RRL (REVIEW RELATED LITERATURE)

(CHUA-2020)
The Role of Design in Tourist Literature for Historical Engagement
Mico, Lopez, and Ramirez, in their 2020 research, looked at the contribution of design to the
deepening of historical connection for travelers who are at heritage sites. The research was
centered on the contribution of well-designed information materials like planners and guides
towards engaging tourists with the history of the location they are traveling to. The study
discovered that the inclusion of design elements that capture the cultural and historic value of a
place promotes greater understanding and more reflective visits. The researchers employed a
qualitative method where they applied surveys and interviews with visitors to determine the
effects of design on their engagement with historical content. They ascertained that well-
designed planners would enhance engagement by giving historic information in a readable
format. This research is important to the study because it validates the premise that a well-
designed planner would be able to increase historical participation in Intramuros. By
incorporating design that captures the cultural and historical significance of the site, the planner
would be able to make the tourists more aware and appreciative of the importance of the site.

Reference:
Mico, L., Lopez, J., & Ramirez, S. (2020). The importance of design in tourist materials for
historical engagement. Journal of Tourism and Cultural Heritage, 18(3), 222-237.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtch.2020.05.002

(ULLEGUE-2020)
Creative Tourism and Cultural Identity
Richards (2020) outlines how creative tourism promotes greater participation in local culture
through the capability of tourists to participate actively in cultural activities, contending that
merely presenting history is not adequate since tourists increasingly demand more profound and
meaningful encounters. He also points out that most cultural tourist destinations continue to
provide passive encounters where tourists sit back and simply watch without actively
participating. By using thematic analysis of tourism schemes in different nations, he underlined
the role of creative practice like workshops, journals, and experiential activities in developing a
better engagement with culture and history. Results showed that travelers participating in
creative pursuits had an enhanced relationship with culture and history, highlighting the
significance of creativity in bringing history to life. But a mentioned area of deficiency is that the
study was mostly conducted on live encounters, ignoring the potential of published tools; that is,
an imaginative history handbook could be used as a movable, interactive, and contemplative tool
for culture contact, particularly when tours or workshops are unavailable.

Reference:
Richards, G. (2020). Designing creative places: The role of creative tourism. Annals of Tourism
Research, 85, 102922. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2020.102922

(AGUILAR-2020)
Design of Augmented Reality Games for Philippine History
A research entitled "Igpaw: Intramuros—Design of an Augmented Reality Game for Philippine
History" investigated the creation of an AR game for teaching Philippine history to players in an
interactive way within Intramuros. The study focused on the problem of how to make learning
history appealing to young audiences. Applying a design-based research approach, the research
utilized iterative testing and feedback from users to improve the game's content and mechanics.
Findings showed that AR games were successful in enhancing historical awareness and interest
among players. However, the research was only conducted on gaming platforms, recommending
further investigation on other media like physical planners to engage with history.

Reference:
Sevilla, J., Vargas, S., & Sison, M. (2020). Igpaw: Intramuros—Design of an augmented reality
game for Philippine history. Academia.edu.
https://www.academia.edu/64661483/Igpaw_Intramuros_Design_of_an_Augmented_Reality_Ga
me_for_Philippine_History

(CHUA-2021)
Educational Instruments and Their Influence on Historical Tourism in Intramuros
Santos and Gomez examined in 2021 how educational equipment, such as historical planners and
interactive guides, enable travelers to better comprehend and appreciate the historical value of
Intramuros, a historic district in Manila. According to their study, if travelers are provided with
historical context through planners, they are able to relate to the history of the place more
effectively. The research employed a mixed-methods design that integrated quantitative
questionnaires to determine tourists' pre- and post-trip knowledge with qualitative interviews to
grasp their experiences. Findings indicated that tourists who employed educational planners were
more connected to the history of Intramuros. This research is most important to the research
because it emphasizes the significance of educational content within tourist brochures. It
proposes that a planner with a history-inspiration theme for Intramuros can be used as an
efficient learning tool, enhancing the historical involvement of tourists and allowing them to
better comprehend the rich history of the place.

