EXAMPLE 2.1 Determine the equivalent current source for the voltage source in Figure 2.3(a). 250 eve x 4a(t x 250 (a) (b) FIGURE 2.3 (a) Voltage source for Example 2.1, (b) Equivalent current source. Solution: In Figure 2.3(a), the short circuit current at terminals X-Y = 100/25 = 4 A. The internal resistance of current source is same as that of voltage source. So, R= R,=25Q2 The equivalent current source is shown in Figure 2.3(b). Scanned with CamScanner_Methods of Analysing Circuits 59 EXAMPLE 2.2 Determine the equivalent voltage source for the current source shown in Figure 2.4(a). Solution: In Figure 2.4(a), the open circuit voltage across terminals X-Y = 8 x 4 = 32 V. The internal resistance of the voltage source is same as the internal resistance of the current source, ie., 4 2. The equivalent voltage source is shown in Figure 2.4(b). BA 40 +x M\y—— 4a aav(e L Y fa) (b) FIGURE 2.4 (a) Current source for Example 2.2, (b) Equivalent voltage source. Scanned with CamScannerEXAMPLE 2.9 Write the mes i 9 Write the mesh equations for the circuit shown in Figure 2.25(a). 52 100 wAMy S202 av@ 32 20V 400 (a) FIGURE 2.25 (a) Circuit for Example 2.9, (b) Circuit with mesh currents marked. Solution: The general mesh equations for a three mesh network are: Rythy- Riola ~Risls = Va = Rayhy + Roa! - Res! = Vb Vy, = Ryyl — Roal + Rasls = Scanned with CamScanner70 and Synthesis Referring to the circuit of Figure 2.25(b), Ry = Self re si ance of loop 1= 5 Q+ 15.2425 2 1402 = 85 Riz = Mutual resistance common to loop [and loop 2 15 Note: Here the negative sign indicates that the currents 4) and 1, are flowing, in opposite direction. Ry = Mutual resistance common to loop [and loop 3.» 25 0 Va Jy is in the same direction as 20 V source and in opposite direction to 30 V source, 20 V - 30 V = ~10 V, the voltage driving loop 1 851 - 15; ~ 251 = -10 V is the equation for loop 1. On similar lines, for loop 2, we have Ryy = -15Q, Ry = 15410+20=45.Q, Ry, 0 Qand VY, = ~10V 15]; + 45I, = - 10 is the equation for loop 2. Also Ryy = -25Q, Ry = 0.0, Ry = 25-430 = 55 Qand V, = 40-30 + 10 = 80V ~25h; + 551; = 80 V is the equation for loop 3. So the three mesh equations are: 851, - 151) — 251, = -10 85 -15 -25][ I, 10 =151, +451, +0=-10 or |-15 450 ||] =] -10 = 251, +0 +551, = 80 25 0 55][Iy 80 EXAMPLE 2.10 Find the current in the resistors shown in the circuit given in Figure 2.26(a) using mesh analysis. 109 30.0 toa 30.0 20V4 2200 30V-20V4 30Vv (a) (b) FIGURE 2.26 (a) Circuit for Example 2.10, (b) Circuit with loop currents marked. Solution: The KVL equation for loop 1 in Figure 2.26(b) is: 101, +20(,-1)-20=0, ie, 30, ~ 201, = 20 The KVL equation for loop 2 in Figure 2.26(b) is: 30fy +30-+ 200-1) =0, ie, -201, +501, =-30 s in matrix form are: 30 -20]f 1, ] _ [20 -20 50 JL, } [30 Scanned with CamScanner The above two mesh equatio’Methods of Analysing Circuits 71 Using Cramer's rule, 20 50 | ~20 and 20 30 30-20 I-20 50 So the loop currents I, and Jy are: I So the currents in the 10 2,302 0364.A; Ip =~ 0.454 A and 20 Q resistances respectively are: N= 036A, 1, = 0454 and ~Iy = 0.364 ~ (0.454) = 0.818 A. EXAMPLE 2. etermine ee aoe Determine the current supplied by each battery in the circuit shown Im 42. 