganic and organic radicals of physiological
importance: Arsenic, Copper, Lead, Mercury, Chloroform, Alcohol, Morphine and
clinical significance of these tests.
8. Process of determination of pH by means of indicators.
9. Acidimetry and Alkalometry: The titration (i.e., determination of concentrations) of
free bases with a standard acid (Acidimetry) and the titration of free acids with a
standard base (Alkalometry).
10. Estimation of chloride, Serum calcium, Sodium, Phosphate, Urinary calcium, Urinary protein,
Chyle etc. and clinical significance of these tests.
11. Detection of Bile pigment (Bilirubin), Urobilin, Urobilinogen, Causes of absence of
urobilinogen in urine, Causes of presence of excess urobilinogen in urine.
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12. Preparation of protein free filtrates.
13. Liver Function Test:
(i) van den Bergh (VB) reaction (Bilirubin in blood) – lmmediate direct reaction,
Biphasic reaction, Indirect reaction,
(ii) Icterus Index,
(iii) Serum bilirubin (King: Malloy & Evelyn method),
(iv) Serum protein,
(v) Total serum protein, albumin and globulin (Biuret method)- Principle of the
technique and clinical significance.
14. Renal Function Test:
Blood Urea : Estimation of blood urea by Diacetyl monoxide method, Significance and principle
of test, Causes of lowered urea level (prerenal, renal, post renal), Causes of raised urea
level.
Serum Creatinine (Alkaline Picrate method: Jaffe’s Picrate method).
15. Lipids:
(i) Estimation of serum cholesterol (Sackett’s method).
(ii) Estimation of cholesterol (Free, Total and Esterified- Principle and clinical
significance of the test).
16. Glucose Metabolism:
(i) Estimation of blood sugar (fasting and postprandial) by Toluidine, Folin-Wu
and glucose oxidase method, Principle of the method, interpretation and
significance- Causes of raise in blood sugar, causes of hypoglycæmia.
(ii) Glucose Tolerance Test: Interpretation, significance-Syne glycosuria, Causes
of glycosuria (Renal, Alimentary, Glycosuria of pregnancy) without
hyperglycæmia, Causes of glycosuria with hyperglycæmia.
17. Cerebro Spinal Fluid (CSF): Estimation and its clinical significance
(i) CSF, chloride estimation.
(ii) CSF, protein estimation.
(iii) CSF, sugar estimation.
18. How to release laboratory reports.
19. Implementation of quality control assurance scheme.

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 CLINICAL PATHOLOGY

1. Organization of Laboratory: Reception and recording of specimen, Maintenance of

Laboratory records. Proper care of apparatus and equipment.
2. Preparation of Anticoagulants and its uses:
(i) EDTA, Sodium Citrate Solution, Heparin, Double oxalate, Sodium fluoride,
Trisodium Citrate etc.
3. Collection of Blood:
(i) Methods for venous blood
(ii) Methods for capillary blood
(iii) Vacutainer (Vacuum Tube) Method
(iv) Arterial blood
(v) Serum & Plasma
4. Urine Examination:
(i) Collection of urine specimen
(ii) Preservation of urine specimen
(a) Physical Examination : Colour, Odour, Reaction, Specific Gravity
(b) Urine concentration Test
(c) Examination of urine for abnormal constituents: Proteinuria:
Sulfosalicylic test (Composition of sulfosalicylic acid solution), Heat
Method, Heller’s Method.
(d) Quantitative estimation of proteins in urine
(i) Using Esbach’s albuminometer
(ii) Albuminuria + Bence Jones protein (both)
(iii) Bence Jones protein
(iv) Causes of Proteinuria
(e) Reducing substances in urine: Sugars, Non-sugars, Glycosuria,
Benedict’s Semi-quantitative test and qualitative test.
(f) Keytone Bodies:
(i) Causes of Ketonuria, Rothra’s Test, Heat Test
(ii) Urobilinogen, Causes of Urobilinogen in Urine (Ehrlich Test
and its principle)
(iii) Bilirubin: Fouchet’s Test and its principle
(iv) Bile salts: Hay’s Sulphur Test
(v) Bile Pigment Test: Smith’s Test

