GENERAL PHYSICS

Motion, Forces and Energy

Chapter 01

By: Safwan Ahmed

OBJECTIVES
CHAPTER 1: MOTION, FORCES AND ENERGY
1.1 Physical Quantities and 1.5.3 Centre of gravity
Measurement techniques 1.6 Momentum
1.2 Motion 1.7 Energy, Power and Work
1.3 Mass and weight 1.7.1 Energy
1.4 Density 1.7.2 Work
1.5 Forces 1.7.3 Energy Resources
1.5.1 Effects of forces 1.7.4 Power
1.5.2 Turning effect of forces 1.8 Pressure
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 1.1 PHYSICAL QUANTITIES AND MEASUREMENT
TECHNIQUES
In physics, various instruments are employed for
different types of measurements.
Measuring Length
• The metre rule measures distances in centimetres (cm) and
millimeters (mm)
• A tape measure is used for longer distances.
• Maintain a 90 degrees line of sight to avoid parallax error.
• A trundle wheel is used to measure lengths of tens of metres
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Physics-0625
Measuring Volume
• A measuring cylinder measures liquid volume and
volume changes for irregular shaped objects.
• Measure from the bottom of the meniscus.
• To measure the volume of a regular object you will
need to know the formula and several of its
length. For e.g., to measure the volume of a solid
box, you’ll need its height x length x width.
• To measure the volume of an irregular object you
put the object in a measuring cylinder with water
and measure the rise in water. The rise in water is
the volume of the object.
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Measuring Time
• Time is measured using clocks or watches.
• The SI unit for time is in seconds.
• Human reaction time, typically 0.25 seconds for an alert
person.
• It is crucial when measuring short time intervals, as it can
significantly affect the accuracy of measurements.
• You can increase the accuracy for measuring any object by
taking an average value.
• For e.g., to measure the period of a pendulum, you can take
the time it takes to complete ten cycles instead of one and
dividing the time by ten.
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Physics-0625
Multiple Readings
• Multiple readings of measurements are often taken
to reduce the impact of measurement errors
• Finding the Thickness of Paper 1 Measure the
thickness of 100 sheets of paper.
• Dividing your answer by 100 will then give an
accurate figure for one sheet

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Micrometer Screw Gauge
• A micrometre screw gauge is a tool used for measuring
small widths, thickness, or diameters.
• It has a resolution of 0.01 mm
• A micrometre is made up of two scales:
o main scale – this is on the sleeve (sometimes called the
barrel
o the thimble scale – this is a rotating scale on the thimble.
• The value measured from the micrometre is read where the
thimble scale aligns with the main scale.

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System International (SI) Units

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 Scalars Vectors
It has both magnitude and
It has magnitude only
direction
Example of scalars include Example of vectors include
distance, time, speed and distance, velocity,
mass, energy, volume, acceleration and force,
density, temperature, weight, momentum,
power. electric field strength.
Vectors can be added
Scalars can be added by
using triangle or
normal addition.
parallelogram method.
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Triangular Method Parallelogram
Method
Triangular Method
If forces P and Q are acting at right angles to each other from a
point:
Calculate the magnitude by using Pythagoras theorem.
R=

Direction of Vector: R
Q
0 = tan-1 (Q/P) 0
P
Differentiate Distance and Displacement
1.2. Motion
Speed: the distance Velocity: the displacement
travelled per unit of time. travelled per unit of time.
OR Rate of change in OR Rate of change in
distance. displacement.
Speed is a scalar quantity Velocity is a vector quantity
Formula Formula
v = distance/time v = displacement/time
v = d/t v = s/t
Where: Where:
• v is speed (m/s) • v is velocity (m/s)
• d is distance (m) • s is displacement (m)
• t is time (s) • t is time (s)
1.2. Motion
Average Speed: the total distance travelled per
total time taken.

Formula
vavg = Total distance/total time
Where:
• v is speed (m/s)
• s is displacement (m)
• t is time (s)
 For a displacement-time graph, the
1.2. Motion gradient represents the velocity.
Displacement-Time Graphs
Displacement
 For a velocity-time graph, the gradient
1.2. Motion represents the acceleration. While area
Velocity-Time Graphs under the curve represent displacement.
1.2. Motion
Acceleration: the change in velocity per unit of time.
OR Rate of change in velocity.
It is a vector quantity
NOTE:
Formula Deceleration
is the same
Where: as Negative
• a is acceleration (m/s2) Acceleration.
• v is final velocity (m/s)
Δv = Change in velocity
• u is initial velocity (m/s)
Δv = final velocity – initial velocity
• Δt is change in time (s) Δv = v-u
Worked Example:
A car starts from rest and accelerates at a
constant acceleration of 3m/s2 for 10

V (m/s)
a = 3 m/s2
seconds. The car then travels at a constant
velocity for 5 seconds. The brakes are then
10 s 15 s20 s
applied and the car stops in 5 seconds. t (s)

