This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what

changes have been made to the previous version. Because

it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.

Designation: D2863 − 19 D2863 − 23

Standard Test Method for

Measuring the Minimum Oxygen Concentration to Support
Candle-Like Combustion of Plastics (Oxygen Index)1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2863; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.

1. Scope*

1.1 This fire-test-response standard describes a procedure for measuring the minimum concentration of oxygen, expressed as
percent volume, that will just support flaming combustion in a flowing mixture of oxygen and nitrogen.

1.2 This test method provides three testing procedures. Procedure A involves top surface ignition, Procedure B involves

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propagating ignition, and Procedure C is a short procedure involving the comparison with a specified minimum value of the oxygen
index.

1.3 Test specimens used for this([Link]

test method are prepared into one of six types of specimens (see Table 1).

1.4 This test method provides for testingDocument Preview

materials that are structurally self-supporting in the form of vertical bars or sheet up to
3
10.5-mm thick. Such materials are solid, laminated or cellular materials characterized by an apparent density greater than 15 kg/m .

1.5 This test method also provides for testing flexibleASTM

sheet orD2863-23
film materials, while supported vertically.
[Link]
1.6 This test method is also suitable, in some cases, for cellular materials having an apparent density of less than 15 kg/m3.

NOTE 1—Although this test method has been found applicable for testing some other materials, the precision of the test method has not been determined
for these materials, or for specimen geometries and test conditions outside those recommended herein.

1.7 This test method measures and describes the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame under controlled
conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of the materials, products,
or assemblies under actual fire conditions.

1.8 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of
regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific hazards statement are given in Section 10.

1.10 Fire testing is inherently hazardous. Adequate safeguards for personnel and property shall be employed in conducting these
tests.

1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D20 on Plastics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D20.30 on Thermal Properties.
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2019Oct. 1, 2023. Published October 2019October 2023. Originally approved in 1970. Last previous edition approved in 20172019 as
D2863 - 17a.D2863 - 19. DOI: 10.1520/D2863-19.10.1520/D2863-23.

*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard

Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States

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TABLE 1 Test Specimen Dimensions
Test Dimensions
Specimen Length, Width, Thickness, Material Form
TypeA mm mm mm
I 80 to 150 10 ± 0.5 4 ± 0.25 for molding materials
II 80 to 150 10 ± 0.5 10 ± 0.5 for cellular materials
IIIB 80 to 150 10 ± 0.5 # 10.5 for sheet materials
IV 70 to 150 6.5 ± 0.5 3 ± 0.25 alternative size for
self-supporting molding
or sheet materials
VB 140 ± 5 52 ± 0.5 #10.5 for flexible film or sheet
VIB, C 140 to 200 20 0.02 to for thin film; limited to film
0.10 that can be rolled by the
wire specified in 6.7
A
Test specimens of Types I, II, III, and IV are suitable for materials that are
self-supporting at these dimensions. Test specimens of Form V and VI are suitable
for materials that require support during testing. Test specimens of Form VI are
suitable for film materials that can be rolled into a self-supporting specimen by the
procedure in 7.4.
B
Compare results obtained using Type III, V, and VI test specimens only to those
obtained using specimens of the same form and thickness. It is assumed that the
amount of variation in thickness for such materials will be controlled by other
standards.
C
The test specimen of Type VI is suitable for thin film that is self-supporting when
it is rolled (see 7.4). Dimensions in the table are of the specimen size from which
the rolled form is made. If the film is very thin, it is possible that proper results will
only be obtained if two or more layers are combined in the preparation of the roll
to obtain proper results.

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NOTE 2—This test method and ISO 4589-2 are technically equivalent when using the gas measurement and control device described in 6.3.1, with direct
oxygen concentration measurement.

