èkeZohj Hkkjrh

12
tUe % lu~ 1926] bykgkckn (mÙkj izns'k)
izeq[k jpuk,¡ % duqfiz;k] lkr&xhr o"kZ] BaMk yksgk (dfork
laxgz )_ can xyh dk vkf[kjh edku (dgkuh&laxgz )_ lwjt
dk lkrok¡ ?kksM+k] xqukgksa dk nsork (miU;kl)_ vaèkk ;qx
(xhfrUkkV~;)_ i';arh] dguh&vudguh] ekuo ewY; vkSj
lkfgR;] Bsys ij fgeky; (fucaèk&laxgz )
izeq[k lEeku % in~eJh] O;kl lEeku ,oa lkfgR; osQ dbZ
vU; jk"Vªh; iqjLdkj
fuèku % lu~ 1997

viuh lgt izo`fÙk;ksa dks ekjks er] ysfdu muosQ nkl Hkh u cuksA
thou osQ lgt izokg esa mUgsa vkus nks] iQyhHkwr gksus nksA
ij ;fn os fujaoqQ'krk ls gkoh gksus yxsa rks mUgsa
HkLe dj nsus dh rstfLork vkSj vkRefu;a=k.k Hkh j[kksA
xqukgksa dk nsork miU;kl ls yksdfiz; èkeZohj Hkkjrh dk vk”kknh osQ ckn osQ
lkfgR;dkjksa esa fof'k"V LFkku gSA mudh dfork,¡] dgkfu;k¡] miU;kl] fucaèk] xhfrukV~;
vkSj fjiksrkZt ¯gnh lkfgR; dh miyfCèk;k¡ gSaA Hkkjrh th osQ ys[ku dh ,d [kkfl;r ;g
Hkh gS fd gj mez vkSj gj oxZ osQ ikBdksa osQ chp mudh vyx&vyx jpuk,¡ yksdfiz;
gSaA os ewy :i ls O;fDr Lokra=;] ekuoh; ladV ,oa jksekuh psruk osQ jpukdkj gSaA reke
lkekftdrk ,oa mÙkjnkf;Roksa osQ ckotwn mudh jpukvksa esa O;fDr dh Lora=krk gh loksZifj
gSA jQekfu;r mudh jpukvksa esa laxhr esa y; dh rjg ekStwn gSA mudk lokZfèkd yksdfiz;
miU;kl xqukgksa dk nsork ,d ljl vkSj Hkkoizo.k izse dFkk gSA nwljs yksdfiz; miU;kl
lwjt dk lkroka¡ ?kksM+k ij ¯gnh fI+kQYe Hkh cu pqdh gSA bl miU;kl esa izse dks osQanz esa
j[kdj fuEu eè;oxZ dh grk'kk] vkfFZkd la?k"kZ] uSfrd fopyu vkSj vukpkj dks fpf=kr

Reprint 2025-26
 vkjksg

fd;k x;k gSA Lora=krk osQ ckn fxjrs gq, thou ewY;] vukLFkk] eksgHkax] fo'o;q¼ksa ls mitk
gqvk Mj vkSj vekuoh;rk dh vfHkO;fDr vaèkk ;qx esa gqbZ gSA vaèkk ;qx xhfrlkfgR; osQ
Js"B xhfrUkkV~;ksa esa gSA ekuo ewY; vkSj lkfgR; iqLrd lekt&lkisf{krk dks lkfgR; osQ
vfuok;Z ewY; osQ :i esa foosfpr djrh gSA
90 bu foèkkvksa osQ vykok Hkkjrh th us fucaèk vkSj fjiksrkZt Hkh fy[ksA muosQ x| ys[ku
esa lgtrk vkSj vkReh;rk gSA cM+h&ls&cM+h ckr oks ckrphr dh 'kSyh esa dgrs gSa vkSj lhèks
ikBdksa osQ eu dks Nw ysrs gSaA ,d yacs le; rd ¯gnh dh lkIrkfgd if=kdk èkeZ;qx
(fI+kQygky izdk'ku can gS) osQ laiknd jgrs gq, fganh i=kdkfjrk dks ltk&l¡okjdj xaHkhj
i=kdkfjrk dk ,d ekud cuk;kA