6O ai 100 42 62 ‘L 102 co tee pane tov ; ; sv wove A) 299) oat tev 8V ila | @ [ov® 2V ® 120 120 @ ) FIGURE 2.27 (a) Circuit for Example 2.11, (b) Circuit with loop currents marked. Solution: Let the loop currents in the three meshes be iy, ig and is respectively as shown in Figure 2.3300). The KVL equation around loop 1 is: Ai, + i, -i2)+8-10=0, ie, 64-25, =2 The KVL equation around loop 2 is: Gi —4+8(iy —iy)—2 + 12, -8 + Ay -i)) = 0, The KVL equation around loop 3 is: Oi, +6+2+8(i3-i)=0, ie, ~Biy + 18i, =-8 ~2i +28i -8i3 =14 The above three loop equations in matrix form are: . = olf; 1 6 2 O}fi] [2 1 1 ; ' -|7 2 2 -8|Ji,|=[14], ie. f-1 4 4]li ; 8 el E o 4 Slat 4 Using Cramer's rule, -1 0 1-1 0 3-1 157 : —4| = 12 co.4s0a =| 7 4 -afetl Sey 4 -4 9| | 0 -4 Scanned with CamScanner72Z___ Network Analysis and Synthesis = 3 1 of J3 -1 0 pela 7 -a[e [ey 4-4] = gp 04074 0-4 9| jo -4 9| ~ 3-1 1| [3 -1 0 76 ip=l-1 14 7[+ft 1-4] = gy = 702804 o -4 -41 [0-4 9 Referring to Figure 2.27(b), Discharge current of 10 V source 489 A 489 - 0.467 = 0.022 A Charging current of 8 V source = i - iz Discharge current of 6 V source = ~i; = 0.236 A Discharge current of 4 V source = i = 0.467 A Discharge current of 2 V source = iy ~ is = 0.467 ~ (-0.236) = 0.703 A EXAMPLE 2.12 Determine the value and direction of the current in the 20 @ resistor shown in Figure 2.28(a). 100 500 uae 40.0 1 10V (a) FIGURE 2.28 (a) Circuit for Example 2.12, (b) Circuit with mesh currents marked. Solution: The KVL equation for loop 1 in Figure 2.28(b) is: 104, + 20 (i i) +304 4) = 0, Le., 604-204, -30i, ‘The KVL equation for loop 2 in Figure 2.28(b) is: 50 ip + 40(i, ~i3)+ 20-1) =0, Le. - 204, + 110i, - 403. The KVL equation for loop 3 in Figure 2.28(b) is: 30/5 —i,)+40( -i,)-10=0, ie, -30i, -40i, +70i, = 10 The above three mesh equations in matrix form are: 60 -20 -30][] fo -20 110 ~40||1,}=| 0 -30 -40 70}[4] [10 = Scanned with CamScannerMethods of Analysing Circuits __73 Solving the above equations using Cramer's rule, we get i) = 0.215 A, i, = 0.157 A and i; = 0.325 Current in the 20 resistance = iy — ip = 0.215 - 0.157 = 0.058 A from B to C. EXAMPLE 2.13 Write the mesh e quations for the circuit shown in Figure 2.29 and determine the currents I}, Ip and Is, 10V—- sisv FIGURE 2.29 Circuit for Example 2.13. Solution: In Figure 2.29, the 4 A current source lies on the perimeter of the circuit. So the second mesh current I) = 4 A. Hence second mesh is ignored and KVL is applied only for first and third meshes. Applying KVL to the first mesh, we have 2h +4) -In)-10=0, ie, 6l)-41,=10 or 31,-2I, =5 _2Ip+5 _ 2xd45 3 3 Applying KVL to the third mesh, we have 81, +16+4(I,-Ip)=0, i.e., 12-41, +16=0 or 121,-4x4+16=0 =0 From the second mesh, we have I; = 4 A. So the mesh currents are ly = 4.33 A, bb = 4 A and I=0A. i, = 433A EXAMPLE 2.14 Find the voltage Vp in the circuit shown in Figure 2.30(a). 