Chapter 4

PRESENTATION, INTERPRETATION, AND ANALYSIS OF DATA

This chapter presents the presentation, interpretation and analysis of data necessary in the

social media and psychological impact among teenagers.

1. Demographic Profile of the Respondents

Table 2 presents the frequency (f) and percentage (%) distribution of the demographic
profile of the respondents.

Frequency Percent
Variables Description
(150) (100%)
Gender Male 65 43.3%
Female 85 56.7%
Age 12 - 15 67 44.7%
16 - 19 83 55.3%
Grade/Year Level Grade 7 24 16.0%
Grade 8 4 2.7%
Grade 9 32 21.3%
Grade 10 14 9.3%
Grade 11 27 18.0%
Grade 12 32 21.3%
1st Year 11 7.3%
College
2nd year 6 4.0%
College

Table 2. The Frequency and Percentage Distributions of the Demographic Profile of the
Respondents

In Table 1, 65 out of 150 respondents (43.3%) were male, and 85 out of 150 respondents
(56.7%) were females, participated in the study. In the age of respondents, 67 of the teenagers
who participated in the research were under age 12 to 15 years old and 83 of the teenagers were
age 16 to 19 years old. Based on the findings, most of the respondents ages 16 to 19 years old
were using social media. In the grade/year level, Grades 9 and 12 had the most frequent number
of respondents with 32 (21.3%). The Grade 8 respondents had the lowest number of responses
with 4 (2.7%) All the respondents were currently enrolled.

2. Social media platforms engagement of the respondents

The figure below shows the frequency and percentage distribution of different social
media application engagement of the respondents.

Figure: Frequency and Percentage Distribution of Different Social Media Application

Engagement of the Respondents.
Based on the findings, most of the respondents were engaged in Facebook with 137
respondents (91.3%) followed by Messenger with 125 respondents (83.3%). Most of the
respondents got the lowest engagement in social media applications like MS teams, Tiktok,
Telegram, Pinterest, Litmatch, and artfolapp falls into 0.7%.

3. Social media platform exposure of the respondents

Table 3 shows the frequency of social media platforms according to the number of hours
exposure of the respondents.
 Number of hours exposure
Social Media More
Applications 1-2 hours 3-4 hours 4-6 hours 7-8 hours than 8 Total
hours

Facebook 35 42 17 16 27 137

Twitter 5 11 3 6 15 40

Instagram 11 21 9 7 22 70

Messenger 34 33 17 14 27 125
Youtube 20 18 10 10 18 76
Google Meet 12 14 13 6 13 58
Zoom 4 6 2 1 6 19
Webex 2 2 0 2 0 2
Tiktok 1 1 3 3 1 5
MS Teams 0 0 0 1 0 1
Telegram 0 0 0 1 1 2
Pinterest 0 1 0 0 1 2
Litmatch 0 0 0 0 1 1
Artfolapp 0 1 0 0 0 1
Total 124 150 74 67 132 540

Table 3. The Frequency of Social Media Platforms According to the Number of Hours Exposure
of the Respondents.

Based on the findings, most of the respondents were exposed in Facebook and Messenger
with the total of 137 and 125 respondents, respectively. They got the highest number of hours
exposure in Facebook and Messenger from 1 to 4 hours with 77 and 67 respondents,
respectively. They were also exposed in Instagram and YouTube. Twenty-two respondents had
using Instagram for more than 8 hours exposure. In YouTube, they got the highest frequent
number of respondents around 1 to 4 hours exposure. The other social media apps got the lowest
number of hours exposure like Webex, TikTok, MS Teams, Telegram, Pinterest, Litmatch, and
Artfolapp. Three to four hours were the greatest number of hours exposure of the respondents in
the social media apps with the total of 150 respondents. The respondents were also engaged in
social media apps for more than 8 hours with 132 respondents. Table 4 shows the frequency
usage of social media of the respondents.
 Frequency Usage of the Social Media
Total
Never Seldom Sometimes Everyday
Sex Female Count 0 1 15 69 85
% of Total 0.0% 0.7% 10.0% 46.0% 56.7%
Male Count 0 0 23 42 65
% of Total 0.0% 0.0% 15.3% 28.0% 43.3%
Count 0 1 38 111 150
Total
% of Total 0.0% 0.7% 25.3% 74.0% 100.0%

Table 4. The Frequency Usage of Social Media of the Respondents

Based on the findings, the female respondents had the most frequent number of everyday
usages of social media with 69 respondents (46.0%) followed by the male respondents with 42
respondents (28.0%). In total, the 111 respondents (74.0%) had using social media every day. All
the respondents were using social media.