;gk¡ izLrqr laLej.k dkys es?kk ikuh ns esa yksd&izpfyr fo'okl vkSj foKku osQ
}a} dk lqanj fp=k.k gSA foKku dk viuk roZQ gS vkSj fo'okl dk viuk lkeF;ZA blesa
dkSu fdruk lkFkZd gS] ;g iz'u i<+&s fy[ks lekt dks m}sfyr djrk jgrk gSA blh nqfoèkk
dks ysdj ys[kd us ikuh osQ lanHkZ esa izlxa jpk gSA vk"kk<+ dk igyk i[kokjk chr tkus
osQ ckn Hkh [ksrh vkSj cgqdkt iz;ksx osQ fy, ikuh u gks rks thou pqukSfr;ksa dk ?kj cu
tkrk gS vkSj mu pqukSfr;ksa dk fujkdj.k foKku u dj ik, rks mRloèkehZ Hkkjrh; lekt
pqi ugha cSBrkA og fdlh tqxkM+ esa yx tkrk gS] izipa jprk gS vkSj gj dher ij thfor
jgus osQ fy, vf'k{kk vkSj csclh osQ Hkhrj ls mik; vkSj dkV dh [kkst djrk gSA
ys[kd us vius fd'kksj thou osQ bl laLej.k esa fn[kyk;k gS fd vuko`f"V nwj
djus osQ fy, xk¡o osQ cPpksa dh banj lsuk }kj&}kj ikuh ek¡xrs pyrh gS vkSj ys[kd
dk roZQ'khy fd'kksj eu Hkh"k.k lw[ks esa mls ikuh dh fueZe cjcknh osQ :i esa ns[krk
gSA bls fd'kksj eu dk foroZQ ugha] oSKkfud roZQ gh dguk pkfg, vkSj foKku fo"k;
dh brus nh?kZdky rd i<+kbZ vkSj foKkuksiyCèk vkfo"dkjksa ls vius thou dks HkkSfrd
lq[k&lqfoèkkvksa ls Hkjrs jgus osQ ckotwn bl ns'k osQ tuekul esa ,slh oSKkfud n`f"V
dk u tue ikuk vI+kQlkslukd gh dgk tk ldrk gSA ij turk osQ lkewfgd fpÙk esa
cSBs fo'oklksa dk D;k djsa] ftu ls lapkfyr gksus okys oqQN ykSfdd deZdkaM laLo`Qfr
dh ?kVuk osQ :i esa gesa yxrs gSaA ;fn os fo'okl izR;{kr% tkuysok ;k uLy&tkfr]
e”kgc vkSj ¯yx osQ vkèkkj ij fdlh leqnk; osQ fy, viekutud gksa] rc rks mUgsa
vaèkfo'okl dgdj mudk 'kh?kzkfr'kh?kz fujkdj.k gh ,dek=k dRkZO; gS] ij ;fn oqQN
fo'okl foKkulEer u gksdj Hkh mDr rjg ls gkfudj u gksa rks muosQ lkFk Hkh mlh
izdkj dk crkZo D;k mfpr gS\ ,slk djus esa D;k gekjs lkaLo`Qfrd eu osQ [kkyh&[kkyh
gks tkus dk [krjk ugha gS\

Reprint 2025-26
 dkys/keZ
es?okkhj ikuh
Hkkjrh
ns

fo'okl dh Hkh rks ,d jpukRed Hkwfedk gks ldrh gS vkikrdky esa fujk'kk nwj
djus ;k vèkhjrk dks Fkkeus vFkok foHkDr tu&psruk dks tksMu+ s osQ vFkZ esAa vc loky
jg tkrk gS fd ckfj'k osQ fy, fd, tkus okys mDr Hkksys iz;Ru fdl dksfV osQ varxZr
gSa\ ys[kd us dksbZ fu.kZ; ugha fn;k gSA ij ,d ckr Li"V gksrh gS fd thth dh larqf"V
vkSj vius izfr mudk ln~Hkko cpk, j[kus osQ fy, og mu reke jhfr&fjoktksa dks 91
mQijh rkSj ij gh lgh] viukus dks cpiu esa ckè; cuk jgrk FkkA blls D;k laoQs r fy;k
tk ldrk gS\ foKku dk lR; cM+k gS ;k lgt izse dk jl\ ;k nksuksa\

