Semiologia cardiovascular pifano pdf
Fisiologia cardiovascular. Cardiac physiology review. Cardiovascular physiology pappano pdf. Cardiac physiology pdf.
En este capítulo exploraremos la inspección del corazón y los grandes vasos que lo rodean, incluyendo la aorta, las venas cava y pulmonar y sus ramificaciones. Dado que el corazón y estos vasos se encuentran dentro del tórax, específicamente en la región mediastínica, la exploración física comprenderá principalmente la región precordial. Sin
embargo, debido a que los grandes vasos tienen relaciones con regiones más amplias, como el cuello y la epigástrica, también se considerarán estas áreas durante la exploración. Para una correcta inspección, es necesario llevar a cabo el examen en un cuarto silencioso para detectar mejor los sonidos del corazón y asegurar la privacidad necesaria.
Una iluminación adecuada, especialmente con luz tangencial, puede ayudar a hacer más visibles los latidos cardíacos en la pared anterior del tórax. Es importante mantener descubierta la región que se va a explorar, preferentemente desde el ombligo hacia arriba, y asegurarse de no escuchar los sonidos cardiacos a través de las ropas durante la
inspección. **Cardiovascular Semiology** The book discusses cardiovascular semiotics, which studies symptoms and signs (subjective and objective manifestations) of cardiac disease. Semiology is not the disease itself but rather its expression. **Disnea (Shortness of Breath)** * Disnea is a symptom characterized by a feeling of lack of air or difficulty
breathing. * It's often caused by left ventricular failure, and in most cases, it's an expression of underlying cardiovascular disease. Types of disnea: * Disnea de esfuerzo (exertional dyspnea): occurs with physical effort and disappears at rest. Classified into four functional classes based on the New York Heart Association: + Class I: large efforts (e.g.,
climbing stairs, running) + Class II: medium efforts (e.g., walking 2 blocks) + Class III: small or minimal efforts (e.g., dressing, speaking) + Class IV: at rest * Disnea respiratoria (respiratory dyspnea): progressive and related to effort, with symptoms like chest tightness, coughing, and expectoration. * Disnea psicógena (psychogenic dyspnea): occurs
without a clear relationship to exercise, is not progressive, and does not worsen with increased effort. Other types of disnea: * Orthopnea: breathlessness when lying down or standing upright, relieved by sitting up. * Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea: occurs at night while sleeping, accompanied by sweating, anxiety, and palpitations. **Interrogation of a
patient with disnea** **Dolor Torácico (Chest Pain)** The book discusses the various causes of chest pain, including: * Cardiac causes: + Ischemic heart disease + Sudden cardiac death + Pericarditis + Valvular heart disease + Aortic pathologies * Non-cardiac causes: + Gastroesophageal reflux + Esophageal spasm + Gastroudodenal ulcer + Tension
pneumothorax **Palpitaciones (Heartbeat)** Perception of the heartbeat as a pulse or thud, which can be intense and bothersome. The sensation may spread to the neck and throat. Types of palpitations: * Sinus tachycardia: a sudden onset followed by progressive increase in heart rate, typically around 140 beats per minute (cpm). Faced with daily
circumstances and specific times: before falling asleep. 1. Tachycardia. 2. Palpitations of sudden onset and termination, frequency around 200 beats per minute, without a clear trigger: at rest or during effort. 3. Extrasystoles: instantaneous and fleeting palpitations with highly variable frequency and cadence, causing pause compensation or post-
extrasystolic beat. 14. INTERROGATORIO AL PACIENTE (Patient Questionnaire) 15. MC: MOTIVO DE CONSULTA SINTOMAS (Chief Complaint: Symptoms) Edema: 16. EDEMA MIEMBROS INFERIORES (Lower Limb Edema) • Initially increases gradually throughout the day, only to disappear after a night's rest in bed (gravity-related). • Bilateral
and symmetrical, cold, white, and soft. • Indicates failure of the right ventricle. 18. MC: MOTIVO DE CONSULTA SINTOMAS (Chief Complaint: Symptoms) • SYNCOPE: sudden and transient loss of consciousness (loss of knowledge with muscle tone loss and falling to the ground) due to cerebral ischemia. • HEMOPTYSIS: expulsion of red, shining
blood with a coughing effort. • Causes: mitral stenosis. 20. EXAMEN CARDIOVASCULAR CENTRAL (Central Cardiovascular Examination) • Patient: in dorsal recumbent position. • Complete the examination in lateral recumbent position to the left and upright position, sitting or standing, with the chest inclined forward. 21. INSPECCIÓN (Inspection)
• The examination begins by observing the precordium, mainly focusing on searching for visible heartbeats. • Characteristically possible to visualize the apical beat in young people up to 30 years old and thin individuals even after 30 years old. • In other areas of the precordium, visualizing beats generally indicates cardiovascular pathology. 22.
PALPACIÓN (Palpation) • To perform palpation, place the right hand with an extended finger on the precordial area: apexian region or apex, base, and mid-cardiac zone. 23. LATIDO APEXIANO (Apical Beat) • Located in the 5th intercostal space to the left. • If not palpable in dorsal recumbent position, introduce the tip of the index and middle fingers
into the intercostal spaces of the apical region while the patient is in apneic respiration. In this position, the apex moves 2-5 cm to the left, becoming more intense. 24. DESPLAZAMIENTO DEL LATIDO APEXIANO (Desplacement of Apical Beat) • Cardiac causes. • Shifted towards Signs of hypoxemia appear on skin and mucous membranes due to
reduced hemoglobin in capillaries. A specific condition, digital hypoxyemia, is characterized by nail swelling resembling a watch glass with distal phalange enlargement, taking the shape of drumsticks. This symptom indicates chronic hypoxemia. With all these data, an accurate diagnosis can be made, always guided by quantitative examinations.
