EUCLIDEAN GEOMETRY – GRADE 10

REVISION

LINES AND ANGLES

Adjacent supplementary angles Angles round a point
ˆ B
In the diagram, B ˆ  180 In the diagram, a  b  c  360
1 2

a c
b
2 1
B

Vertically opposite angles Corresponding angles

Vertically opposite angles are If AB||CD, then the corresponding
equal. angles are equal.

A x B

 
x D
C

Alternate angles Co-interior angles

If AB||CD, then the alternate angles If AB||CD, then the co-interior angles
are equal. add up to 180 , i.e. x  y  180

A B A B
x x

x y
C D C D

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 EUCLIDEAN GEOMETRY – GRADE 10

TRIANGLES
There are four kinds of triangles:
Scalene Triangle Isosceles Triangle
No sides are equal in length Two sides are equal
Base angles are equal

|||
|
||

||
||

Equilateral Triangle Right-angled triangle

All three sides are equal One interior angle is 90
All three interior angles are equal

60
||

||

60 || 60
B C

Sum of the angles of a triangle Exterior angle of a triangle

c b

a b a c

a  b  c  180 c ab

The Theorem of Pythagoras

A
AC  AB  BC
2 2 2
or
AB2  AC2  BC2
or
BC2  AC2  AB2
B C

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 EUCLIDEAN GEOMETRY – GRADE 10

Congruency of triangles (four conditions)

Symbol for congruence ()

Condition 1 (SSS)
Two triangles are congruent if three
sides of one triangle are equal in | |

||

||
length to the three sides of the other
||| |||
triangle.

Condition 2 (SS)
Two triangles are congruent if two
sides and the included angle are
| |

||

||
equal to two sides and the included
angle of the other triangle.

Condition 3 (S or S or S)

Two triangles are congruent if two
angles and one side are equal to | |
two angles and one corresponding side of
 
the other triangle.

Condition 4
Two right-angled triangles are congruent
if the hypotenuse and a side of the one
|| ||
triangle is equal to the hypotenuse and a |
|

side of the other triangle.

Similar Triangles

If two triangles are similar then they are equiangular and their corresponding sides
are in the same proportion.
AB BC AC
If ABC|||DEF , then A  D, B  E, C  F and  
DE EF DF
A
D




 E F
B C

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 EUCLIDEAN GEOMETRY – GRADE 10

The mid-point theorem (no proof needed)

If in ∆ABC , D is the midpoint of AB and E the midpoint of AC,then

DE ║BC and DE is ½ BC.

EXERCISE 1 (Revision of Grade 8 and 9)

1. Calculate the size of the angles marked with small letters:

(a) (b)

x y 70
49

(c) (d)

70 100

x
x

X W
(e) (f)
a
x 134
A B

b
y 74 c
C D Y Z V
z
(

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 EUCLIDEAN GEOMETRY – GRADE 10

(g) (h)

80

y
x
x

(i) (j)

30 43

40 x 156

2. In ACF , AF||BE. Calculate, with reasons, the sizes of all angles indicated
by a small letter.

80
4x 8x

3. (a) Calculate AC. (b) Calculate XY.

A X

13
8

B 15 C Y Z
12

(c) Calculate the length of BC.

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 EUCLIDEAN GEOMETRY – GRADE 10

4. Are the following pairs of triangles similar? Give a reason for your
answer.
(a) (b)
P
A

10 L
8 8
B
4 5 4
A 1,5

B 6 C M 3 N C
Q 3 R

5. The two triangles below are similar. Calculate the value of x and y.

15
1
3
3

y 12
5
x

6. ABCD is a kite in which AB  AD and BC  CD .

Prove that:
(a) ABC  ADC
(b) ˆ?
Why is B̂  C

7. ˆ C
ABCD is a kite in which C ˆ and BC  CD .
1 2
Prove that:
(a) ABC  ADC
(b) Why is Aˆ A ˆ ?
1 2

8. AB||DE and DC  CB . Prove that:

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 EUCLIDEAN GEOMETRY – GRADE 10

(a) AC  CE
(b) AB  DE
9. Prove that ABC  ADC using two different conditions of congruency.

