ADVANCE DATA ANALYSIS I, II

Submitted To

Dr. Mafia Shahzadi

Submitted By

Madiha Gohar (31143)

MS Clinical Psychology

2nd Semester

DEPARMENT OF CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGYRIPHAH

INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY, FAISALABAD
CAMPUS
Advance Data Analysis II

What is title of the given research paper?

Mental health as perceived by persons with mental disorders – an

interpretative phenomenological analysis study.

What type of research is it? Name the Research paradigm?

Type of Research: Qualitative.

Research Paradigm: Interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA)

What is/are the name(s) of the authors (Maximum 3)?

Nina Helen Mjøsund, Monica Eriksson, Irene Norheim.

What is name of the journal? What is worth of this journal?

Journal Name: International Journal of Mental Health Promotion.

Worth of the Journal: The journal is reputable and widely cited in mental health research,

indicating its significance in the field.

Write name of study variables involved in this paper and write type of each variable.

Perceived Mental Health.

Domains Influencing Mental Health: Emotional, Physical, Social, and Spiritual domains

(Categorical variables described through qualitative analysis).

Mention the Population and defend the Sample size. What is data collection method?

Population: Adults with severe mental disorders and inpatient experiences in Norway.

Sample Size: 12 participants purposively selected to capture diverse lived experiences. This is

typical for qualitative studies aiming for depth rather than breadth.

Data Collection Method: In-depth, face-to-face interviews lasting 50–120 minutes each.

Make and Discuss Figure 1.

In figure 1 represents how the researchers moved from descriptive comments on individual

cases to emergent themes, facilitating an in-depth understanding of each participant’s lived

experiences.

Make and Discuss Figure 2.

The figure highlights a systematic approach to compare and merge themes, ultimately

linking these into broader insights.

Make and Discuss Figures 3-6.

Figure 3: Holistic illustration of perceived mental health, emphasizing the integration of

emotional, physical, social, and spiritual domains.

 Figure 4: Mental health depicted as a staircase, symbolizing upward and downward movement

reflecting the dynamic nature of mental health.

Figure 5: Illustration of the interconnected domains influencing mental health.
Figure 6: Representation of a "sense of energy" as a core underpinning factor for mental health

across domains.

What are Findings of this research?

 Perceived mental health is dynamic, experienced as a movement up and down a staircase.

 Mental health is holistic, nourished by emotional, physical, social, and spiritual domains.

 A sense of energy underpins all experiences of mental health, influencing daily life and

activities.

 Participants used both verbal and non-verbal expressions to communicate their mental

health states.
  The study emphasizes the interconnectedness of life domains and highlights the

importance of individual perspectives in mental health promotion strategies.

ADVANCE DATA ANALYSIS I

Introduction to Discriminant Analysis

The original dichotomous discriminant analysis was developed by Sir Ronald Fisher in 1936.

• Discriminant Analysis is a Dependence technique.

•Discriminant Analysis is used to predict group membership.

• This technique is used to classify individuals/objects into one of alternative groups on the basis

of a set of predictor variables (Independent variables) .

• The dependent variable in discriminant analysis is categorical and on a nominal scale, whereas

the independent variables are either interval or ratio scale in nature.

• Whenthere are two groups (categories) of dependent variable,it is a case of two group

discriminant analysis.

• When there are more than two groups (categories) of dependent variable, it is a case of multiple

discriminant analysis.

Discriminant Analysis is applicable in situations in which the total sample can be divided into

groups based on a non-metric dependent variable.

• Example:- male-female- high-medium-low

• The primary objective of multiple discriminant analysis are to understand group differences and

to predict the likelihood that an entity (individual or object) will belong to a particular class or

group based on several independent variables.

Objectives

 Development of discriminate functions.

 Examination of whether significant differences exist among the groups, in terms of the

predictor variables.

 Determination of which predictor variables contribute to most of the intergroup

differences.

 Evaluation of the accuracy of classification.

Assumptions of Discriminant Analysis

 The observations are a random sample.

 Each predictor variable is normally distributed.

 Each of the allocations for the dependent categories in the initial classification are

correctly classified;

 There must be at least two groups or categories, with each case belonging to only one

group so that the groups are mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive (all cases can

be placed in a group).