Reprint 2025-26
 dkys es?kk ikuh ns
mu yksxksa osQ nks uke Fksµbanj lsuk ;k es<d&eaMyhA fcyoqQy
,d&nwljs osQ foijhrA tks yksx muosQ uXuLo:i 'kjhj]
mudh mNyowQn] muosQ 'kksj&'kjkcs vkSj muosQ dkj.k xyh esa
gksuos kys dhpM+ dk¡nks ls fp<+rs Fks] os mUgsa dgrs Fks es<d&eaMyhA
mudh vxokuh xkfy;ksa ls gksrh FkhA os gksrs Fks nl&ckjg
cjl ls lksyg&vBkjg cjl osQ yM+osQ] lk¡oyk uaxk cnu
flI+kZQ ,d tk¡f?k;k ;k dHkh&dHkh flI+kZQ yaxksVhA ,d txg
bd_s gksrs FksA igyk t;dkjk yxrk Fkk] ¶cksy xaxk eS;k dh t;A¸ t;dkjk lqurs gh yksx
lkoèkku gks tkrs FksA fL=k;k¡ vkSj yM+fd;k¡ NTts] ckjts ls >k¡dus yxrh Fkha vkSj ;g fofp=k
uax&èkM+ax Vksyh mNyrh&owQnrh leosr iqdkj yxkrh Fkh%
dkys es?kk ikuh ns
xxjh iwQVh cSy fi;klk
ikuh ns] xqM+èkkuh ns
dkys es?kk ikuh nsA
mNyrs&owQnrs] ,d&nwljs dks èkfd;krs ;s yksx xyh esa fdlh nqegys edku osQ
lkeus jQd tkrs] ¶ikuh ns eS;k] banj lsuk vkbZ gSA¸ vkSj ftu ?kjksa esa vk[khj tsB ;k 'kq:
vk"kk<+ osQ mu lw[ks fnuksa esa ikuh dh deh Hkh gksrh Fkh] ftu ?kjksa osQ oqQ,¡ Hkh lw[ks gksrs
Fks] mu ?kjksa ls Hkh lgst dj j[ks gq, ikuh eas ls ckYVh ;k ?kM+s Hkj&Hkj dj bu cPpksa
dks lj ls iSj rd rj dj fn;k tkrk FkkA ;s Hkhxs cnu fe^h esa yksV yxkrs Fks] ikuh isaQdus
ls iSnk gq, dhpM+ esa yFkiFk gks tkrs FksA gkFk] ik¡o] cnu] eq¡g] isV lc ij xank dhpM+
ey dj fiQj gk¡d yxkrs ¶cksy xaxk eS;k dh t;¸ vkSj fiQj eaMyh ck¡èk dj
mNyrs&owQnrs vxys ?kj dh vksj py iM+rs cknyksa dks Vsjrs] ¶dkys es?kk ikuh nsA¸ os
lpeqp ,sls fnu gksrs tc xyh&eqgYyk] xk¡o&'kgj gj txg yksx xjeh eas Hkqu&Hkqu dj
=kkfgeke dj jgs gksrs] tsB osQ nlrik chr dj vk"kk<+ dk igyk i[kokjk Hkh chr pqdk
gksrk ij f{kfrt ij dgha ckny dh js[k Hkh ugha nh[krh gksrh] oqQ,¡ lw[kus yxrs] uyksa esa
,d rks cgqr de ikuh vkrk vkSj vkrk Hkh rks vkèkh jkr dks Hkh ekuks [kkSyrk gqvk ikuh

