M4: Foundational Terminology Cumulative Assessment
1. Parsimony
Scientific explanation that emphasizes simplicity and reliance on well-established knowledge.
2. Contingency
A dependent relationship between two events.
3. Mand
A verbal response that specifies its own reinforcer (request).
4. Discriminative Stimulus
Changes in the environment that induce different activities.
5. Behaviorism
Philosophical principles underpinning the science of behavior - 'behavior analysis'.
6. Rule
A verbal discriminative stimulus that induces an activity in the listener.
7. Verbal Behavior
Operant behavior on the part of a speaker that is reinforced by the behavior of the listener.
8. Discrimination
A change in an individual's behavior with a change in context.
9. Empiricism
Knowledge based on experience.
10. Stimulus Control
The relationship between a discriminative stimulus and the activity it induces.
11. Tact
A verbal response emitted in the presence of an object or event (labeling).
12. reinforcement
Refers to a consequence stimulus that increases the future rate of the behavior it follows. 指增加它所遵循的行为的
未来速率的结果刺激。
13. public event
An event observed by another person.
14. Applied behavior analysis (ABA)
This is the science in which the principles of behavior are used to improve socially important behaviors
and experimental analysis is used to determine which variables are responsible for improvement.
15. private event
An event that can only be observed and verified by the individual performing the behavior.
16. radical behaviorism
Represents Skinner’s “far-reaching” and “thoroughgoing” form of behaviorism that includes both public
and private behaviors.
17. Natural Event
An event that is locatable in time and space in the natural world.
18. operant conditioning
Refers to organisms learning through interactions with their environment, including reinforcement.
19. mentalism
An assumption of an “inner” dimension as the explanation of behavior.
20. behavior
Requires that variables under study be observable and measurable.
21. explanatory fiction
A fictitious variable, often another name for an observable behavior, which implies an inner cause for the
behavior.
22. natural event
An event that is locatable in time and space in the natural world.
23. principles of behavior
Reinforcement and Punishment.
24. punishment
Refers to a consequence stimulus that decreases the future rate of the behavior it follows.
25. classical conditioning
Refers to organisms learning through association (pairing) of a stimulus that typically produces an
automatic response in the organism with a previously neutral stimulus, causing the neutral stimulus to
trigger the same automatic response.
