Industrial Safety Engineering
Module 2
2. Personal protection in the work environment
When a hazardous situation is recognized, steps shall be taken to eliminate the hazard by use
of engineering or administrative controls. If engineering and administrative controls do not adequately
eliminate the hazard, PPE shall be used to protect personnel from the hazard.
At a minimum, hard hats, safety glasses and safety shoes shall be worn in a restricted areas
and project work sites. Additional PPE shall be selected and used based upon the results of a
documented PPE needs analysis, which shall consider the exposure hazard(s), materials handled and
activities performed by personnel. Contractor’s documented PPE needs analysis shall be made
available to the organization upon request. Supervisors shall ensure their personnel are trained in
inspection, use, maintenance and storage of PPE according to the manufactures’ instructions.
Proper PPE (e.g., correct for type of exposure, sized to fit the worker, meets applicable
standards, no defects) shall be provided to personnel when/where required. PPE shall be visually
inspected by the user before each use. Defective or damaged PPE shall not be used and shall be
immediately replaced. PPE that has exceeded its useable service life shall be immediately replaced.
Clothing shall be free of holes, excessive wear and other defects. Only proper work clothing (e.g.,
coveralls, long pants and sleeved shirt) shall be worn by personnel performing construction,
maintenance and operations work (e.g., traditional loose flowing ―Eastern‖ style clothing shall not
be worn, since it presents tripping and entanglement hazards). Personnel shall wear approved hard
hats in designated areas, including construction sites, operating plant areas, where there are overhead
objects or activities that can result in falling or flying objects or when performing activities that have
potential electrical shock or burn hazards to the head.
2.1Types of PPEs, Personal protective equipment-respiratory and non-respiratory equipment.
Head protection
Hard hats shall meet ANSI Z89.1, Type 1 Class ―E‖ (electrical) requirements and shall
consist of a shell, suspension cradle and optionally a chin strap. Hard hat suspension cradles shall be
properly adjusted. There shall be a minimum 3.8 cm (1.5 inches) clearance between the top of the
cradle and the inside of the hard hat shell. Hard hats shall bear identification on the inside of the shell
stating the name of the manufacturer, ANSI Z89.1 compliance, date of manufacture and class of the
hard hat. When earmuffs, welder’s shields and/or face shields are required they shall be compatible
with the hard hat used. Hard hats shall not be painted, have holes drilled in them or have large stickers
applied to them. Hard hats shall be destroyed if they have been damaged (e.g., have a hole, gouge,
crack or defective suspension cradle), painted or experienced a sharp impact. Metallic hard hats shall
not be used. Hard hats shall be worn in accordance with the manufacturer’s recommendations. Hard
hats shall be replaced not more than 5 years from the date of manufacture stamped/ printed/ embossed
on the inside of the shell or as otherwise recommended by the manufacturer (e.g., every 3 years).
Suspension cradles shall be replaced after no more than 12 months of use.
Eye & Face protection
Eye and face protection devices shall meet ANSI Z87.1 requirements. Approved safety eyewear
with side protection shall be worn in designated areas and as needed to protect the worker’s eyes from
flying particles, chemicals, etc. Prescription safety glasses (spectacles) with side shields and shatter-
proof lenses, or over glasses that completely cover the worker’s regular prescription glasses, shall be
provided to personnel requiring them. Additional approved hazardspecific eye/face protection (e.g.,
safety goggles, face shield) shall be worn as needed to protect the worker’s face and neck from flying
particles, sprays of hazardous liquids, splashes of molten metal, etc. Selection, fit and use of eye and
face protection devices shall be based on the hazard and the visual needs/ limitations of the intended
user. Safety glasses or goggles shall always be worn under a face shield and welding helmet.
Personnel working with or near hazardous liquids shall wear splash-proof goggles with rubber
seals that fit flush against the face, including with a face shield if required. Electrical workers shall
wear an arc rated face shield or arc flash hood as required. Personnel performing welding operations
shall wear an approved welder’s helmet with the proper lens shade. Torch welders, cutters and brazers
shall wear special shaded goggles.
Hand protection
Gloves shall be selected and worn based on the materials or equipment being handled. Gloves
shall be resistant to hazards specific to the job; such as, but not limited to: hot surfaces,
acid/caustic/corrosive chemicals, abrasion, sharp edges, high voltage/electrical and cold
surfaces/cryogenics. Gloves shall be the proper size to fit the wearer’s hand to ensure proper grip.