Reprint 2025-26
 dkys es?kk ikuh ns

gksA 'kgjksa dh rqyuk esa xk¡o esa vkSj Hkh gkyr [kjkc gksrh FkhA tgk¡ tqrkbZ gksuh pkfg, ogk¡
[ksrksa dh fe^h lw[k dj iRFkj gks tkrh] fiQj mlesa iiM+h iM+ dj ”kehu iQVus yxrh]
yw ,slh fd pyrs&pyrs vkneh vkèks jkLrs eas yw [kk dj fxj iM+sA <ksj&<axj I;kl osQ
ekjs ejus yxrs ysfdu ckfj'k dk dgha uke fu'kku ugha] ,sls esa iwtk&ikB dFkk&foèkku lc
djosQ yksx tc gkj tkrs rc vafre mik; osQ :i esa fudyrh ;g banj lsukA o"kkZ osQ 93
cknyksa osQ Lokeh] gSa banz vkSj banz dh lsuk Vksyh ck¡èk dj dhpM+ esa yFkiFk fudyrh]
iqdkjrs gq, es?kksa dks] ikuh ek¡xrs gq, I;kls xyksa vkSj lw[ks [ksrksa osQ fy,A ikuh dh vk'kk
ij tSls lkjk thou vkdj fVd x;k gksA cl ,d ckr esjs le> esa ugha vkrh Fkh fd
tc pkjksa vksj ikuh dh bruh deh gS rks yksx ?kj eas bruh dfBukbZ ls bd_k djosQ j[kk
gqvk ikuh ckYVh Hkj&Hkj dj bu ij D;ksa isaQdrs gSaA oSQlh fueZe cjcknh gS ikuh dhA ns'k