([Link]
1.11 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued

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by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents

2.1 ASTM Standards:2 ASTM D2863-23

[Link]
D618 Practice for Conditioning Plastics for Testing
D883 Terminology Relating to Plastics
D1071 Test Methods for Volumetric Measurement of Gaseous Fuel Samples
D1622 Test Method for Apparent Density of Rigid Cellular Plastics
D4802 Specification for Poly(Methyl Methacrylate) Acrylic Plastic Sheet
D4968 Practice for Annual Review of Test Methods and Specifications for Plastics
E176 Terminology of Fire Standards
E177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in ASTM Test Methods
E456 Terminology Relating to Quality and Statistics
E691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to Determine the Precision of a Test Method
E2935 Practice for Evaluating Equivalence of Two Testing Processes
2.2 ISO Standards:3
ISO 4589-2 Plastics—Determination of Flammability by Oxygen Index—Part 2, Ambient Temperatures
ISO 7823-1 Poly(Methylmethacrylate) Sheets—Types, Dimensions and Characteristics—Part 1—Cast Sheets
ISO 13943 Fire Safety—Vocabulary
3. Terminology

3.1 Definitions—For definitions of terms relating to plastics, the definitions in this test method are in accordance with Terminology
D883. For terms relating to fire, the definitions in this test method are in accordance with Terminology E176 and ISO 13943. In

2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, [Link], or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@[Link]. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
3
Available from International Organization for Standardization (ISO), ISO Central Secretariat, BIBC II, Chemin de Blandonnet 8, CP 401, 1214 Vernier, Geneva,
Switzerland, [Link]

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 D2863 − 23
case of conflict, the definitions given in Terminology E176 shall prevail. For terms relating to precision and bias and associated
issues, the terms used in this test method are in accordance with the definitions in Terminology E456.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:

3.2.1 ignition—the initiation of combustion.

3.2.2 oxygen index (OI)—the minimum concentration of oxygen, expressed as volume percent, in a mixture of oxygen and
nitrogen that will just support flaming combustion of a material initially at 23 6 2°C under the conditions of this test method.

4. Summary of Test Method

4.1 A small test specimen is supported vertically in a mixture of oxygen and nitrogen flowing upwards through a transparent
chimney. The upper end of the specimen is ignited and the subsequent burning behavior of the specimen is observed to compare
the period for which burning continues, or the length of specimen burnt, with specified limits for each burning. By testing a series
of specimens in different oxygen concentrations, the minimum oxygen concentration is determined.

4.2 Three procedures are included in this test method. In Procedure A, a complete assessment of the oxygen index is conducted
using top surface ignition. In Procedure B, a complete assessment of the oxygen index is conducted using propagating ignition.
Procedure C provides a comparison with a specified minimum value of oxygen index and can be conducted using top surface
ignition or propagating ignition.

5. Significance and Use

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5.1 This test method provides for the measuring of the minimum concentration of oxygen in a flowing mixture of oxygen and

([Link]
nitrogen that will just support flaming combustion of plastics. Correlation with burning characteristics under actual use conditions
is not implied.

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5.2 In this test method, the specimens are Preview
subjected to one or more specific sets of laboratory test conditions. If different test
conditions are substituted or the end-use conditions are changed, it is not always possible by or from this test to predict changes
in the fire-test-response characteristics measured. Therefore, the results are valid only for the fire-test-exposure conditions
described in this test method. ASTM D2863-23
[Link]
6. Apparatus

6.1 Test Chimney. The test chimney consists of a heat-resistant glass tube of 75 to 100-mm inside diameter and 450 to 500-mm
height. The opening at the top of the chimney shall be restricted to provide an outlet of 40 6 2-mm diameter, either by providing
an overhead cap or by designing the glass chimney appropriately. The bottom of the chimney, or the base to which the tube is
attached, shall contain noncombustible material to evenly mix and distribute the gas mixture entering at this base. Glass beads 3
to 5 mm in diameter in a bed 80 to 100-mm deep have been found suitable. The chimney shall be mounted securely on the base
to prevent air leaks. One example of a design is shown in Fig. 1.

NOTE 3—It is helpful to place a wire screen above the noncombustible material to catch falling fragments and to aid in keeping the base of the column
clean.

6.2 Specimen Holders

6.2.1 Specimen Holder for Self-Supporting Specimens—Any small holding device that will support the specimen at its base and
hold it vertically in the center of the chimney is an acceptable specimen holder. A typical arrangement (see Fig. 1) consists of a
laboratory thermometer clamp inserted into the end of a glass tube held in place by glass beads or otherwise firmly supported.