One size does not fit all. High-voltage rubber gloves with leather protectors shall be worn by electrical
workers as required. Gloves shall not be worn near moving machinery/rotating equipment or when
they could present a safety hazard (e.g., where gloves could get caught between moving machinery
parts).
Foot protection
Approved safety footwear shall be worn in field operations, process areas and other designated
areas. Safety footwear shall be selected and used based on the need for oil/abrasion/chemical/impact
resistance, heat protection, electrical insulation and comfort. Safety footwear shall fit properly and
shall be worn to cover the entire foot, including the heel. Safety footwear shall have leather uppers
and or leather composition with steel or nonmetallic composite toecaps. Soles and heels shall be of
the nonslip type. However, when working in water or wet areas requiring waterproof footwear, rubber
safety boots are allowed. Personnel working with or near jackhammers, soil compactors and concrete
breakers shall wear proper safety shoes, preferably with metatarsal guards.
Nonconductive safety shoes shall be worn by anyone working on electrical equipment. Safety
shoes shall not be used when working on electrical equipment if the shoe becomes wet, the rubber
sole is worn through or metal particles become embedded in the shoe’s sole or heel.
Hearing protection
Ample supplies of approved hearing protection (e.g., earplugs) shall be provided at the job
site and shall be worn in high noise areas i.e., 85 decibels [dB] or higher. Plain cotton earplugs shall
not be used for hearing protection. The need for additional hearing protection devices shall be
evaluated prior to performing work. Disposable earplugs shall be discarded at the end of each shift.
Body protection
Body protection shall be provided and worn by personnel as needed to protect against hazards
such as flash fire, electrical arc flash abrasive blasting, welding, handling asbestos or acidic/corrosive
liquids, etc. This protection may include flame resistant clothing (FRC), Tyvek, leather or non
permeable materials.
Respiratory protection equipment
RPE shall be provided and used by personnel exposed to air contaminants exceeding the
permissible exposure limit (PEL). RPE shall meet ANSI Z88.2 requirements. Self-contained
breathing apparatus (SCBA) shall be positive-pressure type. Negative-pressure SCBA shall not be
used. Breathing air quality shall meet Compressed Gas Association (CGA) Grade D requirements and
shall be supplied via an SCBA, air-line cascade system or air-fed hoods with proper particulate/
moisture filters and air temperature monitoring. An atmosphere-supplying respirator shall be used
when an oxygen deficient atmosphere could exist or in the presence of toxic hazards where cartridge/
filter RPE is inadequate (e.g., H2S). Personnel shall perform a face seal check to ensure a proper seal
prior to every use. RPE shall be inspected by the user before and after each use. RPE maintained for
emergency situations shall be inspected at least weekly. RPE shall be cleaned and sanitized after use.
RPE shall be stored in a manner to protect from dust, sunlight, heat or damaging chemicals.
Proper Usage of RPE
Personnel shall:
• Not use air-purifying (cartridge type) RPE when potential exposure levels are above the RPE-
rated capacity or the immediately dangerous to life or health (IDLH) concentration of the
material.
• Not use air-purifying (cartridge type) RPE in oxygen-deficient atmospheres (i.e., less than 20%
oxygen) or for gases and vapors with poor warning properties (e.g., no odor or deadens the
sense of smell).
• Not use incorrect cartridges or filters for the type and concentration of air contaminant.
• Not use defective equipment.
• Not use equipment without receiving adequate training.
• Not wear improperly fitting or modified equipment.
• Not mix and match RPE parts from different manufacturers.
• Not use dust masks for protection against hazardous vapors or gases that require respiratory
protection.
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Standards
• The existing Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) personal protective
equipment (PPE) standards are found in 29 Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) Part 1910 Subpart
I for General Industry, Part 1915 Subpart I for Maritime, Part 1917 Subpart E for Marine
Terminals, Part 1918 Subpart J for Longshoring and Part 1926 Subpart E for Construction.
• 29 CFR 1910.133 Eye and Face Protection: “The employer shall ensure that each affected
employee uses appropriate eye or face protection when exposed to eye or face hazards from flying
particles, molten metal, liquid chemicals, acids or caustic liquids, chemical gases or vapors, or
potentially injurious light radiation.” Eye and face protection must comply with: ANSI/ISEA
Z87.1American National Standard for Eye and Face Protection which was last updated in 2015.