..
A
1 2

|
|
1 2
B C D

10. In the figure below, sides PR and QS of triangles PQR and SQR
intersect at T. PQ  SR and P̂  Sˆ  90 .
Prove that PQR  SQR .
P S

Q R

11. Prove that AOB  COD if O is the centre of the circle and AB  CD .

A C

B D
O

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 EUCLIDEAN GEOMETRY – GRADE 10

QUADRILATERALS

A polygon is a closed two-dimensional figure with three or more straight sides. A

quadrilateral is a polygon with four straight sides.

Definitions of quadrilaterals

90

90

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 EUCLIDEAN GEOMETRY – GRADE 10

PROPERTIES OF QUADRILATERALS

(It is advisable to first do the investigation and mind map on quadrilaterals before
discussing the properties which follow – see CAPS document pg 14 & 25)

Parallelogram

If ABCD is a parallelogram, you may assume the following properties:

AD||BC ; AB||DC
AD  BC ; AB  DC
AE  EC ; BE  ED
ˆ B
D ˆ ;D ˆ B ˆ A
ˆ ;C ˆ ;Cˆ A
ˆ
1 2 2 1 1 2 2 1
ˆ C
A ˆ ;Bˆ Dˆ

In order to prove that a quadrilateral is a parallelogram, you will need to prove at

least one of the following:
a) Prove opposite sides parallel or
b) Prove opposite sides equal or
c) Prove the diagonals bisect each other or
d) Prove the opposite angles are equal or
e) Prove one pair of opposite equal and parallel

AD||BC and AB||DC Opp sides ||

AD  BC and AB  DC Opp sides 
AE  EC and BE  ED Diagonals bisect
ˆ C
A ˆ and B
ˆ D
ˆ Opp angles 
AB||DC and AB  DC
AD||BC and AD  BC

Rectangle

If ABCD is a rectangle, you may assume the following properties:

AD||BC ; AB||DC
AD  BC ; AB  DC
AE  EC  BE  ED
ˆ B
D ˆ ;Dˆ B ˆ ;Cˆ Aˆ ;C
ˆ Aˆ
1 2 2 1 1 2 2 1
ˆ C
A ˆ Bˆ Dˆ  90

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 EUCLIDEAN GEOMETRY – GRADE 10

In order to prove that a quadrilateral is a rectangle, you will need to prove one of
the following:
(a) The quadrilateral is a parallelogram with at least one interior angle equal
to 90 .
(b) The diagonals of the quadrilateral are equal in length and bisect each other.

Rhombus

If ABCD is a rhombus, you may assume the following properties:

AD||BC ; AB||DC
AD  BC  AB  DC
AE  EC ; BE  ED
ˆ D
D ˆ B ˆ B ˆ
1 2 1 2
ˆ A
A ˆ Cˆ C
ˆ ;Aˆ C
ˆ ;B
ˆ D
ˆ
1 2 1 2

Ê1  90 ; AC  BD
In order to prove that a quadrilateral is a rhombus, you will need to prove one of
the following:
(a) The quadrilateral is a parallelogram with a pair of adjacent sides equal
(b) The quadrilateral is a parallelogram in which the diagonals bisect at right
angles.

Square

If ABCD is a square, you may assume the following properties:

AD||BC ; AB||DC
45 45 AD  BC  AB  DC
45 45 AE  EC  BE  ED
ˆ D
D ˆ B ˆ B ˆ Aˆ A
ˆ Cˆ C
ˆ  45
45 45 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ
A  C  B  D  90
45 45
Ê1  90 ; AC  BD

In order to prove that a quadrilateral is a square, you will need to prove one of the
following:
(a) The quadrilateral is a parallelogram with an interior right angle and a pair
of adjacent sides equal.
(b) The quadrilateral is a rhombus with an interior right angle
(c) The quadrilateral is a rhombus with equal diagonals.

Trapezium

If ABCD is a trapezium, you may assume the following properties:

AD||BC
10 ˆ ˆ ; D
ˆ B
ˆ
A2  C 2 1 2
 EUCLIDEAN GEOMETRY – GRADE 10

In order to prove that a quadrilateral is a trapezium, you will need to prove that
AD||BC.

Kite

If ABCD is a kite, you may assume the following properties:

AB  AD
BC  DC
BE  ED
ˆ A
A ˆ
1 2

Cˆ C ˆ
1 2
ˆB  D
ˆ
Ê 2  90
AC  BD

In order to prove that a quadrilateral is a kite, you will need to prove that the pairs
of adjacent sides are equal in length.

