PARUL UNIVERSITY - FACULTY OF ENGINEERING &
TECHNOLOGY
Department of Applied Science & Humanities
1st Semester B.C.A
Basic Mathematics
Chapter : 4 : Trigonometry
5.1 INTRODUCTION
The word trigonometry is derived from two Greek word "trigon" and “ metron ",
means "triangle" and "to measure" respectively. Therefore, trigonometry means to
measure a triangle.i.e., “Trigonometry is that branch of Mathematics which deals with
angles, whether of a triangle or any other figure “.
Trigonometry specifically deals with the relationships between thesides and the angles
of triangles, that is, on the trigonometricfunctions, and with calculations based on these
functions.
• Pythagoras Theorem: -
In a right-angle triangle, the area of the square whose side is equal to
the sum of the areas of the squares whose sides are the two legs.
Fig. 5.5
In the Fig. 5.5, AB + BC = AC
2 2 2
5.4 Trigonometric Ratios or Functions
1
• In a right-angle triangle ABC , if CAB =
BC = Opposite side
AB =Adjacent side
AC =Hypotenuse
Trigonometric ratios are defined for acute angles as the ratio of the sides of a
right-angled triangle. The extension of trigonometric ratios to any angle in terms
of radian measure (real numbers) are called trigonometric functions.
• The six trigonometric functions are sine(sin), cosine(cos), tangent(tan),
cosecant(csc), secant(sec), and cotangent(cot). Now we will define the ratios
formed by these functions at angle .
Opposite side Adjacent side Opposite side
• sin = , cos = , tan =
Hypotenuse Hypotenuse Adjacent side
Hypotenuse Hypotenuse Adjacent side
cosecθ= ’ sec = ’ cot =
Opposite side Adjacent side Opposite side
From last definitions, it follows some definitions:
1
(a) cosecθ is the reciprocal of sin i.e., cosecθ=
sin
1
(b) sec is the reciprocal of cos i.e., sec =
cos
1
(c) cot is the reciprocal of tan i.e., cot =
tan
SOLVED EXAMPLES
9
Example 1: -If cos = determine the values of other five trigonometric ratios.
41
9 Adjacent side
Solution: - Given cos = =
41 Hypoteneous
By Pythagoras theorem, A
AC 2 = AB 2 + BC 2
( 41)2 = AB 2 + ( 9 )2 40 41
1681 = AB + 81
2
AB 2 = 1600 AB = 40
B9C
2
Now,
Oppositeside 40 Oppositeside 40 Hypoteneous 41
sin = = , tan = = , cos ec = =
Hypoteneous 41 adjacent side 9 Oppositeside 40
Hypoteneous 41 adjacent side 9
sec = = , cot = =
adjacent side 9 oppositeside 40
12
Exercise: -1) If sin = determine the values of other five trigonometric ratios.
13
15
2) In ABC if cos A = , then find sin A, tan A, cos ecA,sec A, cot A .
17
• Remarks: -
(a) Sine and cosine functions are called primary functions whereas tangent,
cotangent, secant and cosecant functions are called secondary trigonometric
functions.
(b)When the terminal ray coincides with x-axis, cosecθ and cot are not defined.
(c) When the terminal ray coincides with y-axis, sec and tan are not defined.
(d)The domain of the sine function is the set of real number, whereas its range is
thesetof real numbers from -1 to 1.
(e) The domain of the cosine function is the set of all real numbers and range is
the setofreal numbers from -1 to 1.
(f) The domain of the tangent function is the set of all real numbers except odd
multiplesof and its range is the set of all real numbers.
