Unit-2 Programming with PHP

PHP Conditional Statements

● Very often when you write code, you want to perform different actions
for different conditions.
● You can use conditional statements in your code to do this.

In PHP we have the following conditional statements:

1. if statement - executes some code if one condition is true

2. if...else statement - executes some code if a condition is true and
another code if that condition is false
3. if...elseif...else statement - executes different codes for more than two
conditions
4. switch statement - selects one of many blocks of code to be executed

PHP - The if Statement

● The if statement executes some code if one condition is true.

Syntax
if (condition)
{
// code to be executed if condition is true;
}

Example:
PHP - The if...else Statement
● The if...else statement executes some code if a condition is true and
another code if that condition is false.

Syntax:
if (condition) {
// code to be executed if condition is true;
} else {
// code to be executed if condition is false;
}

Example
PHP - The if...elseif...else Statement
● The if...elseif...else statement executes different codes for more than
two conditions.

Syntax
if (condition) {
code to be executed if this condition is true;
} elseif (condition) {
// code to be executed if first condition is false and this condition is
true;
} else {
// code to be executed if all conditions are false;
}

Example
Nested If
● You can have if statements inside if statements, this is called nested if
statements.

Example:
● An if inside an if:
The PHP switch Statement
● Use the switch statement to select one of many blocks of code to be
executed.

Syntax
switch (expression)
{
case label1:
//code block
break;
case label2:
//code block;
break;
case label3:
//code block
 break;
default:
//code block
}

This is how it works:

● The expression is evaluated once
● The value of the expression is compared with the values of each case
● If there is a match, the associated block of code is executed
● The break keyword breaks out of the switch block
● The default code block is executed if there is no match

Example
The break Keyword
● When PHP reaches a break keyword, it breaks out of the switch block.
● This will stop the execution of more code, and no more cases are tested.
● The last block does not need a break, the block breaks (ends) there
anyway.

The default Keyword

The default keyword specifies the code to run if there is no case match:

Example
If no cases get a match, the default block is executed:
The ? Operator:(Ternary Operator)
● The ternary operator in php is a concise way to write conditional
statements that improve code readability and effectiveness.
● It is an alternative to the “if-else” conditional statement of php.
● The ternary operator is a shortcut operator used for shortening the
conditional statements.
● It decreases
● the length of the code performing conditional operations.
● Syntax:
Condition ? statement1 statement2;
● Example:
<?php
$age=17;
$type=$age>=16? "Adult" : "child";
echo $type;
 ?>

PHP Loops
● Often when you write code, you want the same block of code to run
over and over again a certain number of times.
● So, instead of adding several almost equal code-lines in a script, we can
use loops.
● Loops are used to execute the same block of code again and again, as
long as a certain condition is true.

In PHP, we have the following loop types:

while - loops through a block of code as long as the specified condition is

true
do...while - loops through a block of code once, and then repeats the loop as
long as the specified condition is true
for - loops through a block of code a specified number of times

The PHP while Loop

● The while loop executes a block of code as long as the specified
condition is true.

Example:
Print $i as long as $i is less than 6:

Note: remember to increment $i, or else the loop will continue forever.

● The while loop does not run a specific number of times, but checks after
each iteration if the condition is still true.
● The condition does not have to be a counter, it could be the status of an
operation or any condition that evaluates to either true or false.

The break Statement

● With the break statement we can stop the loop even if the condition is
still true:

Example
Stop the loop when $i is 3:
The continue Statement
● With the continue statement we can stop the current iteration, and
continue with the next:

Example
Stop, and jump to the next iteration if $i is 3:
The PHP do...while Loop
● The do...while loop will always execute the block of code at least once,
it will then check the condition, and repeat the loop while the specified
condition is true.

Example
● Print $i as long as $i is less than 6:
The break Statement
● With the break statement we can stop the loop even if the condition is
still true:

Example
● Stop the loop when $i is 3:
The continue Statement
● With the continue statement we can stop the current iteration, and
continue with the next:

Example
● Stop, and jump to the next iteration if $i is 3:
The PHP for Loop
● The for loop is used when you know how many times the script should
run.

Syntax
for (expression1, expression2, expression3) {
// code block
}

This is how it works:

● expression1 is evaluated once

● expression2 is evaluated before each iteration
● expression3 is evaluated after each iteration

Example

Print the numbers from 0 to 10:

Example Explained
● The first expression, $x = 0;, is evaluated once and sets a counter to 0.
● The second expression, $x <= 10;, is evaluated before each iteration,
and the code block is only executed if this expression evaluates to true.
● In this example the expression is true as long as $x is less than, or equal
to, 10.
● The third expression, $x++;, is evaluated after each iteration, and in this
example, the expression increases the value of $x by one at each
iteration.