Reprint 2025-26
 vkjksg

dh fdruh {kfr gksrh gS bl rjg osQ vaèkfo'oklksa lsA dkSu dgrk gS bUgaas banz dh lsuk\
vxj banz egkjkt ls ;s ikuh fnyok ldrs gSa rks [kqn vius fy, ikuh D;ksa ugha ek¡x ysrs\
D;ksa eqgYys Hkj dk ikuh u"V djokrs ?kwers gSa] ugha ;g lc ik[kaM gSA vaèkfo'okl gSA
,sls gh vaèkfo'oklksa osQ dkj.k ge vaxzs”kksa ls fiNM+ x, vkSj xqyke cu x,A
94 eSa vly esa Fkk rks bUgha es<d&eaMyh okyksa dh mej dk] ij oqQN rks cpiu osQ
vk;Zlekth laLdkj Fks vkSj ,d oqQekj&lqèkkj lHkk dk;e gqbZ Fkh mldk miea=kh cuk fn;k
x;k Fkkµ lks lekt&lqèkkj dk tks'k oqQN ”;knk gh FkkA vaèkfo'oklksa osQ f[kykI+kQ rks rjdl
esa rhj j[k dj ?kwerk jgrk FkkA exj eqf'dy ;g Fkh fd eq>s vius cpiu esa ftlls
lcls ”;knk I;kj feyk os Fkha ththA ;w¡ esjh fj'rs esa dksbZ ugha FkhaA mez esa esjh ek¡ ls Hkh
cM+h Fkha] ij vius yM+osQ&cgw lcdks NksM+ dj muosQ izk.k eq>h esa clrs FksA vkSj os Fkha
mu reke jhfr&fjoktksa] rht&R;ksgkjksa] iwtk&vuq"Bkuksa dh [kku ftUgsa oqQekj&lqèkkj lHkk dk
;g miea=kh vaèkfo'okl dgrk Fkk] vkSj mUgsa tM+ ls m[kkM+ isaQduk pkgrk FkkA ij eqf'dy
;g Fkh fd mudk dksbZ iwtk&foèkku] dksbZ R;ksgkj vuq"Bku esjs fcuk iwjk ugha gksrk FkkA
nhokyh gS rks xkscj vkSj dkSfM+;ksa ls xksoèkZu vkSj lfr;k cukus esa yxk gw¡] tUek"Veh gS
rks jks”k vkB fnu dh >k¡dh rd dks ltkus vkSj i¡thjh ck¡Vus esa yxk gw¡] gj&NB gS rks
NksVh jaxhu oqQfYg;ksa esa Hkwtk Hkj jgk gw¡A fdlh esa Hkquk puk] fdlh esa Hkquh eVj] fdlh
esa Hkqus vjok pkoy] fdlh esa Hkquk xsgw¡A thth ;g lc esjs gkFkksa ls djkrha] rkfd mudk
iq.; eq>s feysA osQoy eq>sA
ysfdu bl ckj eSaus lkI+kQ budkj dj fn;kA ugha isaQduk gS eq>s ckYVh Hkj&Hkj dj
ikuh bl xanh es<d&eaMyh ijA tc thth ckYVh Hkj oQj ikuh ys xb± muosQ cw<+s ik¡o
Mxexk jgs Fks] gkFk dk¡i jgs Fks] rc Hkh eSa vyx eq¡g iqQyk, [kM+k jgkA 'kke dks mUgksaus
yaw&eBjh [kkus dks fn, rks eSaus mUgsa gkFk ls vyx f[kldk fn;kA eq¡g isQjdj cSB x;k]
thth ls cksyk Hkh ughaA igys os Hkh rerekbZ] ysfdu ”;knk nsj rd muls xqLlk ugha jgk
x;kA ikl vk dj esjk lj viuh xksn eas ysdj cksyha] ¶ns[k Hkb;k :B erA esjh ckr
lquA ;g lc vaèkfo'okl ugha gSA ge bUgsa ikuh ugha nssaxs rks banz Hkxoku gesa ikuh oSQls
nsaxs\¸ eSa oqQN ugha cksykA fiQj thth cksyhaA ¶rw bls ikuh dh cjcknh le>rk gS ij ;g
cjcknh ugha gSA ;g ikuh dk v?;Z p<+krs gSa] tks ph”k euq"; ikuk pkgrk gS mls igys
nsxk ugha rks ik,xk oSQls\ blhfy, Íf"k&eqfu;ksa us nku dks lcls m¡Qpk LFkku fn;k gSA¸
¶Íf"k&eqfu;ksa dks dkgs cnuke djrh gks thth\ D;k mUgksaus dgk Fkk fd tc vkneh
cw¡n&cw¡n ikuh dks rjls rc ikuh dhpM+ esa cgkvksA¸