2
(g)The student should not commit the mistake of regarding sine as sin X ; sin
meansthe sine of angle , it is absolutely wrong to perform such operations as:
sin ( A + B ) = sin A + sin B
sin 2 x + sin x = sin ( 2 x + x )
(h)Power notation for trigonometric function ( sin ) is written as sin 2 and is
2
read assinsquare , ( sin ) is written as sin3 and is read as sin cube
3
REMARKS:
Relation between degree and radian:
radian = 180 degree
3
180
Therefore, 1radian = degree
Similarly, 180 degree = radian
Therefore, 1degree = radian
180
(30 ) 6 , ( 45 ) 4 , ( 60 ) 3 and (90 ) 2
0 0 0 0
00 300 450 600 900
sin 0 1 1 3 1
2 2 2
cos 1 3 1 1 0
2 2 2
tan 0 1 1 3
3
cosecθ 2 2 2 1
3
sec 1 2 2 2
3
cot 3 1 1 0
3
4
SOLVED EXAMPLES
Example 1: - Prove that sin 2 cot sec = sin
Solution: -
cos 1
L.H.S. = sin 2 cot sec = sin 2
sin cos
= sin
= R.H.S.
1 + cot
Example 2: Prove that = cot
1 + tan
Solution:
1 + cot
L.H.S. =
1 + tan
cos sin + cos
1+
sin = sin cos
= = = cot = R.H.S.
sin cos + sin sin
1+
cos cos
1 + cos
Example 3: -Prove that = cos ec + cot
1 − cos
Solution: -
1 + cos 1 + cos 1 + cos
L.H.S. = =
1 − cos 1 − cos 1 + cos
=
(1 + cos )2
1 − cos 2
=
(1 + cos )2 =
1 + cos
sin
2
sin
1 cos
= +
sin sin
= cos ec + cot
= R.H.S.
tan − cot
Example 4: - Prove that = sec 2 − cos ec 2
sin cos
Solution: -
5
sin cos
−
tan − cot cos sin
L.H.S. = =
sin cos sin cos
sin 2 − cos 2
= sin cos
sin cos
sin 2 − cos 2
=
( sin cos )2
sin 2 cos 2
= −
sin 2 cos 2 sin 2 cos 2
1 1
= − 2
cos sin
2
= sec 2 − cos ec 2
= R.H.S.
Example 5: -Find the value of 2sin 2 + 2 cos 2 + sec 2
4 4 3
Solution: -Given
2sin 2 + 2 cos 2 + sec 2
4 4 3
2 2
1 1
+ ( 2)
2
= 2 + 2
2 2
1 1
= 2 + 2 + 4 = 1+1+ 4 = 6
2 2
Example 6: - Find the value of 3cos sec − 4sin tan cos 2
3 3 6 4
Solution: -Given
6
3cos sec − 4sin tan cos 2
3 3 6 4
1 1
= 3 ( 2 ) − 4 (1) (1) (Q cos 2 = 1 )
2 2
= ( 3 − 2 )(1)
=1
1 − sin A
Exercise:1) Show that ( sec A − tan A ) =
2
1 + sin A
1 1 1 1
2) Show that − = −
sec + tan cos cos sec − tan
sec cos ec
3)Show that (1 + cot + tan )( sin − cos ) = −
cos ec sec2
2
1 − sin
4)Show that = sec − tan
1 + sin
(
5)Show that tan 2 − sin 2 = tan 2 sin 2 )( )
6) Find the value of 3sin 2 + 2 cos 2 + tan 2
6 3 4
7)Find the value of 4sec2 300 + 5cot 2 300 + cos ec2 900
5.7 Signs of trigonometry identities
(a) Functions of negative angles:
Let be any angle. Then
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sin ( − ) = − sin
cos ( − ) = cos
tan ( − ) = − tan
cot ( − ) = − cot
sec ( − ) = sec
cos ec ( − ) = − cos ec
(b) Quadrant system
Fig. 5.9
Remarks:
In the last quadrant system, some observations can be discussed:
(a) In the 1st quadrant all the trigonometric ratios are positive and 0,
2
(b) In the 2nd quadrant only sin and cos ec are positive and rest of the remaining
ratios are negative and ,
2
(c) In the 3rd quadrant only tan and cot are positive and rest of the remaining
8
3
ratios are negative and ,
2
(d) In the 4th quadrant only cos and sec are positive and rest of the remaining
3