4. The relationship between the frequency usage of social media and different mental
health issues in terms of positive mental health and depression.

Table 5 shows the mean scores and standard deviation of frequency usage of
social media and mental health issues in terms of positive mental health and depression
of the respondents.

Frequency Usage of Social Media and Positive Mental Health

Questionnaire Indicator Mean Std. Deviation

1. Social media exposure affect my

3.57 1.06
mental health or emotional health.

2. Social media affect my behavior. 3.27 1.15

3. I think it is very important to use

3.91 0.81
social media.
4. I think I can live without social
3.34 1.07
media.

5. Because of social media I am a good

3.22 1.06
person and I live a good life.

6. Social media helps me to be

3.59 0.94
optimistic about my future.

7. People respect me because of my

2.75 1.26
social life.

Total 3.38 0.52

Frequency Usage of Social Media and Depression

Questionnaire Indicator Mean Std. Deviation

1. Over the last 2 weeks, how often have 2.31 .96

you been bothered by any of the
following problems? [Little interest
or pleasure in doing things]
2. Over the last 2 weeks, how often have 2.20 1.05
you been bothered by any of the
following problems? [Feeling down,
depressed or hopeless]
3. Over the last 2 weeks, how often have 2.53 1.06
you been bothered by any of the
following problems? [Feeling tired
or having little energy]
4. Over the last 2 weeks, how often have 2.27 1.07
you been bothered by any of the
following problems? [Feeling bad
about yourself—or that you are a
failure or have let yourself or your
family down]
 5. Over the last 2 weeks, how often have 1.89 1.07
you been bothered by any of the
following problems? [Thoughts that
you would be better off dead or of
hurting yourself in some way]
6. Over the last 2 weeks, how often have 2.39 1.13
you been bothered by any of the
following problems? [Trouble falling
or staying asleep, or sleeping too
much]
7. Over the last 2 weeks, how often have 2.13 1.10
you been bothered by any of the
following problems? [Poor appetite
or overeating]
Total 2.25 0.75

Table 5. The Mean and Standard Deviation of Frequency of Usage of Social Media and Mental
Health Issues in Terms of Positive Mental Health and Depression

Based on the findings, the social media is important to the respondents with the highest
mean of 3.91 and SD = 0.81. It also said that the social media really help the respondents to be
optimistic about their future with the Mean = 3.59 and SD = 0.94. The people respect the
respondents because of their social life got the lowest mean score of 2.75 and SD = 1.26. In
general, the total mean scores of the respondents were 3.38, it shows that the respondents were
mixed or neither agree nor disagree that the frequency usage of the social media affects their
positive mental health.

The mean and standard deviation of the respondents in depression had lowest differences
and the value were really closed to each other Over the last 2 weeks, the respondents often
bothered that they were feeling tired or having little energy while using the social media with
highest mean score of 2.53 and SD = 1.07. Thoughts that respondents would be better off dead or
of hurting them in some way got the lowest mean score of 1.89 and SD = 1.07. Based on the
findings, the total mean scores of the respondents in using social media in terms of social media
were Mean =2.25 and SD = 0.75, it shows that in over two weeks, they were experiencing
depression in several days.
 After utilized data of the respondents, the researcher had findings about the correlation
between the frequency of social media and positive mental health and depression. To determine
the correlation between mental health and social media usage, data was analyzed using the
Kendall’s Tau correlation with the support of Spearman’s correlation because of the violation of
the normality assumption and little variability between responses (Ghasemi & Zahediasl, 2012).
Table 6 shows the correlation between the frequency usage of social media and mental health
issues in terms of positive mental health and depression.

Frequency
Usage of Mental
Social Media Health Depression
Kendall's tau_b Frequency Usage of Correlation 1.000 .021 .086
Social Media Coefficient
Sig. (2-tailed) . .764 .209
Mental Health Correlation .021 1.000 .017
Coefficient
Sig. (2-tailed) .764 . .773
Depression Correlation .086 .017 1.000
Coefficient
Sig. (2-tailed) .209 .773 .
Spearman's rho Frequency Usage of Correlation 1.000 .025 .102
Social Media Coefficient
Sig. (2-tailed) . .766 .215
Mental Health Correlation .025 1.000 .021
Coefficient
Sig. (2-tailed) .766 . .795
Depression Correlation .102 .021 1.000
Coefficient
Sig. (2-tailed) .215 .795 .