N.B. PROOFS OF THEOREMS ARE NON EXAMINABLE(IN GRADE 10 ONLY)

THEOREM 1

The opposite sides and angles of a parallelogram are equal.

Required to prove: AB  CD ; AD  BC ; A ˆ C
ˆ ;Bˆ Dˆ

Proof

Draw parallelogram ABCD and join the diagonals AC and BD.

In ABC and CDA :

(a) ˆ C
A ˆ alt angles equal
2 1
(b) ˆ C
A ˆ alt angles equal
1 2
(c) AC  AC common side
ABC  CDA SAA
 AB  CD and AD  BC
Also B ˆ Dˆ
Similarly, it can be proved that ABD  CDB
A ˆ Dˆ

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 EUCLIDEAN GEOMETRY – GRADE 10

CONVERSE OF THEOREM 1

(a) If the opposite sides of a quadrilateral are equal, then the quadrilateral is a
parallelogram.

(b) If the opposite angles of a quadrilateral are equal, then the quadrilateral is
a parallelogram.

EXAMPLE 1

DELM is a parallelogram with DM  50 and L̂  150 . Calculate the length of

ˆ Eˆ and M̂ .
EL and the sizes of D,

Solution

EL  50 Opp sides of parm

D̂  150 Opp angles of parm
Ê  30 Co-interior angles 150
M̂  30 Opp angles of parm

EXAMPLE 2

DELM is a parallelogram. Calculate the value of x and hence the sizes of the
interior angles.

Solution

2 x  x  180 Co-interior angles

 3x  180 2x x
 x  60
 Ê  60
 M̂  60 Opp angles of parm
D̂  2(60)  120
L̂  120 Opp angles of parm

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 EUCLIDEAN GEOMETRY – GRADE 10

EXAMPLE 3

In trapezium ABCD, AD||BC 70 70

with A ˆ Dˆ  70 and EC  DC .
Prove that ABCE is a parallelogram.

Solution

Ê2  70 Angles opp equal sides

Ĉ1  70 Alt angles equal
A ˆ Cˆ
1
Ê1  110 Adjacent suppl angles
B̂  110 Co-interior angles
 Eˆ 1  B
ˆ
Therefore, ABCE is a parallelogram Both pair of opposite angles equal

EXERCISE 2

1. Determine the sizes of the interior 2 x  30 2 x  10

angles of parallelogram ABCD.

2. PQRS is a parallelogram with P̂  60

and PQ  PS . Calculate the sizes of 60
R̂ , Sˆ , Q
1
ˆ ,Q
1
ˆ and Ŝ .
2 2

3. KLMN is a parallelogram. Calculate

the size of the interior angles. 5x 12

3x  18

4. In ABC , Â  80 and Ĉ  35 .

Calculate the interior angles of 80
parallelogram MENB.

35

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 EUCLIDEAN GEOMETRY – GRADE 10

5. In parallelogram ABCD, AB  AD
and Ĉ  110 . Calculate the size of all
interior angles.

6. ABC is an equilateral triangle.

Determine the interior angles of
parallelogram LMCN.

7. ABCD is a parallelogram. AM bisects

 . AB  AM . Ĉ  120 . Calculate the
sizes of all interior angles.

8. In parallelogram ABCD, AB  BE  DE
Â1  28 Calculate the size D̂1 if D̂1  x . x

9. In parallelogram ABCD, Â  120 ,

AB  50cm and E is a point on AD such
that AB  AE and CD  DE . Determine:
(a) DE
(b) the perimeter of ABCD.

10. In parallelogram PQRS, Q̂  114 ,

PT bisects P̂ and TS bisects Ŝ .
Prove that PT  ST .

11. In quadrilateral LMNP, Ê1  62 , P̂1  68 ,

P̂2  56 , FP  FN and LE  LM .
Prove that:
(a) LP||MN
(b) LMNP is a parallelogram.

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 EUCLIDEAN GEOMETRY – GRADE 10

12. AC and DB are diagonals of quadrilateral

ABCD. AO  OC and BO  OD . Prove:
(a) AOD  COB
(b) AOB  COD
(c) ABCD is a parallelogram.

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 EUCLIDEAN GEOMETRY – GRADE 10

THEOREM 2

The diagonals of a parallelogram bisect each other.

Required to prove: AE  EC and BE  ED

Proof

Draw parallelogram ABCD and join the diagonals AC and BD.