• 29 CFR 1910.134 Respiratory protection: “The employer shall provide arespirator to each
employee when such equipment is necessary to protect the health of such employee. The employer
shall provide the respirators which are applicable and suitable for the purpose intended. The
employer shall be responsible for the establishment and maintenance of a respiratory protection
program.
• 29 CFR 1910.135 Head protection: “The employer shall ensure that each affected employee wears
a protective helmet when working in areas where there is a potential for injury to the head from
falling objects. The employer shall ensure that a protective helmet designed to reduce electrical
shock hazard is worn by each such affected employee when near exposed electrical conductors
which could contact the head.” Performance criteria for head protection are provided in the
American National Standards Institute (ANSI) Z89.1 American National Standard for Industrial
Head Protection. This standard is incorporated by reference in 29 CFR 1910.135 and 29 CFR
1910.6. The most recent revision was issued on May 15, 2014.
• 29 CFR 1910.136 Occupational foot protection: “The employer shall ensure that each affected
employee uses protective footwear when working in areas where there is a danger of foot injuries
due to falling or rolling objects, or objects piercing the sole, and where such employee's feet are
exposed to electrical hazards.” Protective footwear must comply with ASTM F-2412-18a: Standard
Test Methods for Foot Protection and ASTM F-2413-18 Standard Specification for Performance
Requirements for Protective Footwear
• 29 CFR 1910.137 Electrical protective equipment: details the design requirements for specific
types of electrical protective equipment—rubber insulating blankets, rubber insulating matting,
rubber insulating covers, rubber insulating line hose, rubber insulating gloves, and rubber insulating
sleeves used for the primary insulation of employees from energized circuit parts. It also details the
in-service care and use of all electrical protective equipment covered by this standard.
• 29 CFR 1910.138 Hand protection: “Employers shall select and require employees to use
appropriate hand protection when employees' hands are exposed to hazards such as those from skin
absorption of harmful substances; severe cuts or lacerations; severe abrasions; punctures; chemical
burns; thermal burns; and harmful temperature extremes.” Employers should select appropriate
hand protection relative to the application, present conditions, duration of use and any identified or
potential hazards.
• 29 CFR 1910.140 Personal Fall Protection Systems: “Employers shall ensure that each personal
fall protection system used to comply with this part must meet all applicable requirements of this
section. This section establishes performance, care, and use criteria for all personal fall protection
systems such as personal fall arrest systems and positioning systems.”
29 CFR 1910.132: General requirements says that all PPE has to meet these minimum
requirements:
• Provide adequate protection against the particular hazards for which they are designed
• Be of safe design and construction for the work to be performed
• Be reasonably comfortable when worn under the designated conditions
• Fit snugly and not unduly interfere with the movements of the wearer
• Be durable
• Be capable of being disinfected
• Be easily cleanable
• Be distinctly marked to facilitate identification only of the manufacturer
2.2 Monitoring Safety Performance: Frequency rate, severity rate, incidence rate, activity rate.
Measurement of Safety Performance
The accident rates can be calculated using the following calculations.
Frequency Rate
It is calculated for the reportable accidents. Reportable accidents keep the victims away from
the job for more than 48 hrs. Frequency rate measures the frequency of accidents occurring. It is
measured in terms of the number of accidents occurring over a specified period of time. The number
of accidents are magnified out of 1 million working hours. Frequency rate = (No. of accidents x
10^6) / Total Man - hours worked Higher the frequency rate, more frequently the accident occurs.
Severity Rate
It is calculated with respect to the number of man – hours lost due to accidents. Severity rate
is taken based on the number of man – hours lost, which is the number of man – hours lost divided
by eight. Frequency rate is also magnified out of one million working hours. Severity Rate = (Man
days lost x 10^6) / Total Man – hours worked or
(Number of man – hours lost due to accidents x 10^6) / (8 x Total Man – hours worked)
Higher the severity rate means man hours lost per accident is more which indicates that the accidents
are serious.
Incident Rate
It is also a measure of safety performance of an organization it measures the number of
occupational injuries / illness or lost work days in a specified period of time out of hundred full time
employees.
Incident rate = (Number of occupational injuries / illness / lost work days) / Hundred number
of full time employees.
Incident rate make a simple comparison of safety performance between organizations.