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 (g) Test for Blood in Urine:
(i) Causes of Hæmaturia
(ii) Causes of Hæmoglobinuria
(iii) Benzidine Test
(iv) Orthotoluidine Test
(h) Microscopic Examination of Urine:
(i) Red Cells, Pus Cells, Epithelial Cells
(ii) Crystals: Uric Acid, Amorphous Urates, Crystalline Urates, Cystine,
Phosphates, Amorphous phosphates, Calcium Carbonates
(iii) Casts: Hyaline Casts, Granular Casts, Cylindroids, Fatty
Casts, Leucocyte Cell Casts, Red Cell Casts, Waxy Casts,
Epithelial Casts.
(v) Parasites: Trichomonas, Ova of Schistosoma hæmatobium,
Microfilaria
(vi) Malignant Cells (Giemsa Stain, Pap Stain)
(vii) Other Cells: Spermatozoa, Yeast Cells
5. Parasitological Examination of Fæces
: History of Protozoa and Helminths in
brief Association of Parasites and Host
Mechanism of disease production by parasites
(i) Microscopic Examination of protozoa, Trophozoites and Cysts
(ii) Microscopic Examination of Helminths (Nematodes, Cestodes, Trematodes)
(iii) Concentration Methods for Ova and Cysts
(iv) Gross Examination of Stool: Granular debris, Muscle Fibers, Fats,
Elastic Fibers, Pus Cells, Epithelial Cells, Red Blood Cells, Crystals,
Bacteria, Yeast and Moulds.
6. Examination of Sputum:
(i) Collection of Sample
(ii) Macroscopic Examination- Colour, Consistency, Odour and Granules
(iii) Macroscopic Examination (under cover slip preparation): Eosinophilic
leucocytes, Curshmann’s spirals, C-L crystals, Pus cells, Elastic fibers,
Parasites, Asbestos bodies, Red Blood cells, Bacterial Macrophages, Yeast
and Moulds.
(iv) Ziehl- Neelsen’s Method for Acid-fast bacilli (AFB)

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(v) Concentration method( Petroff’s Method)

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7. Examination for Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
(i) Procedure for Lumbar puncture
(ii) Gross evaluation of CSF: Normal CSF, Yellow CSF, Fibrin Clot in CSF,
Turbid, Opalescent Cobweb Coagulum.
(iii) Physical Examination: Appearance, Specific Gravity
(iv) Cell Count (Sulphosalicylic Test)
(v) Biochemical Examination: Sugar, Protein, Globulin (Pandy’s Test),
Chloride.
(vi) Method of Total and Differential Count

8. Examination of Cavity Fluids:

(i) Differentiation of Transudate and Exudate
(ii) Macroscopic Appearance, Specific Gravity
(iii) Microscopic Examination of Unstained and Stained Cells
(iv) Total and Differential Counts
(v) Protein and Sugar Test
(vi) Pandy’s test

9. Investigation of Gastric Function:

(i) Fractional Test Meal: Preparation of patient, Introduction of Ryle’s
Tube, Preparation of Test Meal (Gruel Test Meal, Alcohol Meal)
(ii) Test for free and total acidity on fasting and post stimulation samples
(iii) Test for Occult blood, Bile, Starch, Mucus etc.
(iv) Microscopic Examination of Unstained and Stained preparation

10. Seminal Fluid Analysis:

(i) Clinical Significance
(ii) Mode of Collection: Quantity, Viscosity, Appearance, Reaction (pH)
(iii) Time of complete liquification
(iv) Giemsa, Basic fuchsin and Pap Staining
(v) Microscopic Examination, Sperm count, Motility (Normal, abnormal),
Sperm Morphology
11. Interpretation of results and method of writing diagnostic report.