6.2.2 Specimen Holder for Specimens of Flexible Sheet or Film Materials that Require Support—A specimen holder for flexible
film or sheet materials that require support shall be able to support the specimen by both vertical edges in a frame equivalent to
that illustrated by Fig. 2, with reference marks at 20 and 100 mm below the top of the frame. The profile of the holder and its
support shall be smooth to minimize induction of turbulence in the rising flow of gas.

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 D2863 − 23

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([Link]
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ASTM D2863-23
[Link]

1. Burning Specimen 6. Glass Beads in a Bed 11. Pressure Gauge

2. Clamp with Rod Support 7. Brass Base 12. Precision Pressure Regulator
3. Igniter 8. Tee 13. Filter
4. Wire Screen 9. Cut-Off Valve 14. Needle Valve
5. Ring Stand 10. Orifice in Holder 15. Rotameter

FIG. 1 Typical Equipment Layout

6.2.3 Thin Film Rolling Tool—In order to prepare self-supporting specimens from thin films (see 7.4), use a 2 6 0.1-mm stainless
steel rod with a 0.3 6 0.05-mm slit at one end, equivalent to that illustrated in Fig. 3. The actual specimen holder shall be the one
in 6.2.1.

6.3 Gas Measurement and Control Devices. Gas measurement and control devices shall be suitable for measuring the
concentration of oxygen in the gas mixture entering the chimney with an accuracy of 60.5 %, by volume, of the gas mixture and
for adjusting the concentration of oxygen in the mixture with a precision of 60.1 %, by volume, of the gas mixture, when the gas
velocity through the chimney is 40 6 2 mm/s at 23 6 2°C.

6.3.1 The system for direct gas measurement and control involves needle valves on individual and mixed gas supply lines, a
paramagnetic oxygen analyzer that continuously samples the mixed gas, and a flow meter to indicate when the gas flow through
the chimney is within the required limits. See Annex A4 for an alternate system for gas measurement.

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 D2863 − 23

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([Link]
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FIG. 2 Frame Design

ASTM D2863-23
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FIG. 3 Rod with a Slit

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6.3.2 An alternate system for gas measurement is described in Annex A4. The system used for indirect gas measurement (Annex
A4) requires calibration after assembly to ensure that the compounded errors of the component parts do not exceed the
requirements of 6.3.

6.3.3 Means shall be provided for checking or ensuring that the temperature of the gas mixture entering the chimney is 23 6 2°C.
If this involves an internal probe, its position and profile shall be designed to minimize induction of turbulence within the chimney.

6.4 Flame Igniter. The flame igniter shall comprise a tube, with an inside diameter of 2 6 1 mm, that can be inserted into the
chimney to apply the test flame.

6.4.1 The fuel supply shall be adjusted so that the flame height is 16 6 4 mm (measured from the bottom of the flame to the top
of the flame) when the flame igniter tube is vertical within the chimney and the flame is burning within the chimney atmosphere
(see Fig. 4).

6.4.2 The flame fuel shall be one of the following: methane, or natural gas of at least 97 % purity, or propane of at least 98 %
purity. The flame fuel shall have no premixed air.

6.5 Timing Device. A timing device shall be provided, which is capable of measuring periods up to 5 min with an accuracy of 60.5
s.

6.6 Fume Extraction System. A fume extraction system shall be provided with sufficient ventilation or exhaust to remove fumes
or soot expelled from the chimney without disrupting the gas-flow rate or temperatures in the chimney.

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NOTE 4—If soot-generating materials are being tested, it is likely that the glass chimney, gas inlets, and inlet screen will require cleaning between tests
to maintain good visibility and to function properly.
([Link]
6.7 Gas Supplies. The gas supplied to the test apparatus shall consist of pressurized sources of oxygen or nitrogen, or both, not
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less than 98 % pure or clean dry air, or both, (containing 20.9 % oxygen), as appropriate.