Reference:
Santos, R., & Gomez, M. (2021). Educational tools and their impact on historical tourism in
Intramuros. Heritage and Tourism Review, 14(2), 128-145.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heritour.2021.06.004

(ULLEGUE-2021)
Interactive and Immersive Experiences in Cultural Tourism
Bai and Li (2021) examined how immersive and interactive experiences can enable tourists to
feel more engaged with cultural heritage sites, as most heritage sites still rely on basic methods
like text signage or static displays, which usually do not attract visitors or trigger emotional
investment. Conducting a qualitative study using interviews and observations in cultural sites
using technologies such as augmented reality and interactive storytelling, they discovered that
people were happier and more engaged when they could engage with the content or become a
part of the story, which made them understand and remember better historical information. But
there is still a gap in research since the study was on digital experiences and did not account for
low-tech, creative tools such as themed planners or interactive print materials—implying
potential for low-cost, printed tools such as history planners to provide immersive and reflective
engagement.

Reference:
Bai, H., & Li, G. (2021). Cultural heritage and tourist engagement: Investigating the role of
interactive and immersive experiences. Journal of Cultural Heritage Management and
Sustainable Development, 11(3), 315–328. https://doi.org/10.1108/JCHMSD-02-2020-0025
(ALIPIO-2021)
The day planner
Grossmann (2021) looked at the beginnings of the day planner in the early 20th century and how
it assisted ambitious men to be more productive and emotionally balanced. The article discusses
how emotions affect an individual's capacity to work effectively, remain focused, and
accomplish goals, contending that success hinged on the development of positive emotions such
as enthusiasm and confidence and the exclusion of negative emotions such as fear, sadness, and
hopelessness. Based on qualitative and historical examination of archival sources and
Grossmann's original user guide, the research translates how a mundane object such as a planner
may influence behavior, emotional control, and even social roles. The results indicate that
Grossmann did not create the planner as a mere scheduling device but as a tool to condition
people to be responsible, emotionally stable, and goal-oriented—attaching its use to enhanced
motivation, concentration, social performance, and even worth. The research, though, had a
narrow scope with emphasis on men from a certain cultural background and assumed
homogenous emotional reactions. There is still a crucial gap in the research regarding how
different groups of people—e.g., women or people of different backgrounds—utilize planners
now and whether emotional self-regulation using such devices would be different across
different populations.

Reference:
Grossmann, G. (2021). The day planner. https://www.history-of-emotions.mpg.de/texts/the-day-
planner

(AGUILAR-2021)
Social Media's Impact on Intramuros' Tourism Growth
Dellova et al. (2021) tested the role of social media on tourism development in Intramuros, based
on tourists from the National Capital Region. The purpose of the research was to assess the
influence of social media websites on advertising Intramuros as a destination. Using a descriptive
research method coupled with snowball sampling, 400 participants who were above the age of 18
and who had previously been to Intramuros were interviewed. Results showed that social media
makes an important contribution to tourism development as a place to conduct trip planning,
experience exchange, and provision of feedback. The study, however, did not address integration
of social media with tangible instruments such as planners to reinforce historical engagement as
one area requiring research.

Reference:
Dellova, D. A. C., Samoranos, A. M. D., Fernando, G. L. T., & Sambrano, D. C. S. (2021).
Social media and its effect on tourism growth in Intramuros as perceived by selected tourists in
the National Capital Region. RSF Conference Proceedings Series, 1(6), 135–143.
https://proceeding.researchsynergypress.com/index.php/rsfconferenceseries1/article/view/259

(AGUILAR-2021)
Implementation of Pre-Disaster Recovery Planning in Intramuros
Florentin et al. (2021) carried out a study on the application of pre-disaster recovery planning
workshops in Intramuros to enhance disaster preparedness and recovery of cultural heritage sites.
The study sought to monitor the current disaster management systems for cultural heritage in
Intramuros. Through workshops that engaged heritage professionals, disaster managers, and the
local community, the study proved the advantage of pre-disaster recovery planning in promoting
inclusive and effective recovery outcomes. Even though the research centered on disaster
management, it underlined the need for community participation in maintaining cultural heritage,
which might be applicable in creating history-inspired planners to involve tourists.