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 HISTOPATHOLOGY

Laboratory planning and management, the reception and recording of specimens,

Cataloging and indexing, Maintenance of laboratory records.
Introduction and definition of tissue and cells.
Method of examination of tissue and cells (Fresh and fixed specimens): Testing
technique, Squash technique, Impression smears.
Fixation of tissues : The aims and functions of fixatives, Classification and choice of
fixatives.
Fixatives: Formal saline, Buffered formalin, Formal sublimate, Formal alcohol, Formal
calcium, Zenker’s fluid, Carnoy’s fluid, Bouin’s fluid, Clarke’s fluid, Formal nitric acid,
Advantages and disadvantages.
Tissue Processing: Impregnation with wax, Preparation of paraffin blocks. Paraplast
Tissue met, Ester wax, Water soluble wax, Celloidin.
Section Cutting: Microtomes, Types of microtomes, Basic principle of microtome,
Microtome Knives, Sharpening of Knives, Honing, Stropping and Care of microtome knives,
Normal thickness of tissue section.
Technique of cutting paraffin embedded section, Mounting of sections.
Staining: Dyes and their character, Theory of staining, Types of staining (Vital,
Histochemical, Histological, Fat staining), Basic staining (Harris’s Hematoxylin and Eosin
technique), PAS stain, van Gieson stain (Collagen and muscle cells), von Kossa silver nitrate,
Selection of stains.
Decalcification: Technique, Selection of tissue, Fixation, Decalcification method. Mounting of
stained slides with Canada Balsam and DPX.
Museum techniques and preservation. Safeguards
against chemicals.
Safety in histopathology laboratory. Histological
method for Amyloid.
Knowledge, Maintenance and use of microtome, knives, embedding bath, tissue
flotation bath, automatic tissue processor, vacuum embedding oven, hot plate, freezing
microtome etc.
Quality control in histopathology laboratory (Internal and External).
The Study of Exfoliative Cytology:
Definition, Collection of specimens (normal and abnormal cells shed into various body
cavities and aspirates from body organs).
Laboratory techniques: Preservation, Fixation, Preparation of smears, Staining
(Papanicolaou, Sex chromatin staining) and microscopy.

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Morphology of normal and abnormal cells, Diagnostic features and inference.

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 HÆMATOLOGY
1. Introduction of hematology, Composition of blood, Cellular and humoral components.
2. Maintenance of records of laboratory investigations, apparatus, equipment, glassware,
reagents, etc.
3. Cleaning of glassware, Pipettes, ESR tubes and Counting chamber.
4. Sources of error in laboratory procedure, precautions, Advantage and disadvantage of
tests, interpretation of results and their clinical significance.
5. Quality control in the laboratory.
6. Preparation of capillary pipettes, Reagents, Diluting fluids, Stains( Leishman’s,
Wright’s Simon’s, Giemsa, Supravital ), buffer solution etc.
7. Collection of blood specimen from patients: Capillary, Artery and Venous blood.
8. Preparation of thin, thick and wet blood films, different stains for staining blood films.
9. Brief Knowledge about Anæmia, Leukæmia, Abnormalities of RBCs (RBCs and WBCs
series), Thalassæmia.
10. Routine Examination, Estimation and Enumeration of blood cells :
(A) Hæmoglobin Estimation:
(i) The principle of Sahli’s Method and procedure, disadvantages of the test,
(ii) Colorimetric method,
(iii) Hb cell counts and absolute values by hæmatology autoanalyzer.
(B) Normal and Abnormal Blood cell Morphology:
(i) Total Leucocyte Count (TLC): Principle, and method , interpretation,
Sources of error, Significance of Leucocytosis and leucopenia.
(ii) Red Cell Count (RBC): Equipment, Procedure, Sources of error in
RBC count, Interpretation of results and Clinical significance of
polycythæmia rubra vera
(iii) Platelet Count (Direct and indirect): Principle, Procedure, Interpretation
of counts and clinical significance of Thrombocytopænia,
Thrombocytosis, Pernicious anæmia, Acute leukæmia.
(iv) Enumeration of Reticulocytes: Staining solution, Procedure, Interpretation
and Significance of high retic count, Low retic count, Retic correction
of anæmia.
(v) Absolute Eosinophilic Count (AEC): Equipment, Procedure,
Interpretation of results, Significance of eosinophilic leukæmia,
Idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome, Tropical eosinophilia,
Secondary causes of eosinophilia.