Reprint 2025-26
 dkys es?kk ikuh ns

oqQN nsj pqi jgh thth] fiQj eBjh esjs eq¡g esa Mkyrh gqbZ cksyha] ¶ns[k fcuk R;kx
osQ nku ugha gksrkA vxj rsjs ikl yk[kksa&djksM+ksa jQi;s gSa vkSj mlesa ls rw nks&pkj jQi;s
fdlh dks ns ns rks ;g D;k R;kx gqvkA R;kx rks og gksrk gS fd tks ph”k rsjs ikl Hkh
de gS] ftldh rq>dks Hkh ”k:jr gS rks viuh ”k:jr ihNs j[k dj nwljs osQ dY;k.k osQ
fy, mls ns rks R;kx rks og gksrk gS] nku rks og gksrk gS] mlh dk iQy feyrk gSA¸ 95
¶iQy&oy oqQN ugha feyrk lc <dkslyk gSA¸ eSaus dgk rks] ij dgha esjs rdks± dk
fdyk iLr gksus yxk FkkA exj eSa Hkh ftí ij vM+k FkkA
fiQj thth cksyha] ¶ns[k rw rks vHkh ls i<+&fy[k x;k gSA eSaus rks xk¡o osQ enjls dk
Hkh eq¡g ugha ns[kkA ij ,d ckr ns[kh gS fd vxj rhl&pkyhl eu xsgw¡ mxkuk gS rks fdlku
ik¡p&Ng lsj vPNk xsgw¡ vius ikl ls ysdj ”kehu esa D;kfj;k¡ cuk dj isaQd nsrk gSA mls
cqokbZ dgrs gSaA ;g tks lw[ks ge vius ?kj dk ikuh bu ij isaQdrs gSa og Hkh cqokbZ gSA
;g ikuh xyh esa cks,¡xs rks lkjs 'kgj] dLck] xk¡o ij ikuhokys cknyksa dh iQly vk
tk,xhA ge cht cukdj ikuh nsrs gSa] fiQj dkys es?kk ls ikuh ek¡xrs gSaA lc Íf"k&eqfu
dg x, gSa fd igys [kqn nks rc nsork rqEgsa pkSxquk&vBxquk djosQ ykSVk,¡xs Hkb;k] ;g rks
gj vkneh dk vkpj.k gS] ftlls lcdk vkpj.k curk gSA ;Fkk jktk rFkk iztk flI+kZQ ;gh
lp ugha gSA lp ;g Hkh gS fd ;Fkk iztk rFkk jktkA ;gh rks xkaèkh th egkjkt dgrs gSaA¸
thth dk ,d yM+dk jk"Vªh; vkanksyu esa iqfyl dh ykBh [kk pqdk Fkk] rc ls thth xkaèkh
egkjkt dh ckr vdlj djus yxh FkhaA
bu ckrksa dks vkt ipkl ls ”;knk cjl gksus dks vk, ij T;ksa dh R;ksa eu ij ntZ
gSaA dHkh&dHkh oSQls&oSQls lanHkks± esa ;s ckrsa eu dks dpksV tkrh gSa] ge vkt ns'k osQ fy,
djrs D;k gSa\ ek¡xsa gj {ks=k esa cM+h&cM+h gSa ij R;kx dk dgha uke&fu'kku ugha gSA viuk
LokFkZ vkt ,dek=k y{; jg x;k gSA ge pV[kkjs ysdj blosQ ;k mlosQ Hkz"Vkpkj dh ckrsa
djrs gSa ij D;k dHkh geus tk¡pk gS fd vius Lrj ij vius nk;js esa ge mlh Hkz"Vkpkj
osQ vax rks ugha cu jgs gSa\ dkys es?kk ny osQ ny meM+rs gSa] ikuh >ek>e cjlrk gS]
ij xxjh iwQVh dh iwQVh jg tkrh gS] cSy fi;kls osQ fi;kls jg tkrs gSa\ vkf[kj dc
cnysxh ;g fLFkfr\

Reprint 2025-26
 vkjksg

vH;kl

96 ikB osQ lkFk

1- yksxksa us yM+dksa dh Vksyh dks es<d&eaMyh uke fdl vkèkkj ij fn;k\ ;g Vksyh vius vkidks
banj lsuk dgdj D;ksa cqykrh Fkh\
2- thth us banj lsuk ij ikuh isaQosQ tkus dks fdl rjg lgh Bgjk;k\
3- ikuh ns] xqM+èkkuh ns es?kksa ls ikuh osQ lkFk&lkFk xqM+èkkuh dh ek¡x D;ksa dh tk jgh gS\
4- xxjh iwQVh cSy fi;klk banj lsuk osQ bl [ksyxhr eas cSyksa osQ I;klk jgus dh ckr D;ksa eq[kfjr
gqbZ gS\
5- banj lsuk lcls igys xaxk eS;k dh t; D;ksa cksyrh gS\ ufn;ksa dk Hkkjrh; lkekftd] lkaLo`Qfrd
ifjos'k esa D;k egÙo gS\
6- fj'rksa esa gekjh Hkkouk&'kfDr dk c¡V tkuk fo'oklksa osQ taxy esa lR; dh jkg [kkstrh gekjh
cqf¼ dh 'kfDr dks de”kksj djrh gSA ikB esa thth osQ izfr ys[kd dh Hkkouk osQ lanHkZ esa bl
dFku osQ vkSfpR; dh leh{kk dhft,A