ratios are negative and , 2
2
• Some important formulas:
1) When n is an integer then
cos ( 2n + ) = cos
sin ( 2n + ) = sin
2) For all values of
cos ( − ) = cos
sin ( − ) = sin
3) For all real number x ,
cos − x = sin x, cos + x = − cos x
2 2
sin − x = cos x, sin + x = cos x
2 2
4) For all real number x ,
cos ( x + 2 ) = cos x
sin ( x + 2 ) = sin x
For example: (i)
3
cos ( 30 + 2 ) = cos 30 =
2
3
sin ( 60 + 2 ) = sin 60 =
2
5.8 Trigonometric ratios of compound angles (To be used directly)
1. (a) sin ( A + B ) = sin A cos B + cos A sin B
(b) sin ( A − B ) = sin A cos B − cos A sin B
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(c) cos ( A + B ) = cos A cos B − sin A sin B
(d) cos ( A − B ) = cos A cos B + sin A sin B
tan A + tan B
(e) tan ( A + B ) =
1 − tan A tan B
tan A − tan B
(f) tan ( A − B ) =
1 + tan A tan B
cot A cot B − 1
(g) cot ( A + B ) =
cot A cot B
cot A cot B + 1
(h) cot ( A − B ) =
cot B − cot A
2 tan A
2. (a) sin 2 A = 2sin A cos A =
1 + tan 2 A
1 − tan 2 A
(b) cos 2 A = cos2 A − sin 2 A = 1 − 2sin 2 A = 2cos 2 A − 1 =
1 + tan 2 A
2 tan A
(c) tan 2 A =
1 − tan 2 A
3. (a) sin 3 A = 3sin A − 4sin3 A
3tan A − tan 2 A
(b) tan 3 A =
1 − 3tan 2 A
A+ B A− B
(c) cos A + cos B = 2 cos cos
2 2
A+ B B − A
(d) cos A − cos B = 2sin sin
2 2
A+ B A− B
(e) sin A + sin B = 2sin cos
2 2
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A+ B A− B
(f) sin A − sin B = 2 cos sin
2 2
4. (a) 2sin A cos B = sin ( A + B ) + sin ( A − B )
(b) 2cos A sin B = sin ( A + B ) − sin ( A − B )
(c) 2cos A cos B = cos ( A + B ) + cos ( A − B )
(d) 2sin A sin B = cos ( A − B ) − cos ( A + B )
SOLVED EXAMPLES
Example 1: -Find the exact value of sin 15
Solution: -Given
(
sin15 = sin 45 − 30 )
= sin 45 cos 30 − cos 45 sin 30
1 3 1 1
= −
2 2 22
2 3 21
= −
2 2 2 2
6 2
= −
4 4
Example 2: -Find the exact value of tan 750
Solution: -Given
11
tan 45 + tan 30
( )
tan 75 = tan 45 + 30 =
1 − tan 45 tan 30
1
1+
= 3 = 3 +1
1 3 −1
1 − 1
3
3 + 1 3 −1
=
3 −1 3 −1
2 1
= =
2 − 2 3 1− 3
Example 3: -Use the double angle formula to find the exact value of each
expression sin1200 and cos1200
Solution: -Here,
( )
sin120 = sin 2 60
= 2sin 60 cos 60
1 3 3
= 2 =
2 2 2
Similarly,
( )
cos120 = cos 2 60 = cos 2 60 − sin 2 60
2
1 3
2
= −
2 2
1 3 −2 1
= − = =−
4 4 4 2
Example 4: -Show that sin 750 − sin150 = cos1050 + cos150
Solution: -
12
L.H.S= sin 750 − sin150
750 + 150 750 − 150
= 2 cos sin
2 2
1 1 1
= 2 cos 450 sin 300 = 2 =
2 2 2
R.H.S. = cos1050 + cos150
1050 + 150 1050 − 150
= 2 cos cos
2 2
1 1 1
= 2 cos 600 cos 450 = 2 =
2 2 2
Exercise: -(1) Calculate
(a) cos150 (b) cos750
(2) Find the value of cot 750 , sin150 , tan150
(3) Solve sin 750 + cos750 + sin150 + cos150
(4) Prove that sin1050 + cos1050 = cos 450
Real life example
• We can find height of the mountain or hill using trigonometry.
13
Fig. 5.10
• Primitive forms of trigonometry were used in construction of the wonder of world
“GIZA” Pyramid.
14
Fig. 5.11
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