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(C) Peripheral Smear and Differential Leucocyte Count (DLC):
(i) Peripheral smear (how to make), Sources of error, Fixation of smear,
Staining of smear (Leishman’s, Romanowsky, Giemsa Stain),
Differential count of WBC including Arneth and Schilling counts.
(ii) Evaluation : Neutrophilia, Neutropenia, Lymphocytosis, Eosinophilia,
Monocytosis, Basophilia.
(D) Red Cell Morphology and Anemia:
(i) Macrocytosis, Microcytosis, Target Cells, Sickle cells, Schistocytes
(Fragmented cells), Burr cells.
(ii) Evaluation of Anemia : Macrocytic, Microcytic, Hypochromic, Dimorphic,
Sickle cell, Normochromic, Normocytic, Thalassæmia Major,
Hemophilia.
(E) Hæmatocrit, Red cell Indices, Erythocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR):
(i) Packed Cell Volume (PCV) estimation : Wintrobe’s and
Microhæmatocrit method. Its principle, Sources of error and
precautions.
(ii) Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV),
(iii) Mean Corpuscular Hæmoglobin (MCH),
(iv) Mean Corpuscular Hæmoglobin concentration (MCHC),
(v) ESR Estimation : Stages of sedimentation, Factors affecting ESR,
Westergren’s Method, its precautions and Advantages, Wintrobe’s
Method, Advantages and sources of error, Evaluation of ESR,
Alterations in ESR.
(F) Hæmostasis:
(i) Bleeding Time (BT) and Clotting Time (CT): Duke and lvy method,
Precaution and Significance.
(ii) Determination of Prothrombin Time: Principle, Method, Precaution and
Significance.
(G) Laboratory Investigations of Hæmoparasites:
(i) Examination of blood for Malaria : Vector, Asexual and Sexual life
cycle, collection of specimen, preparation of peripheral blood smears,
preparation of thick blood film, Staining (Leishman’s, Giemsa),
Examination of trophozoite stage, Schizont, Gametocyte stage, Malarial
pigment and blood alterations in Malaria, Identification of P. falciparum
and P. vivax.
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(ii) Examination of blood for Microfilaria : Causes, Collection of blood,
Unstained and stained preparation, Concentration method, Morphology,
Procedure for counting microfilaria and calculation.

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 BLOOD BANKING / TRANSFUSION MEDICINE

Discovery of human blood groups.

Blood bank management and planning : Reception and recording of specimen,
cataloging and indexing, Maintenance of blood bank records.
Principles of immunohæmatology : Introduction, Antigen-Antibodies, Immune
response, Antigen-Antibody reactions, Reagents used in antigen-antibody reaction in
vivo.
Blood Bank : Prevention, Decontamination, Disinfection and Sterilization.
Preparation and use of ACD (Acid Citrate Dextrose), EDTA, SAGM, Heparin, CPD-A1, CPD-A2
(Citrate Phosphate Dextrose), Normal saline, Antisera etc.
Inheritance of blood groups : ABO and Rh blood group.
Techniques for determination of various blood groups (Natural and Immune Antibody) Sub
groups of ABO blood group system and Bombay group.
Source of error in grouping and their elimination. Selection and
preparation of group sera.
Determination of Rh factors.
Titration of Rh antibodies to predict and detect Rh.
Coombs test compatibility : Direct and indirect method.
Compatibility testing (Cross matching ) : Clinical significance, major cross matching,
minor cross matching, cross matching by LISS (Low lonic Strength Solution) method.
Hæmolytic disease of new born (HDN) : Material, preparation of cell suspension,
procedure, Expression of results.
Preservation and storage of blood, Platelets, plasma blood components etc.
Blood transfusion: Clinical significance, Collection, Donor selection, Procedure of
venepuncture, Volume of blood collected from donor, Screening of donor (history, age, weight,
Hb, pulse, BP, temperature, interval, registration), Post donation care, processing of blood,
Separation of components, Blood group compatibility (ABO) in blood transfusion, Criteria for
selecting and rejecting donors and other necessary precautions.
Disposal of wastes.
Routine investigations: VDRL, HIV I and II, Hepatitis A,B,C, Malaria, Microfilaria and
ASO titre.
Biosafety and infection control in blood bank and medico-legal aspects. Quality
control in blood bank
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 MICROBIOLOGY