6A sh i sa 7'° go 2 Yo 4add 42 ev 4aQ@) 8v _ 1 (a) (b) FIGURE 2.30 (a) Circuit for Example 2.14, (b) Circuit with mesh currents marked. Scanned with CamScanner74 Network Analysts and Syathests ee Solution: In Figure: 2,)0(b), one current source i there in each of the loops 1 and 2. So currents are known, fy 6A and fy» 4 A, and there iss no need to write equations for mesh ‘The KVL equation for mesh 3 is: 101, 16-81 AU, fy) AU =H = 0 ie, IBly Aly Al, © 2 or IBLy = 244, +ALy = 244 44406) = 10 f= 10/18 = 0.555 A 10 0.55546 = 11.55 V the mesh WS and or Vy = 101, +6 = SP igure 2.31(a), find the value of R using mesh analysis, EXAMPLE 2.15 In the circuit shown in 20 20 —e2A 'B 20 3As— RO ents 1A A 4a eae fa) (b) FIGURE 2.31 (a) Circuit for Example 2.15, (b) Circuit with currents and voltages marked, Solution; Circuit of Figure 2.31(a) is shown in Figure 2.31(b) with currents and voltages marked. Using mesh analysis, we have Voltage across R= Vg =Vap = 2xR= Vac + Vey =4x1+2%3 = 10V 10V R=—— = ZA 5Q Scanned with CamScannerMethods of Analysing Circuits _* 2.6 SUPERMESH ANALYSIS Suppose any of the branches in the network which is common to two loops has a current source, then it is slightly difficult to apply mesh analysis straight forward. To write the equation, first we have to assume an unknown voltage across the current source. Write mesh equations for the two meshes having the current source in the common branch and then add them to get the combined equation involving both loops. Also write a constraint equation relating the source current to the assigned mesh currents, The other mesh equations are written ina normal way. Generally it is a difficult technique. One way to overcome this difficulty is by applying, the supermesh technique. A supermesh is constituted by two adjacent loops that have a common current source, that is, a supermesh is a combination of two adjacent meshes ignoring the common branch in which current source is present. The supermesh equation is the addition of those equations ignoring, the common branch part. As an example consider the network shown in Figure 2.35(a). Here the current source I is in the common boundary for the two meshes 1 and 2. Let the voltage across the current source Tbe V,. ib i 2 WOHD Ie be ER, i 1 iv, FIGURE 2.35 (a) Circuit with loop currents, (b) Circuit with supermesh. a) are: The KVL equations for circuit of Figure 2.351 For loop 1, 1R, + (y-L)Ry + Ve -Vi = 0 Qn For loop 2, (Ig —1))Ry + (ly fy) Ry +V2~ Ve = 2 Adding Eqs. (2.1) and (2.2) wanes 1)R, +z —1y) Ry V2 Mi = 0 23) 24) ayia h- Constraint equation is: For loop 3, (y= 1)Ry + 1yRy -V2 = 9 (25) Fo 3, Equations (2.3), (2.4) and (2.5) are fo be solved. Using supermesh for Figure 2.35(0), Supermesh equation A eu -ls* no Constraint equation - For loop 3, - (ly -1)Rs + 1;Ry-V2 Equations (2.6), (2.7) and (2.8) are to be solved. Scanned with CamScanner78 Network Analysis and Synthesis EXAMPLE 2.19 Find the current in 3 {2 resistor and voltage across the current source in the network shown in Figure 2.36 using mesh analysis. 