What is the total distance travelled by the

car? Total distance = 47.7+23.85+47.7=
119.25 m
Area Under the Curves
Free Falling Motion
• It is a motion under gravitational force as the only force
acting on the moving object.
• It has no air resistance.
• The acceleration of a free-falling object is always
constant.
• On the surface of the earth, the acceleration due to
gravity, g is equal to 9.8ms-2
Terminal Velocity
• In reality objects are slowed
by air resistance.
• Once air resistance is equal
to the force of gravity, the
object stops accelerating.
The object is said to have
reached terminal velocity.
Terminal Velocity
1.3 MASS AND WEIGHT
Mass: Weight:
• It is a measure of amount of • It is a force of gravity acting
matter in an object at rest. on an object.
• It is a scalar quantity. • It is a vector quantity.
• Its S.I unit is 'kilograms (kg)'. • Its S.I unit is 'Newton (N)'.
• Universally, it remains • Universally, it does not remain
unchanged. same.
• It can be calculated by the • It can be calculated by the
formula: m = W/g formula: W = mg
1.3 MASS AND WEIGHT (Contd.)
Gravitational Field Strength:
• It is defined as force per unit mass.
• G.F.S is formulated as:
g = W/m
• It is equivalent to acceleration of free fall.
• Weight and mass can be compared by using balance.
The weight of an object is the effect of a gravitational field
on its mass.
1.4 Density
• It is defined as mass per unit volume.
• It is formulated as:
= m/V
• Where = Density
Sinking
m = mass Phenomenon
V = volume
More denser objects will sink.
• S.I unit of density is kg/m3 Less denser objects will float.
With this equation, you can determine the density of a liquid, of a
regularly shaped solid.
1.4 Density
For Irregular Shaped Objects
• Use a balance to measure the mass of the object.
• Find the volume using the water displacement method.
1.5 Forces
1.5.1 Effects
Effects of Foces
Forces
• A force is an agent which changes or tends to change the state,
shape and size of the body.
• Its S.I unit is Newton (N)

Contact force Electrostatic Force

Weight
Friction Forces Magnetic Force

Driving Force
Drag

Air resistance
 Balanced Forces
• When forces have equal magnitude but opposite
direction, they cancel out each other's effect. Resultant
force is zero here and object continues being in its state.
 Unbalanced Forces
• When forces have unequal magnitude but opposite
direction, they do not cancel out each other's effect.
Resultant force is not zero here and object changes its
state.
 Newton's 1st Law of Motion
An object continues being in its state until it
experiences unbalanced force.
➢ First law of motion follows balanced forces concept.

Inertia
➢ It is the property of matter/ object which maintains the
state of the object.
Newton's 2nd Law of Motion
Acceleration is inversely proportional to the mass
of an object and directly proportional to the
resultant force.
➢ First law of motion follows balanced forces
concept.
Newton's 3rd Law of Motion
Every action there is an equal but opposite reaction.

F1 = -F2
EFFECTS OF FORCES
❑ Circular Motion
oAn object in a circular orbit
constantly accelerates due to its
changing direction, without moving
closer to the center.
Centripetal Force: Centripetal force
keeps circular motion; if released, the ball
moves tangentially per Newton’s first law.
Centrifugal Force: Centrifugal force, the
outward reaction to centripetal force,
explains why a slingshot moves outward
when spun, as per Newton’s third law.
Friction Advantages
• Force against the motion of the
body is said to be friction. • It helps us to walk.
• Vehicles stop due to friction.
It can be:
• It helps us to write.
• Solid friction (found between two
solid surfaces) Disadvantages
• Friction (Drag) found in • It produces heating effect.
o Liquids (drag)
• Decreases efficiency.
o Gases (like air resistance)
• Causes wear and tear.
 HOOKE'S LAW
Springs extend in proportion to loads, as long as
they are under their proportional limit.
Spring Constant
It is defined as load (force) per unit extension.
k = F/x
Where,
• F is the load (N)
• x is the extension (m, cm, mm)
• k is the spring constant (N/m, N/cm, N/mm)
Limit of proportionality:
• Point and which load and extension
are no longer proportional.
Elastic limit:
• Point at which spring will not return to
its original shape even after the load
is removed.
1.5.2. Turning Effect of Force OR Moment of force
A measure of turning effect produced due to the force on an object.
perpendicular
Moment Force distance from
the pivot
S.I unit is Newton-meter (N-m)

Equilibrium
• State of an object when either it is stationary or moving with constant speed.

Conditions of Equilibrium 2nd Condition (Principle of

Moment)
1st Condition Equilibrium is achieved, when the
Equilibrium is achieved, when net net/ resultant moment on it is
force/ Resultant force on an object zero.
is zero. OR Total clockwise moment =
OR Sum of all the forces is zero. Total anticlockwise moment
1.5.3. Centre of Gravity (CG)
• The point where the whole weight of an object appears to act.
Centre of Mass
• The point where the total mass of an object is concentrated.
• In a uniform gravitational field,
centre of gravity = centre of mass
• For stability, the center of mass must align with the center of pressure.
• In symmetrical objects of uniform density, like a square, the center of mass is
at the point of symmetry.
• When suspended, an object will settle with its center of mass directly below
the pivot point.
• This principle helps find the center of mass in irregular shapes.
Conditions for the stability
Steps to find centre of Mass for irregular shaped
objects