1. Organization and function of laboratory

2. Safety guidelines in laboratory and safe code of practice for a microbiology
laboratory.
3. Implementation of quality assurance scheme (Inernal and External)
4. Method of cleaning glassware.
5. Treatment of contaminated materials.
6. Method of collection, storage and transportation of specimens: Sputum,
Urine, Throat swab, Pus, Pus swab, Fæcal samples, Blood clot, Serum,
Tissues, Pleural fluid, Pericardial fluids, Aspirates, Joint fluids, Bronchial
secretions, Exudates, Urethral discharge etc.
7. Biohazard waste management: Disposal options.
8. Microbial control: Disinfection and sterilization (Dry heat, radiation, filtration
and chemical method).
9. The growth and nutrition of bacteria: Generation time, the lag and log phase
(exponential phase), Stationary phase, Decline phase, Factors influencing
growth, the nutritional requirements, Environmental Factors affecting growth.
10. Morphology of bacteria: Shape and group pattern of bacteria, Anatomy of
bacterial cell, Cell wall (Gram negative and Gram positive),Capsule, Slime
layer, Flagella, Fimbriæ, Pili and Spores etc.
11. Staining and use: Commonly used acidic, basic and neutral stains, Simple
staining, Differential staining-Gram staining, Ziehl-Neelsen staining (Hot and
cold), Albert staining, Wayson staining, Negative staining (India ink
preparation), Hiss’s staining, Schuffer and Fulton’s method of staining,
Visualization of the morphology of the organism and their reactions to the
chemical present in the stain.
12. Bacteriological media and uses: Liquid, Solid, Semisolid, Basal media,
Differential media, Indicator media, Enriched media, Enrichment medium,
Selective, Carbohydrates media, Transport medium and Solidifying agents
(Agar, Gelatin), Prepation of media and Checking pH: Peptone water, Nutrient
broth, Thioglycollate broth, Brain heart infusion broth, Nutrient agar, Mueller-

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 Hinton agar, MacConkey agar, Deoxycholate citrate agar ( DCA),
Thiosulphate Citrate Bile Salt Sucrose agar (TCBS), Blood agar, Blood tellurite
agar, Loeffler’s serum slope, Lowenstein-Jensen medium, CBTM (Carry-
Blair Transport Medium) and Transport medium.
13. Cultivation of bacteria: Inoculation techniques-instrument for seeding
bacteria, seeding a culture plate, seeding a liquid and solid media, subculture
from a solid medium, inoculation of carbohydrates fermentation media,
seeding semi solid media in test tubes, erobic incubation of cultures, creation
of anerobic and microerophilic atmosphere, precaution about inoculation of
culture media.
14. Motility of bacteria: Hanging drop preparation, Cragie’s tube method,
Coagulase test, Catalase test and Oxidase test bacteria.
15. Media for biochemical characterization and identification of bacteria:
TSI (Tipple sugar Iron) agar, SIM (Sulphur Indole Motility), Glucose, Sucrose,
Lactose, Mannitol, Maltose (fermentation of acid and gas production), Urease
and citrate(Simmon’s) utilization, Bile solubility test, Additonal test- Optochin
and Polymixing B sensitivity test.
16. Infection: Classification of infection, Sources of infection, Transmission of
infection, Factors Predisposing to microbial pathogenicity.
17. Diseases caused by bacteria: Gram positive cocci (Staphylococcus, Beta
hemolytic streptococcus, S. pneumoniæ) Gram negative cocci (N. gonorrhœa,
N. meningitides), Non-spore forming Gram positive bacilli (Corynebacterium
diphtheria), Spore forming Gram positive bacilli (Bacillus sublitis, B. anthracis,
Clostridium tetani, C. perfringens ); Mycobacteria, Gram negative bacilli
(Escherichia coli, Klebsiella proteus, Citrobacter, Serratia, Pseudomonas,
Salmonella, Shigella, Vibrio and Campylobacter.
18. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing: Procedure (Modified Kirby-Bauer
method), Basic sets of drug for routine susceptibility tests, Quality assurance,
Turbidity standard, Results and interpretation.
19. Preservation of microorganisms in artificial midia.