ikB osQ vklikl

1- D;k banj lsuk vkt osQ ;qok oxZ dk izsj.kklzksr gks ldrh gS\ D;k vkiosQ Le`fr&dks'k esa ,slk
dksbZ vuqHko gS tc ;qokvksa us laxfBr gksdj lektksi;ksxh jpukRed dk;Z fd;k gks] mYys[k
djsaA
2- rduhdh fodkl osQ nkSj esa Hkh Hkkjr dh vFkZO;oLFkk o`Qf"k ij fuHkZj gSA o`Qf"k&lekt esa pS=k]
oS'kk[k lHkh ekg cgqr egÙoiw.kZ gaS ij vk"kk<+ dk p<+uk muesa mYykl D;ksa Hkj nsrk gS\
3- ikB osQ lanHkZ esa blh iqLrd esa nh xbZ fujkyk dh dfork ckny&jkx ij fopkj dhft, vkSj
crkb, fd vkiosQ thou esa cknyksa dh D;k Hkwfedk gS\
4- R;kx rks og gksrk--- mlh dk iQy feyrk gSA vius thou osQ fdlh izlax ls bl lwfDr dh
lkFkZdrk le>kb,A
5- ikuh dk ladV orZeku fLFkfr esa Hkh cgqr xgjk;k gqvk gSA blh rjg osQ i;kZoj.k ls lac¼
vU; ladVksa osQ ckjs esa fyf[k,A
6- vkidh nknh&ukuh fdl rjg osQ fo'oklksa dh ckr djrh gS\a ,slh fLFkfr esa muosQ izfr vkidk
joS;k D;k gksrk gS\ fyf[k,A

Reprint 2025-26
 dkys es?kk ikuh ns

ppkZ djsa
1- cknyksa ls lacfèkr vius&vius {ks=k esa izpfyr xhrksa dk laoQyu djsa rFkk d{kk esa ppkZ djsaA
2- fiNys 15&20 lkyksa esa i;kZoj.k ls NsM&+ NkM+ ds dkj.k Hkh izoQ` fr&pØ esa cnyko vk;k gS] ftldk
ifj.kke ekSle dk vlary q u gSA orZeku ckM+ejs (jktLFkku) eas vkbZ ck<+] eqca bZ dh ck<+ rFkk
egkjk"Vª dk Hkwdia ;k fiQj lqukeh Hkh blh dk urhtk gSA bl izdkj dh ?kVukvksa ls tqMh+ lwpukvks]a 97
fp=kksa dk ladyu dhft, vkSj ,d izn'kZuh dk vk;kstu dhft,] ftlesa ck”kkj n'kZu ikB esa
cuk, x, foKkiuksa dks Hkh 'kkfey dj ldrs gSAa vkSj gk¡ ,slh fLFkfr;ksa ls cpko osQ mik; ij
i;kZoj.k fo'ks"kKksa dh jk; dks izn'kZuh esa eq[; LFkku nsuk u HkwyAas

foKkiu dh nqfu;k
1- ^ikuh cpkvks* ls tqM+s foKkiuksa dks ,d=k dhft,A bl ladV osQ izfr psrkouh cjrus osQ fy,
vki fdl izdkj dk foKkiu cukuk pkgsaxs\

'kCn&Nfo
xqM+èkkuh µ xqM+ vkSj pus ls cuk ,d izdkj dk yaw
Vsjrs µ iqdkjrs
nlrik µ rirs nl fnu
i[kokjk µ ianzg fnu dh vofèk
<ksj&<axj µ i'kq
lfr;k µ LofLrd fpÉ
v?;Z µ ty p<+kuk
vjok pkoy µ ,slk pkoy ftls èkku dks
fcuk mckys fudkyk x;k gks
gj&NB µ tUek"Veh osQ nks fnu iwoZ euk;k
tkus okyk ioZ (iwohZ mÙkj izns'k ls lacafèkr)
Hkwtk µ Hkquk gqvk vÂ
fdyk iLr µ gkj tkuk

Reprint 2025-26