The break Statement:

● With the break statement we can stop the loop even if the condition is
still true:

Example

Stop the loop when $i is 3:

The continue Statement
● With the continue statement we can stop the current iteration, and
continue with the next:
Example
● Stop, and jump to the next iteration if $i is 3:
What is an Array?
● Array is a collection of homogeneous data elements.
● An array is a special variable that can hold many values under a single
name, and you can access the values by referring to an index number or
name.
● Example:
<?php
$students=array(
array("name"=>"john","age"=>30),
array("name"=>"alice","age"=>20),
array("name"=>"eve","age"=>50)
);
print_r($students);
?>

Creating Arrays in PHP:

1. Using the array() function:
● You can create the array() function to create an array.
● You can initialize it with values or leave if empty and then add
elements later.
● Syntax:
$Variable_name=array( Array Elements );

● Example:
Indexed array:

<?php
$student=array(20,30,40);
print_r($student);
?>
Associative array:

<?php
$f1=array("name"=>"abc","age"=>80);
print_r($f1);
?>

2. Using Short Array Syntax:

● You can use the short array syntax[] to create an array.
● Here we are directly assigning the values to the variable in the
square brackets[].
● Syntax:
$Variable_name=[ Array Elements ];
● Example:

Indexed array:

<?php
 $a1=[10,30,20,40];
print_r($a1);
?>

Associative array:

<?php
$f1=["name"=>"abc","age"=>80];
print_r($f1);
?>

3. Using the range() function:

● The range() function creates an array containing a range of
elements.
● Syntax:
$var_name=range(attay_elements);
 ● Example:

<?php
$f1=range(1,5);
print_r($f1);
?>

4. Using the array_fill() function:

● The array_fill function creates an array with a specified number of
elements, all initialized with the same value.
● Syntax:
array_fill(index, number, value);
● Example:

<?php
$value=array_fill(0,3,"Default");
print_r($value);
?>
Accessing array elements in php:

● To access an array item, you can refer to the index number for indexed
arrays, and the key name for associative arrays.
● Example:
Indexed array:

Associative array:

Execute a Function Item:

● Array items can be of any data type, including function.
● Indexed array: To execute such a function, use the index
number followed by parentheses ():
● Example:

● Associative array: Use the key name when the function is an item in an
associative array.
● Execute function by referring to the key name:
Loop Through an Associative Array:
● Associative array: To loop through and print all the values of an
associative array, you can use a foreach loop, like this:

Loop Through an Indexed Array:

● Indexed array:To loop through and print all the values of an
indexed array, you can use a foreach loop, like this:
PHP Array Types
In PHP, there are three types of arrays:

Indexed arrays - Arrays with a numeric index

Associative arrays - Arrays with named keys
Multidimensional arrays - Arrays containing one or more arrays

PHP Indexed Arrays

● In indexed arrays each item has an index number.
● By default, the first item has index 0, the second item has item 1,
etc.
Access Indexed Arrays
● To access an array item you can refer to the index number.

Change Value
● To change the value of an array item, use the index number:
Loop Through an Indexed Array
● To loop through and print all the values of an indexed array, you
could use a foreach loop, like this:

PHP Associative Arrays

 ● Associative arrays are arrays that use named keys that you assign
to them.

Access Associative Arrays

● To access an array item you can refer to the key name.

Change Value
● To change the value of an array item, use the key name:
Loop Through an Associative Array
● To loop through and print all the values of an associative array,
you could use a foreach loop, like this:

PHP - Multidimensional Arrays

● A multidimensional array is an array containing one or more
arrays.
 ● PHP supports multidimensional arrays that are two, three, four,
five, or more levels deep.
● However, arrays more than three levels deep are hard to manage
for most people.
Creating and Accessing Multidimensional array elements:

● Creating Multidimensional array Using Nested array function.

● We can access the array elements using index value row and
column.like echo $matrix[0][1];
● Example:

<?php
$matrix=array(array(1,2,3),
array(4,5,6),
array(7,8,9));
echo $matrix[0][1];
echo "<br>";
echo $matrix[0][0];
echo "<br>";
?>

● We can access the array elements by using print_r() function.

● Example:
 <?php
$matrix=array(array(1,2,3),
array(4,5,6),
array(7,8,9));
print_r($matrix);
echo "<br>";
?>

● We can access the array elements by using nested for loop to print row
and column like matrix format.
● Example: Indexed Array:
<?php
$matrix=array(array(1,2,3),
array(4,5,6),
array(7,8,9));
for($i=0;$i<3;$i++)
{
for($j=0;$j<3;$j++)
{
echo $matrix[$i][$j]." ";
}
echo "<br>";
}
?>
Associative array:
<?php
$students=array(
array("name"=>"john","age"=>30),
array("name"=>"alice","age"=>20),
array("name"=>"eve","age"=>50)
);
print_r($students);
echo "<br>";
foreach($students as $row)
{
foreach($row as $key=>$value){
echo " $key:$value ";
}
echo "<br>";
}
?>
Updating the array elements:
● We can update the array elements by using the array index value.
● Example:
<?php
$cars = array (
array("Volvo",22,18),
array("BMW",15,13),
array("Saab",5,2),
array("Land Rover",17,15)
);
echo "before update the array elements<br>";
for($row=0;$row<3;$row++)
{
for($col=0;$col<3;$col++)
{
echo $cars[$row][$col]." ";
}
echo "<br>";
}
echo "after update the array elements<br>";
$cars[0][1]=20;
for($row=0;$row<3;$row++)
{
for($col=0;$col<3;$col++)
{
echo $cars[$row][$col]." ";
}
echo "<br>";
}
?>