Table 6. Correlation Between Frequency of Social Media Usage and Prevalence of

Positive Mental Health and Depression

Results from this study indicated that the relationship between mental health and social
media usage was negligible relationship. Mental health explained .04% of the variation of social
media usage (r= .021, p=.764) with Kendall’s Tau. In Spearman’s Correlation, it also
explained .06% of the variation of social media usage (r = .025, p = .764) demonstrated in Table
6. Based on the online survey though not indicated that 18% of the respondents had strongly
agree that exposure of social media affects them mental health; agree 39%; 35% mixed or neither
agree nor disagree 8% disagree; and 1% strongly disagree. Hence, there is no significant
relationship between the frequency of social media and positive mental health.

On the other hand, based on the findings indicated that the relationship between
depression and social media usage was negligible correlation. Mental health explained .74% of
the variation of social media usage (r= .086, p=.209) with Kendall’s Tau. In Spearman’s
Correlation, it also explained 1% of the variation of social media usage (r = .102, p = .215)
demonstrated in Table 6. Based on the online survey though not indicated that 18% of the
respondents had strongly agree that exposure of social media affects depression; agree 39%; 35%
mixed or neither agree nor disagree 8% disagree; and 1% strongly disagree. Therefore, there is
no significant relationship between the frequency usage of social media and depression of the
respondents.

The relationship between the frequency usage of social media and self-harm

Table 5 shows the mean scores and standard deviation of frequency usage of social media
and mental health issues in terms of self-harm of the respondents.

Mean Std. Deviation

1. I have had to intentionally hurt myself 1.95 1.14
more deeply and / or in more places on
my body over time to get the same
effect just to forget what I see on social
media.
2. I attempt to commit suicide because 1.75 1.18
social media makes me feel that I’m not
good enough.
3. Social media provoke me to hurt 1.71 1.10
myself.
4. I hurt myself in hopes that someone 1.75 1.12
would notice that something is wrong or
that so others will pay attention to me
on social media.
5. Due to social media I hurt myself to 1.75 1.13
change my emotional pain into
something physical.
6. I hurt myself and post it on social media 1.68 1.10
to stop those people who criticize me.

7. I hurt myself as an attempt to commit 1.62 1.12

suicide because of what I see on social
media.

Mean Total 1.75 0.96

Table 7. The Mean and Standard Deviation of Social Media Usage and Prevalence of
Self-harm

In the table above, the value of mean scores and standard deviation were closely to each
other. Majority of the mean scores starting from item 2 to item 7 range from 1.00 to 1.79 mean
scores had strongly disagree about the frequency usage of social media affects self-harm. Based
on the findings, the respondents had to intentionally hurt more deeply and / or in more places on
their body over time to get the same effect just to forget what they see on social media got the
highest mean score of 1.95 and SD = 1.14. Based on the total mean scores of the respondents
with 1.75, it shows the respondents had strongly disagree that the frequency usage of social
media affects self-harm.

To determine the correlation between self-harm and social media usage, data was
analyzed using the Kendall’s Tau correlation with the support of Spearman’s correlation because
of the violation of the normality assumption and little variability between responses (Ghasemi &
Zahediasl, 2012). Table 8 shows the correlation between the frequency usage of social media and
self-harm.

Frequency
Usage of Self-
Social Media harm
Kendall's tau_b Frequency Usage of Correlation - -.194**
Social Media Coefficient
Sig. (2-tailed) . .006
 Self-harm Correlation -.194** -
Coefficient
Sig. (2-tailed) .006 .
Spearman's rho Frequency Usage of Correlation - -.222**
Social Media Coefficient
Sig. (2-tailed) . .006
Self-harm Correlation -.222** -
Coefficient
Sig. (2-tailed) .006 .
**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).

Table 8: Correlation Between Frequency of Social Media Usage and Prevalence of

Self-harm

Based on the findings, the relationship between self-harm and frequency usage of social
media had significant weak negative correlation. Mental health explained 3.76% of the variation
of social media usage (r= -.194, p=.006) and the value of sigma p < .01 with Kendall’s Tau. In
Spearman’s Correlation, it also explained 4.93% of the variation of social media usage (r = -.222,
p = .006) and the value of sigma p < .01 level. demonstrated in Table 6. It shows that the more
frequency usage of social media among teenagers, the less attempt of self-harm. Hence, there is
significant weak negative relationship between the frequency usage of social media and
depression of the respondents.