 Each group or category must be well defined, clearly differentiated from any other

group(s) and natural. Putting a median split on an attitude scale is not a natural way to
 form groups. Partitioning quantitative variables is only justifiable if there are easily

identifiable gaps at the points of division; for instance, three groups taking three available

levels of amounts of housing loan.

 The groups or categories should be defined before collecting the data.

 The attribute(s) used to separate the groups should discriminate quite clearly between

the groups so that group or category overlap is clearly non-existent or minimal.

 Group sizes of the dependent should not be grossly different and should be at least five

time the number of independent variables.

Stepwise Discriminant Analysis.

1. 1 Click Analyze >> Classify >> Discriminant.

2. 2 Select grouping variable and transfer to Grouping Variable box. Then click Define

Range button and enter the lowest and highest codes for your grouping variable define

range.

3. 3 Click Continue then select predictors and enter into Independents box. Then click on

Use Stepwise Methods. This is the important difference from the previous example.

4. 4 Statistics >> Means, Univariate Anovas, Box’s M, Unstandardized and Within Groups

Correlation.

5. 5 Click Classify. Select Compute From Group Sizes, Summary Table, Leave One Out

Classification, Within Groups, and all Plots.

6. 6 Continue >> Save and select Predicted Group Membership and Discriminant Scores.

7. 7 OK
 8.

Interpretation

Stepwise statistics tables shows that four steps were taken, with each one including another

variable and therefore these four were included in the Variables in the Analysis and Wilks

Lambda tables because each was adding some predictive power to the function. In some stepwise

analyses only the first one or two steps might be taken, even though there are more variables,

because succeeding additional variables are not adding to the predictive power of the

discriminant function

Wilks’ lambda table reveals that all the predictors add some predictive power to the discriminant

function as all are signifi cant with p < .000. The remaining tables providing the discriminant

function coeffi cients, structure matrix, group centroids and the classifi cation are the same as

above.

Applications of Discriminant Analysis in Psychology

In psychology, discriminant analysis is primarily used to identify which psychological variables

best differentiate between distinct groups of individuals, allowing researchers to classify

individuals into specific categories based on their scores on a set of predictor variables, such as

diagnosing clinical disorders, predicting academic performance, or identifying personality types

within a population.

Key applications of discriminant analysis in psychology include:

Clinical Psychology:
Diagnosing mental disorders: Differentiating between patients with different mental health diagnoses

like depression, anxiety, or PTSD based on their symptom profiles.

Treatment outcome prediction: Identifying which factors predict successful treatment outcomes in

specific therapies.

Developmental Psychology:

Identifying developmental delays: Distinguishing between children with typical development and

those with developmental delays based on cognitive and behavioral assessments.

Studying developmental trajectories: Examining how different factors influence developmental

pathways across different groups.

Personality Psychology:

Personality type classification: Categorizing individuals into different personality types based on

their scores on personality questionnaires.

Predicting behavior: Identifying which personality traits are most likely to predict specific behaviors

in different situations.

Social Psychology:

Group membership prediction: Determining which social factors contribute to an individual's group

affiliation (e.g., political party, social class).

Attitudes and beliefs research: Identifying which attitudes and beliefs best differentiate between

different social groups.

Educational Psychology:
Academic achievement prediction: Identifying factors that contribute to student success or failure in

a particular subject.

Student placement decisions: Classifying students into appropriate learning programs based on their

academic strengths and weaknesses.

Important points about using discriminant analysis in psychology:

Categorical dependent variable:

The key feature of discriminant analysis is that the variable you are trying to predict

(dependent variable) must be categorical, meaning it represents distinct groups.

Multiple predictor variables:

The analysis can consider multiple continuous variables simultaneously to identify the most

significant factors differentiating between groups.

Interpretation of discriminant functions:

The resulting discriminant functions represent linear combinations of the predictor variables

that best discriminate between the groups, allowing researchers to understand which factors

contribute most to the classification.

References

Agresti, A. 1996. An Introduction to Categorical Data Analysis. John Wiley and Sons
Blalock, H. M., Jr.(1979)Social Statistics. New York: McGraw-Hill. Cooley, W. W. and P.

[Link](1971)Multivariate Data Analysis. New York: John Wiley. Dixon, W. J. [Ed.]

(1973)BMD: Biomedical Programs. Berkeley: University of California Press.