Safety Performance Index (SPI)
It is a measure developed out of both frequency rate and severity rate. The measure is nothing
but the geometric mean between frequency rate and severity rate. It is measured as
SPI = (frequency rate x severity rate) / 1000
For comparing safety performance of factories, frequency rate calculation is advisable
Eg: Number of workers in a factory = 500
Number of accidents happened in a year = 20
Number of working days in a year = 300
Number of work hours per day per employee = 8
Therefore lost time injury = (20 x 10^6) / (500 x 300 x 8) = 16.6%
2.3 Housekeeping: Responsibility of management and employees.
The first step in work place management is to clean the house and understand the current
situation of functioning. Unless all the necessary things are removed and the necessary things are
arranged properly a clear picture will not be available. Therefore the cleaning and organizing are of,
naturally, top priority. Even thought cleaning and organizing activities are widely agreed to be the
most basic quality and productivity enhancing activities. Cleanliness must become a habit and
cleaning and organizing must be continuous.
Advantages of good housekeeping.
1.It improves productivity
2.Reduction of waste
3.Ensures safety of personnel
4.Reduces machine breakdown
5.Maintenance function becomes simple.
6.Increases the confidence level of employees
7.Improves the quality of work life.
House keeping is a habit. If this habit becomes the style of the organization , employees will
be more effective in performing their job. This effect will tend to increase the output with optimum
input. As a result the productivity increases. In order to maintain a good house keeping practice, waste
generation must be reduced as far as possible. This is possible if we switch over to more efficient
methods of operation. Consequently the organization can optimize the utilization of resources. An
organization where a good practice of house keeping is followed, the wastages and rejections will be
less.
Accumulation of wastes and unhealthy and careless practices will give room for unsafe
conditions leading to accidents. If a good house keeping practice is promoted among the employees
the accident rate will definitely come down. Cleaning and attending every equipment and service is
an essential activity of house keeping. While cleaning the equipment we come across with or can
identify deviation ,if any, from it’s normal behavior. There is to be a system automatically developed
to address such abnormalities then and there. In effect the number of break downs will come down.
Also routine maintenance becomes a part of house keeping. Ultimately maintenance becomes a simple
function. If the premises and work spots are neat and tidy, the confidence levels of the employees
increase. Such a state motivates the employees.
2.4 5’S Japanese system of housekeeping.
The 5S system has been instrumental in improving productivity, quality and safety in Japan.
The 5S system originated in Japan and is now a common tool for improving workplace productivity,
quality, throughput and safety. It can be used in any environment, such as the factory floor, warehouse,
workshop or office. Many companies moving to implement lean manufacturing start with a series of
5S events to remove the workplace clutter and improve workflows between processes.
The 5S system was so named, as it is based around five Japanese words that all start with the
letter S. There are several variations promoted in the West that use slightly differing definitions of
these words, but the methodology does not vary.
1.Seiri or Sort
Sorting—separating the needed from the unneeded. Sorting activities aim to eliminate unneeded items
from the work area and to perform an initial cleaning.
2.Seiton or Set in Order
Simplifying—a place for everything and everything in its place, clean and ready for use. Simplifying
arranges the workplace to ensure safety and efficiency.
3.Seisou or Shine
Systematic Cleaning—cleaning for inspection. Systematic daily cleaning and inspection of work
areas and equipment help you understand current conditions and determine if corrective action is
required.
4.Seiketsou or Standardize
Standardizing—developing common methods for consistency. Standardizing aims to make abnormal
conditions noticeable and to document agreements to ensure consistency and sustainability.
5.Shitsuke or Sustain
Sustaining—holding the gains and improving. Sustaining is aimed at maintaining the improvements
from the other 5S activities and improving further.
A 5S system such as this has been used by the Japanese since the 1980s, many companies are
only just introducing the concept. It is used to manage the work area more effectively and should not
be confused with other programs such as Total Productive Maintenance (TPM) that are more machine
and equipment focused.
2.5 Work permit system; Hot Work and Cold Work Permits.
Permits shall be used to control hazardous work activities at all facilities and locations. Work
permit issuers and receivers shall have a valid issuer or receiver certificate, respectively. They shall
attend and pass the work permit issuer or receiver course. The issuer/receiver’s superintendent or, in
the case of a contractor, the superintendent responsible for the work location, shall sign the
issuer/receiver certificate.
There are mainly two types of work permits. They are:
1. Hot Work Permit
The purpose of the Hot Work Permit is to control work activities that may produce sufficient
energy to ignite flammable atmospheres or combustible materials.
This permit shall be used for:
• Open flame, welding or torch cutting within a restricted area.