4% 1 Solution: There is one super mesh in the circuit. The 10 “)) Saa super mesh equation combining loops 1 and 3 is: we = 7, 7aQ) 39 7 +My ~1,)+3U, -Ip)+1, =0 or 1, -41, +415 =7 | YY ¢ 0 | zas «318 The KVL equation for loop 2 is: |e * J 0 13-1, -15)= 27 fc 2-1) + 2, + 3, -15)=0 or 61, -31 FIGURE 2.36 Circuit for Example 2.19, The constraint equation is: h=7 or h=h+7 So the mesh equations become ~4ly + 51; =0 61, - AI, =7 Solving the above equations, we get h=9A; b=25A and =2A The current in the 3 Q resistor = I~ b= 2 A-25A=-05A The voltage across the current source i 7-1, =1z)-2U, -15) = 7-(9-2.5)-209-2)=- 65 V EXAMPLE 2.20 Determine the current / in the circuit shown in Figure 2.37(a) by using loop analysis. 40 6a 420, : Ra oo 200 ! sa 20 3 20v Lov pe | + @ 10A\ FIGURE 2.37 (a) Circuit for Example 2.20, (b) Circuit with loop currents marked. Solution: In Figure 2.37(b), there is a current source in loop 1. So there is no need to write that loop equation. i; = 10 A. The current source of 20 A is in a branch common to meshes 2 and 3. So meshes 2 and 3 form a supermesh. The constraint equation is i ~ iy = 20 A or iz = fn -20- The supermesh equation can be written as: Mig ~i) + Mig ~ig) + 2G, is), ~20 +200; -i,)=0 Substituting the value of I = i; ~ 20, we have Alig — 20-10) + Ais ~ 20-1, ) + 2G, -ig)-20 + 2004, -10) =0 15is ~2i, -ig = 210 or Scanned with CamScanner— Methods of Analysing Circuits_79 The KVL equation for mesh 4 is: Gig + Aig ~ig) 4 Ay ~i,)=0 OF 12iy ~2i, ~ Ali, ~20) = 0 or ~2iy +61, -i, = - 40 The KVL equation for mesh 5 is: 2ig —ig)+2is ~i4) + Gig + 10= 0 or iy ig +51 Solving the above 3 mesh equations, we get iy = 12.85 A, iy = - 1.81 A and is = 1.22 4 Branch current I = is ~ is = 12.85 - 1.22 = 12.628 A Examples with Dependent Sources EXAMPLE 2.21. In the circuit shown in Figure 2.38(a), find the power delivered by the 10 V source and the voltage across the 4 resistor using mesh analysis. Ms —ww— nn 40;) 6a ws 1ov-T (a) FIGURE 2.38 (a) Circuit for Example 2.21, (b) Circult with mesh currents marked. a branch common to meshes 1 and 2, we use the i i » 4A current source is in Solution: sige Sic in mesh 3, no need to write the equation for supermesh technique. Since there is a current source mesh 3, [ = V4/4. Also fy = Va/4. So = ly. Also Ip-h)=4 OF hea The combined supermesh equation is: 41, +61, +60) =15)+ 202 =15)+ 6-10 + 2 81, +2, +4)-4h [2-1 Aand I, =-1+4=3A 4h =4xD=-4V Py = Wk, = 10x 3 = 30 W ie, Bly +2 -AL 2 or I=-1A | The voltage across the 4 £2 resistor = | Power delivered by the 10 V source, Scanned with CamScanner80 Network Analysis and Synthesis: EXAMPLE 2.22 Use mesh analysis to find the current I, in Figure 2.39. Solution: The circuit in Figure 2.39 has one supermesh. yoo 28 The KVL equation for supermesh is: ‘, 101, +21, +5, +2)4+5(,-5)=0 or 15h +7l,=15 SAC oan Y ay ‘The constraint equation is Ip - Also I, =5- I; 5aQ 2a 2. FIGURE 2.39 Circuit for Example 2.22, I,-I,=-26-) or +l, =10 or 1 =10-1), Substituting this value of I; in the supermesh equation, we have 15(10-I,) +71, =15 or I, =135/8 = 16.875 A I, =10-I, =10-16.875 = - 6.875 A and I, =5-1; =5 ~ (6.875) = 11.875 A Scanned with CamScanner