ASTM D2863-23
[Link]

FIG. 4 Oxygen Index Apparatus Schematic Showing Igniter Flame Detail

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6.7.1 The gas mixture entering the chimney shall have a moisture content of <0.1 %, unless the results have been shown to be
insensitive to higher moisture levels in the gas mixture. The gas supply system shall incorporate a drying device, or provision for
monitoring or sampling the gas supply for moisture content, unless the moisture content of the gas supplies is known to be
acceptable.

NOTE 5—It must be noted that bottled oxygen or nitrogen will not always contain <0.1 % of water; moisture contents of 0.003 to 0.01 % are typical for
commercial supplies as filled bottles >98 % pure, but as such bottled gases are depressured to below about 1 MPa, the moisture content of the gas drawn
off has been found to rise above 0.1 %.

7. Test Specimens

7.1 General:

7.1.1 The specimens shall be die-punched, cut by hand using a razor blade or other sharp tool, or cut by an automatic machine.
Alternatively, specimens shall be prepared directly by injection molding.

7.1.2 Ensure that the surfaces of the specimens are clean and free from flaws that could affect burning behavior, for example,
peripheral molding flash or burrs from machining. The edges of the specimens shall be smooth and free from fuzz or burrs of
material left from machining or molding.

7.1.3 Record the position and orientation of the test specimens with respect to any asymmetry in the sample material (see Note
6).

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NOTE 6—Oxygen index results are likely to be significantly affected by differences in burning behavior, due to material inhomogeneity (for example,
different levels of shrinkage when heated for specimens cut in different directions from asymmetrically-oriented thermoplastics film).

([Link]
7.1.4 The test specimens shall conform to the dimensions and geometry listed in Table 1. If non-standard size specimens are used,
a difference in oxygen index is likely to result.
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7.1.5 It is likely that, for materials where Preview
the oxygen index is known to within 62 % by volume, 15 test specimens will be
sufficient. However, for materials of unknown oxygen index, or which exhibit erratic burning characteristics, between 15 and 30
test specimens are likely to be required.
ASTM D2863-23
[Link]
7.2 Self-Supporting Specimens (Specimen Types I, II, III, and IV)

7.2.1 The specimens shall be prepared in accordance with 7.1.

7.3 Specimens of Flexible Sheet or Film Materials that Require Support (Specimen Type IV)

7.3.1 The specimens shall be prepared in accordance with 7.1 and they shall be supported by both vertical edges in a frame
equivalent to that illustrated by Fig. 2 (see 6.2.2).

7.4 Self-Supporting Specimens Rolled from Thin Films (Specimen Type VI)

7.4.1 For preparation of Type VI specimens, use the rolling tool described in 6.2.3.

7.4.2 Specimen films shall be prepared in accordance with 7.1.

7.4.3 Insert one corner of the film into the slit of the thin film rolling tool and then wind the film around the rod in a spiral of 45°,
as shown in Fig. 3. Ensure that the 45° angle is maintained during the winding process so that the film reaches exactly to the end
of the tool, to produce a test piece of the correct length. After the winding is finished, tape the last end of the roll while the material
is still on the stainless steel rod to prevent loosening. Then pull the rod out of the rolled film.

7.4.4 Cut off the rolled film at a distance of 20 mm from the top end. See Fig. 5.

7.5 Specimen Marking

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FIG. 5 Rolled Film

7.5.1 For monitoring the distance over which burning occurs, mark the specimen with transverse lines at one or more levels which
are dependent upon the specimen form and the ignition procedure to be used. Structurally self-supporting specimens shall be
marked on at least two adjacent faces. If wet inks are used, ensure that the marks are dry before the specimen is ignited.

7.5.2 If test specimens of Type I, II, III, IV, or VI are to be tested in accordance with Procedure A, they shall be marked 50 mm
from the end to be ignited. If specimens of Type I, II, III, IV, and VI are to be tested in accordance with Procedure B, they shall
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be marked at 10 mm and at 60 mm from the end to be ignited.

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7.5.3 The reference marks for testing specimens of Type V are carried by the supporting frame (see Fig. 2), but thermally stable
materials shall additionally be marked at 20 mm and at 100 mm from the end to be ignited, for convenience.