Reference:
Florentin, S. A., Gregorio, R. M., & Timbreza, F. A. (2021). Implementing a pre-disaster
recovery planning workshop in Intramuros, Manila. Ateneo de Manila University Faculty
Publications, 5. https://archium.ateneo.edu/fine-arts-faculty-pubs/5/

(CHUA-2022)
Mobile and Digital Devices for Facilitating Historical Engagement in Heritage Sites
In 2022, Alvarez and Fernandez investigated the application of digital tools, including mobile
applications and electronic planners, in the development of the historical experience of tourists in
cultural heritage locations. They examined how digital experience, in the form of interactive
planners with augmented reality capabilities, can develop engaging learning experiences for
tourists. Their study involved a comparison of paper planners and digital planners in Intramuros,
which revealed that digital tools greatly increased engagement through real-time access to
historical facts and features. The research used a mixed-methods strategy with both quantitative
usage data from the apps and qualitative surveys of tourists. It revealed that digital tools not only
deepened historical awareness but gave a more interactive experience. This research is
particularly pertinent to our study, as it discusses the inclusion of digital components in an
Intramuros planner to boost tourist interaction through interactive and immersive elements to
achieve a more dynamic and engaging historical experience.

Reference:
Alvarez, J., & Fernandez, S. (2022). Mobile and digital tools for enhancing historical
engagement in heritage sites. International Journal of Tourism Innovation, 9(4), 311-329.
https://doi.org/10.1080/01433857.2022.2065893

(CHUA-2023)
Participatory Design and Historical Interaction in Intramuros
Rivera and Tan, in 2023, carried out a study on participatory design methods in developing
historical planners for heritage tourism. The researchers worked with local historians, tourists,
and designers to develop a planner that was true to the history of Intramuros but also easy to use
and interesting for tourists. They discovered that engaging the local community and tourists in
the design process yielded a more significant and culturally appropriate product. This study
employed participatory design techniques, whereby focus groups and observational studies
offered insights into how tourists engaged with historical information. The study additionally
examined the influence of these planners on tourists' engagement with history through both
qualitative interviews and observational data. The findings highlighted the role of the local in
developing instructional tools that effectively convey historical information. This research is
directly related to our study by highlighting the importance of engaging local communities and
tourists in the planning process. Making sure that the planner is representative of the cultural
heritage of Intramuros will make it more relevant and interesting to visitors, enhancing their
historical involvement.

Reference:
Rivera, T., & Tan, V. (2023). Participatory design and historical engagement in Intramuros.
Journal of Heritage Tourism Design, 11(1), 75-88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhtd.2023.01.007\

(ULLEGUE-2023)
Youth Engagement with Cultural Heritage
Santos and David (2023) researched how young tourists, particularly students and millennials,
interact with cultural and historical attractions and concluded that most find conventional guided
tours dull and look for fun, creative, or personalized ways of learning history. Employing a
mixed-method approach involving online questionnaires and on-location observations at heritage
sites, the researchers also tested the effect of creative souvenirs and theme notebooks on youth
participation. The results showed that young travelers enjoyed tools that enabled them to write,
think, and engage with historical material, with products such as travel diaries facilitating
increased interest in cultural discovery. They did identify a research gap, though, in that while
such tools were recognized as beneficial, there existed no tested or developed specific designs—
such as history planners—that utilized the model. That hints at future potential for research and
innovation in developing ways in which such tools might be beneficial for younger markets,
including children.

Reference:
Santos, M., & David, R. (2023). Engaging the next generation: Cultural heritage interpretation
for youth travelers. Journal of Heritage Tourism, 18(1), 75–89.
https://doi.org/10.1080/1743873X.2022.2129990

(ULLEGUE-2023)
Youth Engagement with Cultural Heritage
Santos and David (2023) investigated how younger travelers, especially students and millennials,
interact with cultural and historical attractions, discovering that most consider the traditional
guided tour to be boring and prefer more innovative, personalized forms of education. Using a
mixed-method design that integrated online questionnaires with on-location observations, the
researchers also looked at the effect of innovative souvenirs and themed notebooks on tourist
engagement. Their research indicated that young travelers appreciated tools enabling them to
write, reflect, and engage with historical material, travel journals, in particular, heightening their
desire to visit cultural heritage sites. A gap exists in the literature, though, because while the
study recognized the value of such tools, it did not examine the design and efficacy of particular
products such as history-themed planners. This presents possibilities for more research and
innovation aimed at creating and testing such tools for youth audiences.