• Open flame, welding or torch cutting that occurs within 30 m (100 ft) of a pipeline or
facility containing hydrocarbons.
• Work on live electrical equipment or use of electrical devices not classified as intrinsically
safe (e.g., computers, mobile phones) within a restricted area.
• Other jobs/activities that could present a fire hazard (e.g., internal combustion engines,
grit-blasting operations or electrical hand tools) within a restricted area.
2. Cold Work Permit
The purpose of the Cold Work Permit is to control work activities that may not produce
sufficient energy to ignite flammable atmospheres or combustible material but could contribute to
injury.
This permit shall be used for, but not be limited to, the following work in restricted areas:
• Structural demolition or collapse of nonoperational buildings.
• Removal or disturbance of asbestos-containing material.
• Work activities involving cryogenic materials.
• Scaffold erection or demolition.
• Painting.
• Excavating by hand.
• Concrete pouring and formwork.
• Use of hand tools that have no electrical power.
The purpose of the Confined Space Entry Permit is to ensure:
• Proper preparation of confined spaces prior to entry.
• Safe entry by personnel, including provisions for rescue.
• Restoration of confined spaces.
Work activities inside a confined space may require a Hot or Cold Work Permit to be issued in
combination with the Confined Space Entry Permit.
The issuer shall approve and issue a permit only after conducting a joint site inspection with
the receiver to identify potential hazards, perform necessary gas tests, and write on the work permit
the specific precautions necessary so the work can be performed safely. General statements, such as
―work safely‖ or ―wear PPE,‖ are inadequate and shall not be written on the permit.
Permits shall be immediately voided, the work stopped and new permits issued if a change
occurs in the work activities or site conditions that could potentially affect the safety of personnel at
the site. Permits are normally issued for a single operating shift. Permit extension is permissible for
two consecutive operating shifts, regardless of the shift duration, but not more than 24 hours.
A work permit may be issued for up to 30 days for extended construction or maintenance work
where the job requirements remain essentially unchanged, only under the following conditions:
A. It is highly unlikely that conditions at the job site will change or develop that would create a
hazard to personnel, damage to equipment, result in an operations upset or harm the
environment.
B. Precautions are taken, prior to performing the work, to ensure safe conditions throughout the
work activities.
C. Both the operations division head and the maintenance/construction division head agree to job
conditions and control measures to be used and shall sign the permit
Receivers are to remain on the job site at all times. However, if a receiver must leave the work
area, he shall give the permit to another certified permit receiver, who is a responsible senior crew
member and is agreed to in advance by the issuer, who shall manage the work activity until the
receiver returns. The receiver alternate’s name and badge number shall be written on the approved
permit by the issuer.
Receivers shall keep permit copies, either in their possession or posted in plain view at the job
location, at all times. The receiver shall take the permit to the issuer for closeout signatures on both
copies of the permit when the job is completed or when the permit has expired. The original permit
shall be maintained on file by the issuing department for a minimum of 3 months. The issuer and
receiver shall conduct a joint site inspection before signing the permit. Work shall not begin before
the permit has been properly signed.
The correct permit(s) shall be issued for the job: Hot, Cold, Confined Space Entry and/or Release
of Hazardous Liquids or Gases. More than one permit may be required for some jobs (e.g., confined
space entry).
Atmospheric gas testing shall be conducted with an approved portable gas monitoring equipment
for Confined Space Entry Permits, Release of Hazardous Liquids or Gases Permits, and/or Hot Work
Permits where the presence of flammable vapors or gases is suspected. Tests for hydrogen sulfide
(H2S), oxygen concentration, flammable gases and/or any applicable toxic substances shall be
performed before issuing these permits. Gas tests shall be performed for Cold Work Permits where
applicable. Hot work is not permitted if the atmosphere is above 0% of the lower explosive limit
(LEL).
A breathing apparatus (e.g., self contained breathing apparatus) shall be used if any of the following
atmospheric conditions exist:
• Oxygen (O2) concentrations are less than 20.0%.
• Flammable mixtures are at or above 5% and less than 50% of the LEL.
• Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) concentration is between 10 and 100 parts per million
(ppm).