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 EXERCISES / EXPERIMENTS

1. Study of morphology of bacteria

(i) Gram’s staining : Methods and interpretation.
(ii) Capsule staining : Negative staining (India ink preparation)
(iii) Spore Staining : Method and Interpretation
(iv) Albert staining : Method and Interpretion
(v) AFB staining : Ziehl-Neelsen (Hot stain) Method
2. Detect the motility of bacteria in a given culture by hanging drop preparation.
3. Identification of unknown organism provided : E coil, Klebsiella, Proteus,
Serratia, Pseudomonas, Salmonella, Shigella, Streptococcus, Fæcalies, staph
aureus, S. pneumonia, N. gonorrhea.
4. Antibiotic susceptibility testing : Demonstration.

SEROLOGY

1. Greneral instruction for serological tests.

2. Preparation and preservation of sera, Antisera, Antigens, Antibodies
(Immunoglobulins), Plasma, Blood etc.
3. Biosafety in serology laboratory and method of disposal of wastes.
4. Study of principal types of antigen antibody reactions : Introduction, Antigens,
Antibodies (Immunoglobulins), Immune response : Primary and Secondary
union, Antigen Antibody reaction, Effects of electrolytes , Factors effecting
antigen antibody reactions , Precipitation, Flocculation, Agglutinations,
Hetrophil agglutination, Hæmagglutination, Reverse Passive
Hæmagglutination (RPHA), Complement fixation, Neutralization, Opsonization.
5. Enzyme Immuno Assay, Carrier Particle agglutination (Latex), Fluorescent antibody
tests.
6. Preparation of physiological saline, 10% saline, Buffer solutions, VDRL antigen
and buffer, Antigens for Widal test (O., H. and AH).
7. Quality Control Assurance (Internal and External).

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 DIAGNOSTIC SEROLOGY

A) VDRL slide flocculation test for syphilis (qualitative and quantitative) : Principle,
Reagents and Materials, Specimen (Blood and CSF), VDRL Antigen and
buffer, Preparation of Antigen emulsion, Test procedure, Reading and
reporting of results in dilutions, Limitation of the test and precautions, Factors
affecting VDRL test.
B) Rapid plasma reagin (RPR) test for diagnosis of syphilis : Principle, Specimen,
Reagents and Materials, Test procedure (qualitative and quantitative),
Interpretation of results, Limitation of the tests.
C) Widal test for the diagnosis of enteric fever (qualitative and quantitative) :
Principle, Materials, Specimen, Test procedure-qualitative slide test,
quantitative slide test and tube test, Interpretation of results, Precaution,
factors affecting Widal test, Effect of past infection or typhoid vaccination and
time of collection of blood samples.
D) Latex agglutination test for the rapid detection of HBsAg (Australia Antigen) :
Principle, Malerials, Specimen, Test procedure, Precaution, Use of controls,
Interpretation,Limitation of the tests.
E) Laboratory diagnosis of kala-azar ( Napier Aldehyde test, Chopra Antimony
Test).
F) Paul-Bunnell Test for diagnosis of infectious mononeucleosis.

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 CURRICULUM & SYLLABUS
For
ONE YEAR DIPLOMA
IN
MEDICAL LABORATORY TECHNOLOGY
(DMLT)

ACADEMIC BOARD
ALL INDIA MEDICAL LABORATORY TECHNOLOGISTS’ ASSOCIATION
Member Society, International Federation of Biomedical Laboratory Science,
Canada (Registered under Societies Registration Act XXI of 1860, Regd No.
S/12081), New Delhi

Registered Office : Head Office :

No. 105 (First Floor), K.K.Business Centre 404-A, Capitol Tower
19, Veer Savarkar Block, Fraser Road, Patna–
800001 Shakarpur, Delhi-110092