Reference:
Santos, M., & David, R. (2023). Engaging the next generation: Cultural heritage interpretation
for youth travelers. Journal of Heritage Tourism, 18(1), 75–89.
https://doi.org/10.1080/1743873X.2022.2129990
(ALIPIO-2023)
History of Calendars and Planners
GAPSSG (2023) examines the history of calendars and personal planners as devices created to
meet society's increasing demand for efficient time management and goal setting. The article
emphasizes how personal planners gained popularity as people looked for practical tools to
remain organized, keep track of deadlines, and minimize stress, providing a portable and
centralized means of organizing daily life. Although it is not a formally researched piece, the
article seems to take its findings from historical analysis and observational wisdom, and it is
evident that the employment of planners resulted in enhanced organization, greater task
prioritization, and heightened productivity. It highlights that planners provided a perception of
control and flexibility, enabling individuals to adjust to changing schedules and duties. But one
such research gap is noted in the absence of comparative studies between conventional paper
planners and contemporary digital planner apps, particularly in terms of their efficacy among
different age groups or occupations. More research needs to be conducted to see how different
planning tools—digital or physical—affect productivity and mental well-being in the long term.

Reference:
GAPSSG. (18 November 2023). *History of calendars and planners*. GlobalAsiaPrintings.com.
https://globalasiaprintings.com/blog/history-of-calendars-and-planners/

(AGUILAR-2023)
Integration of Augmented and Virtual Reality in Cultural Tourism
Zandi (2023) explored how augmented reality (AR) and virtual reality (VR) technologies could
be employed to rejuvenate the cultural heritage of the Silk Road, with a focus on Kermanshah in
Iran. The research sought to evaluate how AR and VR together with human-computer interaction
(HCI) might preserve, interpret, and present tangible and intangible cultural elements. Based on
qualitative analysis through case studies and user feedback, the study revealed that immersive
technologies greatly improved visitors' experiences through interactive and engaging
storytelling. Nevertheless, the study was mostly based on digital interventions, with no clear
answer about the effectiveness of non-digital, traditional tools in cultural tourism.

Reference:
Zandi, D. (2023). The role of virtual and augmented reality in revitalizing the cultural heritage of
the Silk Road: A case study of Kermanshah, Iran. arXiv. https://arxiv.org/abs/2304.10545

(ALIPIO-2023)
Participatory Design and Historical Engagement in Intramuros
Rivera and Tan (2023) investigated the work of participatory design in stimulating the historical
tourist engagement at sites of heritage, with a case study of Intramuros, Manila. It was their
endeavor to learn the ways in which engaging both locals and tourists during the development of
historical planners can result in higher engagement with cultural heritage at the site. They used a
participatory design approach, which was augmented with focus group interviews and
observational research, to learn how tourists engage with historical information. The authors
discovered that engaging the local community in the design process resulted in a culturally
responsive and easier-to-use product, which made the tourists feel more engaged with
Intramuros' history. The findings highlighted that when planners are developed with participation
from the local community and tourists, they not only function as organizational tools but also as
devices for enhanced historical immersion. The research, though, pointed out the gap in research
concerning how various design aspects in planners (e.g., aesthetics, structure of content) affect
tourists' emotional and cognitive experiences of history specifically. Additional research might
investigate how different design elements affect users' learning and enjoyment at heritage sites.

Reference:
Rivera, T., & Tan, V. (2023). Participatory design and historical engagement in Intramuros.
Journal of Heritage Tourism Design, 11(1), 75–88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhtd.2023.01.007

(ALIPIO-2024)
Planner history
Leddy (2024) debated the individual and historical development of planners, as they were more
in the past historically used in the manner of a diary to record what was, and were only in the
20th century employed to help plan and prepare for tasks and control time. Employing an
observational and autobiographical narrative strategy, Leddy recounted a real-life event
involving the buying of a flawed planner—lack of sixteen days—and the trouble in returning it
by way of a third party vendor. This anecdote points to a disconnect between customer
expectations and firm policies, as well as highlighting the importance of small design elements
like page structure, paper quality, and font size in determining user satisfaction. While not a
research study, the article provides useful insights into the real-world difficulties individuals
experience when choosing planners and the emotional effect of bad design. The gap in existing
research observed is the absence of user-based studies that investigate how planner design,
accessibility, and layout impact emotional experiences, satisfaction, and productivity. There is an
unmistakable need for more in-depth research on how individuals really use planners and what
features facilitate self-regulation and goal setting.

Reference:
Leddy, M. (January 12, 2024). Planner history. Orange Crate Art.
https://mleddy.blogspot.com/2024/01/planner-history.html