Complete English Grammar Reference
1. Types of Sentences (by Structure)
Simple Sentence - One independent clause (e.g., She reads books.)
Compound Sentence - Two or more independent clauses (e.g., She reads, and he writes.)
Complex Sentence - One independent + one or more dependent clauses (e.g., She reads because she loves learning.)
Compound-Complex Sentence - Two or more independent + at least one dependent clause (e.g., She reads, and he
writes because he has an assignment.)
2. Types of Sentences (by Purpose)
Declarative - Makes a statement (e.g., I am a student.)
Interrogative - Asks a question (e.g., Are you okay?)
Imperative - Gives a command or request (e.g., Please sit down.)
Exclamatory - Expresses emotion (e.g., What a beautiful day!)
3. Parts of Speech (Word Types)
Noun - Person, place, thing, or idea (e.g., book, doctor, school)
Pronoun - Replaces a noun (e.g., he, she, it, they)
Verb - Shows action or state (e.g., run, is, eat)
Adjective - Describes a noun (e.g., big, red, beautiful)
Adverb - Describes a verb, adjective, or adverb (e.g., quickly, very, often)
Preposition - Shows position, direction, or time (e.g., in, on, at)
Conjunction - Connects words or clauses (e.g., and, but, because)
Interjection - Shows sudden emotion (e.g., wow!, oh!, hey!)
Determiner - Introduces a noun (e.g., a, an, the)
4. Clause Types
Independent Clause - A complete sentence (e.g., I like pizza.)
Dependent Clause - Incomplete, needs an independent clause (e.g., because I was tired)
Relative Clause - Begins with who, which, that (e.g., The man who called you is here.)
Noun Clause - Acts like a noun (e.g., What you said was true.)
Complete English Grammar Reference
Adverbial Clause - Acts like an adverb (e.g., I'll go if it doesn't rain.)
5. Phrase Types
Noun Phrase - Includes a noun and its modifiers (e.g., the big red balloon)
Verb Phrase - Main verb + helping verbs (e.g., has been running)
Adjective Phrase - Group of words describing a noun (e.g., full of energy)
Adverbial Phrase - Group of words acting as an adverb (e.g., in a hurry)
Prepositional Phrase - Begins with a preposition (e.g., under the table)
6. Tense Categories
Present Simple - I study.
Present Continuous - I am studying.
Past Simple - I studied.
Past Continuous - I was studying.
Present Perfect - I have studied.
Past Perfect - I had studied.
Future Simple - I will study.
Future Perfect - I will have studied.
7. Other Useful Grammar Terms
Subject - What or who the sentence is about
Predicate - What the subject does or is
Object - The noun affected by the verb
Direct Object - Receives the action directly
Indirect Object - Receives the action indirectly
Auxiliary Verb - Helping verb (is, have, will)
Modal Verb - Expresses ability, possibility, etc. (can, may, must)
Gerund - Verb + -ing used as noun (e.g., Swimming is fun.)
Infinitive - to + base verb (e.g., to run, to eat)
Complete English Grammar Reference
Article - a, an, the
Voice - Active or Passive
Mood - Indicative, imperative, subjunctive
Narration - Direct and Indirect speech