In ABE and CDE :

(a) ˆ C
A ˆ alt angles equal
2 1
(b) ˆ D
B ˆ alt angles equal
1 2
(c) AB  DC opp sides of parm
ABE  CDE SAA
 BE  ED and AE  EC

CONVERSE OF THEOREM 2

If the diagonals of quadrilateral bisect each other, then the quadrilateral is a

parallelogram.

EXAMPLE 4

Diagonals AC and BD of parallelogram ABCD intersect at M. AP  QC and

AC  600mm , AB  500mm and AP  100mm . Prove that PBQD is a
parallelogram.

Solution

AM  MC diagonals of a parm
But AC  600mm given
 AM  MC  300mm
AP  QC  100mm given
 PM  MQ  200mm
Also BM  MD diagonals of parm
 PM  MQ and BM  MD
 PBQD is a parallelogram since diagonals bisect each other.

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 EUCLIDEAN GEOMETRY – GRADE 10

EXERCISE 3

1. Parallelograms ABCD and ABDE are

given with DF  DB .
Prove that BCFE is a
parallelogram.

2. ABCD is a parallelogram. DM  BP
and DC  BN . Prove:
(a) APNM is a parallelogram.
(b) PN  MC

3. PQRS is a parallelogram. PR and QS

intersect at T. QT  RM and SM  PT .
Prove that:
(a) RTSM is a parallelogram.
(b) QR  RN

THEOREM 3

If two opposite sides of a quadrilateral are equal and parallel, then the
quadrilateral is a parallelogram.

Required to prove: ABCD is a parallelogram

Proof:

In ABC and CDA :

(a) Aˆ Cˆ alt angles equal
1 2
(b) AC  AC commom side
(c) AD  BC given
ABC  CDA SAS
 AB  DC
and AD  BC

 ABCD is a parallelogram since the opposite sides are equal.

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 EUCLIDEAN GEOMETRY – GRADE 10

EXAMPLE 5

ABCD is a parallelogram with ED  BF . Prove that BEFD is a parallelogram.

Solution

AD||BC opp sides parm parallel

 ED||BF AED and BFC are straight lines
and ED  BF given
 BEFD is a parm one pair of opp sides equal
and parallel.

EXERCISE 4

1. ABD and BCD are two isosceles triangles.

Ĉ  75 and ADB ˆ  30 . Prove that ABCD
is a parallelogram.

2. ABCD is a parallelogram with AE  FC .

Prove that BEDF is a parallelogram.

3. BCDE and ABCG are parallelograms.

Prove that ABGE is a parallelogram.

The next exercise involves the properties of rectangles, rhombuses and squares.
Familiarise yourself with the properties of these quadrilaterals before attempting
the exercises.

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 EUCLIDEAN GEOMETRY – GRADE 10

EXERCISE 5 (Rectangles, rhombuses, squares, trapeziums and kites)

1. PQRS is a rhombus with Ŝ2  35 .

Calculate the size of all other interior 35
angles.

2. Diagonals AC and BD intersect at E.

ABCD is a rectangle with AC  10cm
20
and BC  6cm . D̂2  20 .
Calculate the following:
Aˆ ;Aˆ ;B ˆ ;Bˆ ; Cˆ ; Cˆ ; D
ˆ ,
1 2 1 2 1 2 1
AD, AE and AB.

3. ˆ  55 .
ABCD is a square. AEB
Calculate F̂1 .

4. In rhombus PQRS, PQ  26cm

and QS  48cm .
Calculate the length of PR.

5. In rectangle ABCD, AB  3x and

BC  4x . Find the length of AC
and BD in terms of x. 3x

4x
6. The diagonals of parallelogram LMNP
intersect at T. LT  LM and MTN ˆ  120 .
Prove that LMNP is a rectangle.

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 EUCLIDEAN GEOMETRY – GRADE 10

7. ABCD is a parallelogram. B̂1  40

and Ĉ1  50 . Prove that ABCD
is a rhombus.
40 50

8. ABCD is a square. DE  DA and DF  DC .

Prove that ACEF is a square.

9. ˆ
In parallelogram PQRS, NR bisects SRQ
ˆ . SN||RT and NR||ST
and NS bisects PSR
Prove that STRN is a rectangle.

10. ABCD is a trapezium with AD||BC.

AB  AD and BD  BC . Ĉ  80 .
Determine the unknown angles.