Permits shall be issued for the specific period of time required to complete the job. Prior to
the start of work, the work permit receiver shall communicate the hazards and precautions for the job,
as well as other requirements on the permit, to all workers working under the permit. Periodic reviews
of the job site, including gas testing, shall be conducted as required. Oncoming shift issuers and
receivers shall inspect the job site, write the extended time and sign the permits when extending permit
periods to another shift
Special requirements and precautions, such as: fire watches, self-contained breathing
apparatus (SCBA), lifelines and/or barricades shall be written on the permit. In the event of an
emergency, all active permits shall be immediately cancelled and work activities stopped. Work areas
shall be cleared of nonessential personnel to avoid exposing them to unnecessary hazards. The issuer
or receiver shall stop work and cancel the permit if there are changes in job site activities or conditions
that adversely affect personnel or job safety. If a permit is cancelled, a new permit shall be issued
after the work site has been made safe. Permits shall be closed out after the work is completed or the
permit expires. The issuer and receiver shall inspect the job site and sign the permit to close it.
2.6 Confined Space Entry
A confined space is any enclosed or partially enclosed space having limited access and egress
and which due to its design, construction, location, atmosphere, the materials and substances present
in it or other conditions is or may become a hazard to a worker or rescuer entering it.
Some examples of confined spaces include storm drains and culverts, sewers, ducts,
underground utility vaults, pipelines, equipment housing, bins, pits, tankers, tanks, tunnels, silos,
process vessels, manholes and boilers.
Confined spaces can be found in many industrial settings, from steel mills to paper mills, from
shipyards to farms, and from public utilities to the construction industry.
The safety hazards associated with confined spaces can cause serious injury and death if they
are not dealt with properly. The hazards found in any confined space are generally determined by
what is stored inside the space, by what process is taking place inside the space, and by the items
surrounding the space.
Definition
Confined space is identified as any area with;
• Limited means of access/egress
• Oxygen deficiency
• Accumulation of flammable vapors or any airborne contaminant that exceeds established
Permissible Exposure Limits (PEL).
Regarding the flammable atmosphere present in a confined space, it is essential to know
about the flammable limits. Vapor- air mixtures will ignite and burn only within a specified range of
composition which will be above LEL and below UEL.
The Lower Flammability Limit / Lower Explosive Limit (LFL/LEL) is the minimum percentage
volume of fuel in air that will support combustion - below this (LFL/LEL), the mixture with air is too
lean to support combustion.
The Upper Flammability Limit/ Upper Explosive Limit (UFL/UEL) is the maximum percent volume
of fuel in air that will support combustion - above this (UFL/UEL) the mixture is too rich to support
combustion.
Confined space entry and hazards
• Oxygen Deficiency:- Due to rust formation, chemical reaction, combustion, or absorption.
Any reduction in oxygen in the atmosphere below 19.5% can impair performance level of an
employee by causing fatigue and loss of reasoning ability.
• Oxygen enrichment:- Through accidental ventilation with oxygen, or leaks in oxy/acetylene
equipment will increases the flammability of materials. Oxygen level in a confined space
should not be more than 23.5%.
• Fire and explosion:- Can occur when a flammable substance (e.g., oxy/acetylene equipment,
fuel, adhesives) in the form of a liquid or vapor combines with the air in the confined space
and comes into contact with a source of ignition.
• Toxic substances:- In the form of vapors, liquids or solids that are normally found in the
confined space. Sometimes it cannot be eliminated completely. Toxic vapors can enter the
body by inhalation, skin absorption, ingestion or through even open sores, causing acute
toxicity (immediate effects) or chronic toxicity (appearing long after being exposed, or may
take long disperse from the body).
• Falling objects:- As a result of material or equipment brought into a limited volume of space
that requires more than one working level.
• Mechanical equipment:- That forms part of the normal process (e.g., fans, pumps) requires
to be isolated so that it does not energize automatically or accidentally. The mechanical
equipments should have proper guards.
• Electrical shock:- Could result from permanent installations or from defective temporary
equipment, tools, cords, and lighting.
Permits and planning
Prior to all confined space entries a confined space entry permit should be obtained. The
prerequisite for such permit will be a written procedure detailing the works, which will include:
• Assessment of the hazards (high hazard entries require a Job Safety Analysis to be done).
• Zero Energy State (ZES) (electrical, mechanical, pneumatic, etc.) requirements.
• Identification of parties responsible to open and close the confined space.
• Daily permit requirements.
• Ventilation requirements.
• Air quality testing procedure.
• PPE requirements, including respiratory protection.
• Lighting requirements.
• Tools and equipment (including assessment of any requirement for explosion proof tools and
equipment, GFCI-equipped etc.).
• Fire Protection.
• Rescue equipment and plan.
