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Stoichiometry: Formulas and Calculations

The document covers stoichiometry, including the formulae of elements and compounds, molecular and empirical formulas, and the construction of word and symbol equations. It explains relative atomic and molecular masses, the concept of the mole and Avogadro's constant, and various calculations related to reacting masses, concentrations, and titrations. Additionally, it addresses percentage calculations for yield, composition, and purity.

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Hania
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79 views5 pages

Stoichiometry: Formulas and Calculations

The document covers stoichiometry, including the formulae of elements and compounds, molecular and empirical formulas, and the construction of word and symbol equations. It explains relative atomic and molecular masses, the concept of the mole and Avogadro's constant, and various calculations related to reacting masses, concentrations, and titrations. Additionally, it addresses percentage calculations for yield, composition, and purity.

Uploaded by

Hania
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Stoichiometry

3.1 Formulae
Core
1. State the formulae of elements and compounds as named in the syllabus content.
Examples:

o Elements: O₂ (oxygen), H₂ (hydrogen), N₂ (nitrogen)

o Compounds: H₂O (water), CO₂ (carbon dioxide), NaCl (sodium chloride)

2. Molecular Formula:

o Definition: Shows the exact number and type of atoms in one molecule of a
compound.

o Example: Ethanol → C₂H₆O

3. Deduce formula from models/diagrams:

o Use the number of atoms shown to determine the formula.

o Example: A model with 2 hydrogen and 1 oxygen atom → H₂O

4. Construct word and symbol equations:

o Word equation: Hydrogen + Oxygen → Water

o Symbol equation: 2H₂(g) + O₂(g) → 2H₂O(l)


Supplement
5. Empirical Formula:

o Definition: The simplest whole number ratio of atoms or ions in a compound.

o Example: C₂H₄ → CH₂ (empirical formula)

6. Deduce ionic compound formula:

o From model or charges on ions.

o Example: Na⁺ and Cl⁻ → NaCl

o Ca²⁺ and Cl⁻ → CaCl₂

7. Construct symbol equations including ionic equations:

o Example:

 Symbol: NaOH(aq) + HCl(aq) → NaCl(aq) + H₂O(l)

 Ionic: OH⁻(aq) + H⁺(aq) → H₂O(l)

8. Deduce chemical equations from data:

o Use given masses, formulas, and conditions to write a balanced equation with
state symbols.

3.2 Relative Masses of Atoms and Molecules


Core
1. Relative Atomic Mass (Ar):

o The average mass of an element’s isotopes compared to 1/12th the mass of a


carbon-12 atom.

2. Relative Molecular Mass (Mr):

o The sum of relative atomic masses in a molecule.

o For ionic compounds, "Relative Formula Mass" is used.

o Example: H₂O → Mr = (2×1) + (1×16) = 18

3. Calculate reacting masses (no moles involved):

o Use proportion based on balanced equations.

o Example: Given mass of one reactant, use ratio to find mass of product.

3.3 The Mole and the Avogadro Constant


Core
1. Concentration units:

o Can be measured in g/dm³ or mol/dm³

Supplement
2. The Mole and Avogadro Constant:

o 1 mole = 6.02 × 10²³ particles (atoms, molecules, ions, etc.)

o Avogadro constant = 6.02 × 10²³

3. Mole Calculations:
Use the formula:Moles = Mass / Molar Mass

o Calculate:

 (a) Moles

 (b) Mass

 (c) Molar mass

 (d) Relative atomic/molecular/formula mass

 (e) Number of particles:


Moles x 6.02 x 10^23
4. Molar Gas Volume:

o 1 mole of gas at room temp & pressure (r.t.p.) occupies 24 dm³

5. Stoichiometry & Related Calculations:

o Reacting masses

o Limiting reactants

o Volumes of gases at r.t.p.


o Concentration conversions (g/dm³ ↔ mol/dm³)

o Volume conversions:
1 dm3 = 1000 cm3
6. Titration Calculations:

o Use experimental data to calculate:

 Moles of solute

 Concentration

 Volume

7. Empirical & Molecular Formula Calculations:

o Empirical: Simplest whole number ratio

o Molecular: Actual number of atoms (requires Mr and empirical formula)

8. Percentage Calculations:

o Yield = (Actual / Theoretical) x 100

o Composition = (Element mass / Mr) x 100

o Purity = (Pure mass / Total mass) x 100

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