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7.6 For cellular materials, the density shall Preview
be determined in accordance with Test Method D1622.

NOTE 7—It is possible that the oxygen index samples of cellular materials that contain volatile flammable blowing agents that diffuse from the sample
will change with time. ASTM D2863-23
[Link]
8. Conditioning

8.1 Unless otherwise specified, each test specimen shall be conditioned for at least 40 h at 23 6 2°C and 50 6 5 % relative
humidity (RH) immediately prior to use in accordance with Practice D618.

8.2 Maintain the ambient conditions for the test apparatus at 23 6 5°C. Keep the test specimens in an enclosure at 23 6 2°C and
50 6 5 % RH and take the test specimens out of the enclosure just before testing (so that testing is conducted within 30 minutes
of the test specimen removal from the conditioning environment).

9. Calibration of Apparatus

9.1 Calibration for systems with direct oxygen gas concentration measurement. Calibrate the system for direct oxygen gas
concentration measurement with a paramagnetic oxygen analyzer, used for the measurements in 6.3.1, by the following: (a) turning
the nitrogen flow on and closing the oxygen flow and confirming that the oxygen concentration on the display reads 0.0 %, and
(b) turning the oxygen flow on and closing the nitrogen flow and confirming that the oxygen concentration on the display reads
the same value as the concentration of oxygen in the supply gas (see 6.7).

9.2 Calibration for systems using indirect gas measurement in accordance with Annex A4. Calibrate the flow-measuring system
used for the indirect measurements of oxygen concentration and flow rate with the instrumentation in 6.3.2 using a water-sealed
rotating drum meter (wet test meter) in accordance with Test Method D1071 or by equivalent calibration devices. The maximum
interval between recalibration shall be six months.

9.3 A cast PMMA specimen shall be used as a verification material at least once a month. See Annex A1 for calibration method.

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10. Hazards

10.1 The exhaust system must be so designed and operated that the laboratory environment is protected from smoke and gases
or vapors. The operator shall be instructed on ways to minimize exposure to combustion products by following sound safety and
industrial hygiene practices. For example, ensure that the exhaust system is working properly and wear appropriate clothing
including gloves, safety glasses, breathing apparatus (when hazardous fumes are expected).

10.2 During this test, high temperatures are generated that are capable of igniting some clothing following even brief exposures.
Precautions shall be taken to avoid ignitions of this type.

11. Symbols and Criteria for This Test Method

11.1 Test Method Criteria:

11.1.1 The criteria for oxygen index measurements are described in Table 2.

11.1.2 The extent of burning in this test method is considered to have been exceeded when any part of the visibly burning portion
of a specimen, including burning drips descending the vertical faces, passes the level indicated in the column.

11.1.3 The criteria in Table 2 do not necessarily produce equivalent oxygen index results for specimens of differing shape or tested
using different ignition conditions or procedures.

11.2 Method Symbols:

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11.2.1 Co—oxygen concentration in percent volume.

F ([Link]
11.2.2 C —final value of oxygen concentration in percent volume.

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11.2.3 C —each of the oxygen concentration percentages used during measurement of the last six responses in the N T series.

11.2.4 O—neither the period or extent of burning exceeds the relevant limit specified in Table 2.

11.2.5 X—the period or extent of burning exceeds theASTM

relevantD2863-23
limit specified in Table 2.
[Link]
11.2.6 NL—series of “X” or “O” results.

11.2.7 NT—series of “X” or “O” results plus five (NT = NL + 5).

11.2.8 σ*—standard deviation of the oxygen concentration.

TABLE 2 Criteria for Oxygen Index MeasurementsA

Alternative Criteria
Period of
Test Specimen
Ignition Procedure Burning
Type (See Table 1) Extent of BurningB
After
Ignition(s)
I, II, III, IV, and VI A 180 50 mm below the top
(top surface ignition) of the specimen
I, II, III, IV, and VI B 180 50 mm below the
(propagating ignition) upper reference
mark
V propagating ignition 180 80 mm below the
upper reference
mark (on the frame)
A
The criteria in this table do not necessarily produce equivalent oxygen index
results for specimens of differing shape or tested using different ignition conditions
or procedures.
B
The extent of burning is exceeded when any part of the visibly burning portion of
a specimen, including burning drips descending the vertical faces, passes the level
indicated in the column.