80

11. ABCDE is an isosceles trapezium. BC  CD

60
and Ĉ  60 . Prove that:
(a) ABDE is a parallelogram.
(b) BCD is equilateral.

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 EUCLIDEAN GEOMETRY – GRADE 10

12. ABCD is an isosceles trapezium with   x .

BC  BP and AB  DB . Prove that:
(a) P̂  x
(b) ABD  PDB

13. ABCD is a kite. The diagonals intersect

at E. BD  30cm , AD  17cm and
DC  25cm . Determine:
(a) AE
(b) AC
(c) B̂1 if Â1  20

14 Circle centre M intersects circle centre

N at C and D. Prove that:
(a) MDNC is a kite.
(b) MCNˆ  MDN ˆ

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 EUCLIDEAN GEOMETRY – GRADE 10

MORE ON POLYGONS

A polygon is a closed two-dimensional figure with three or more straight sides. A

regular polygon is a polygon in which all the sides are equal in length.

 The rule for calculating the sum of the interior angles of a polygon of n
sides is given by the formula: 180(n  2)
 The size of an interior angle of a regular polygon is given by the formula:
180(n  2)
n

Polygons Name Interior angles

3 sides
The sum of the interior angles:
60 180(3  2)  180
Equilateral
Triangle The size of an interior angle:
(Regular) 180(3  2)
 60
60 60 3

4 sides
b
A D The sum of the interior angles:
180(4  2)  360
Square
The size of an interior angle:
b b (Regular)
180(4  2)
 90
4
B C
b
4 sides
The sum of the interior angles:
A D
180(4  2)  360 .
However, the opposite angles are
Rhombus
equal but the co-interior angles
(Not regular)
add up to 180 (not all angles are
B C
equal as in other regular
polygons).

5 sides The sum of the interior angles:

108 180(5  2)  540 .
The size of an interior angle:
108 108 180(5  2)
 108
5
Pentagon
(Regular)
108 108

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 EUCLIDEAN GEOMETRY – GRADE 10

6 sides
120 120 The sum of the interior angles:
180(6  2)  720 .
Hexagon
120
The size of an interior angle:
120 (Regular)
180(6  2)
 120
6
120 120
8 sides
135 135
The sum of the interior angles:
135 135 180(8  2)  1080 .
Octagon
The size of an interior angle:
(Regular)
180(8  2)
135 135  135
8

135 135

EXERCISE 6

1. ABCD is a polygon with four sides.

(a) Calculate the value of x. 8x  2 4x  2
(b) Hence show that ABCD is
a trapezium.

x2 5x  2

2. ABCD is a pentagon made up of five 

equal sides and five equal interior angles. 
Calculate the size of ,  and  .


3. In polygon ABCDE, Ĉ  90 ,

BC  CD and ABDE is a parallelogram.
Use TWO different methods to
determine the value of x.

60

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 EUCLIDEAN GEOMETRY – GRADE 10

4. Using the information provided

on the diagram, determine  . 


113

 132

MIXED REVISION EXERCISE

1. In PQR , PQ  PR and STRE is a

ˆ.
parallelogram. Q̂  x and P̂  2Q
Calculate the sizes of the angles of
STRE.

2. ABCD is a parallelogram. FD  DC
and DE  2DO .
DO  x . Prove that BCEF is a
parallelogram.

3. ABCD is a parallelogram. BE  AC
and DF  AC . Prove that EBFD is
a parallelogram.

4. PQRS is a square. The diagonals intersect

at E. PA  BS . Prove that AEB is an
isosceles triangle.

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 EUCLIDEAN GEOMETRY – GRADE 10

SOME CHALLENGES

1. FCDE is a parallelogram. CE is produced

to A such that CE  EA and CD  DB .
Prove that:
(a) BDF  FEA
(b) BFA is a straight line
(Hint: prove that
Fˆ1  Fˆ2  Fˆ3  180 )

2. ABCD is a rhombus. Diagonals intersect

at E. EF  FA and EG  GA . Prove that
AGEF is a rhombus.

3. PQRS is a parallelogram. PQ  PE ,
QE  QR , ER  SR and PQE ˆ  x.
ˆ .
Calculate the size of QER

4. ˆ  3y
ABCD is a rhombus. DEC 3y
ˆ .
and Ĉ  y . Prove that EC bisects ACD
y

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