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11.2.9 d—interval between oxygen concentration levels in percent volume.

11.2.10 k—a factor to be determined from Table 3.

11.2.11 n—number of measurements of oxygen concentration.

12. Test Procedure

NOTE 8—Some materials exhibit a non-flaming type of combustion (for example, glowing combustion) instead of, or at a lower oxygen concentration
than that required for, flaming combustion. When testing such materials, it is necessary to identify the type of combustion for which the oxygen index
is required or measured.

12.1 Procedure A

12.1.1 Select an initial concentration of oxygen to be used. Whenever possible, base the initial concentration on experience of
results for similar materials. Alternatively, try to ignite a test specimen in air, and note the burning behavior. If the specimen burns
rapidly, select an initial concentration of about 18 % oxygen; if the test specimen burns gently or unsteadily, select an initial oxygen
concentration of about 21 %; if the specimen does not continue to burn in air, select an initial concentration of at least 25 %,
depending upon the difficulty of ignition or the period of burning before extinguishing in air.

12.1.2 Record the oxygen concentration used as the volume percent measured by an oxygen paramagnetic analyzer (if present)
or as the volume percent calculated in accordance with the equations given in Annex A2 (if the system described in 6.3.2 is used).

12.1.3 Ensure that the test chimney is vertical (see Fig. 1). Verify that the temperature at the lower end of the chimney is at least
23 6 2°C.
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12.1.4 Mount a specimen vertically in the center of the chimney so that the top of the specimen is at least 100 mm below the open
top of the chimney and the lowest exposed part of the specimen is at least 100 mm above the top of the gas distribution device
at the base of the chimney (see Fig. 1 or Fig. 2, as appropriate, for guidance).
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12.1.5 Set the gas mixing and flow controls so that an oxygen/nitrogen mixture at 23 6 2°C, containing the desired concentration
of oxygen, is flowing through the chimney at a rate 40 6 2 mm/s. Let the gas flow purge the chimney for at least 30 s prior to
ignition of each specimen, and maintain the flow without
ASTMchange during ignition and combustion of each specimen.
D2863-23
12.1.6[Link]
For specimen Types I, II, III, IV, and VI, use top surface ignition, as described in 12.1.8.

12.1.7 For tests on materials that exhibit steady burning and spread of combustion in oxygen concentrations at, or close to, their

TABLE 3 Determination of k
1 2 3 4 5 6
Responses for the Last Five Values of k for which the first NL determinations are: Responses for the Last Five
Measurements (a) O OO OOO OOOO MeasurementsA
XOOOO −0.55 −0.55 −0.55 −0.55 OXXXX
XOOOX −1.25 −1.25 −1.25 −1.25 OXXXO
XOOXO 0.37 0.38 0.38 0.38 OXXOX
XOOXX −0.17 −0.14 −0.14 −0.14 OXXOO
XOXOO 0.02 0.04 0.04 0.04 OXOXX
XOXOX −0.50 −0.46 −0.45 −0.45 OXOXO
XOXXO 1.17 1.24 1.25 1.25 OXOOX
XOXXX 0.61 0.73 0.76 0.76 OXOOO
XXOOO −0.30 −0.27 −0.26 −0.26 OOXXX
XXOOX −0.83 −0.76 −0.75 −0.75 OOXXO
XXOXO 0.83 0.94 0.95 0.95 OOXOX
XXOXX 0.30 0.46 0.50 0.50 OOXOO
XXXOO 0.50 0.65 0.68 0.68 OOOXX
XXXOX −0.04 0.19 0.24 0.25 OOOXO
XXXXO 1.60 1.92 2.00 2.01 OOOOX
XXXXX 0.89 1.33 1.47 1.50 OOOOO
A
Values of k for which the first NL determinations are (b) X, XX, XXX, and XXXX are as given in Table 3 opposite the appropriate response in Column 6, but with the sign
of k reversed, that is: OI = CF − kd (see 13.1).

10