Jimma University

Jimma Institute of Technology

School of Civil and Environmental Engineering
Department of water supply and environmental engineering

AKAKI BILBILO WATER SUPPLY DESIGN

PROJECT

A Thesis submitted to the School of Civil and Environmental Engineering in

Partial fulfillment of the requirements for Bachelor of Science Degree in Water supply and
environmental engineering at Jimma University in 2019/2011
BY

TEAM MEMBERS: ID NO. SIGNATURE

1. Amsale
2. bezabish
3. habtamu
 4. sena
5. sadam kedir
6. wagen

SIGNATURE

Advisor: 1.Mr. Bekan Gurmesa

2. Mr. Taregn Dejen

JUNE, 2019
Jimma, Ethiopia
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First of all we would love to thank the almighty God for his safeguarding till now and all the
provisions we share in those difficult years and, bringing us to this time.

Secondly our great appreciation goes our advisors to Mr. Bekan Gurmesa and Mr. Taregn Dejen.
For their outstanding way of advice and their loyalty for us by giving constructive suggestions,
comments and other useful ideas about the whole project from the starting up to the end of the
time without any tired.

Thirdly, we have also a full appreciation to all members of water supply and environmental
engineering department staff members, for the contribution of all materials that are necessary for
the project.

Finally we would like to greatly acknowledge our lovely class mates for sharing experience,
ideas, materials, and making good atmosphere in the design room.
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

This report deals with the design of Akaki bilbilo water supply projects. In this document we
have tried to design all water supply facilities, infrastructures etc. we have also classified each
part of the design in different chapters with a step to be more clear and easily understandable.

The report starts by introducing the objective of water supply projects, the general background
of the woreda, location, and socio economic characteristics of the woreda. Having the previously
recorded population of the town, we have forecasted the future population for the next twenty
years by dividing in to two stages and we have estimated the maximum, average and peak hourly
demand for the woreda. Due to the high availabilities of ground water around the woreda, we
have selected ground water (Abuqabo) as a source of supply.

By using a pump, the water is conveyed to the treatment plant constructed near the drilling well.
We have also used different treatment mechanisms to treat the water like chlorination and
disinfection to kill bacteria at the end of treatment.

Since treatment process is finished at the treatment plant, the pure water is conveyed to the
elevated service reservoirs which are two in numbers having a capacity of 50m 3 and 75at first
stage and second stage respectively and as each of them in order to distribute to the consumers
by gravity main and pumping system.
ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS
CSA Central Statistical authority

UFW Unaccounted for water

HTU House Tap Users

YTU Yard Tap Users

NTU Neighbor Hood Tap Users

TSU Traditional Sources Users

L/c/d litters per capita per day

L/d liter per day

W.H.O World Health Organization

MoWR Ministry of Water Resources

Pn future population

Pp present population

LD development length

Fyd yield strength of steel

L/S liter per second

WR water resources

PWMs probability weighted moments

Ha Velocity head
1. INTRODUCTION

Water plays an important role in making life comfortable and luxurious. It is used in many ways
example for dirking, bathing, flushing of sewers, firefighting etc. Without food we can survive
for some days but can’t survive without water. It has been observed that in cities where a water
supply scheme was introduced the death rate due to cholera and fever etc. went down
considerably. The earth is covered with 75% water. However, 3% of this large percentage
approximately 4.5*107km3 is available as fresh water. This small quantity is found in the
habitable and masses of the earth in the form of lake water, river water and ground water.
Man uses water for various purposes. While designing water supply scheme for town or city it is
necessary to determine total quantity of water required for various purposes, and then finding out
the suitable water sources from where the demand can be satisfied
1.1 location of project Area

The project area is located in Oromia National Regional State, Oromia Special Zone Surrounding
Finfinne. Akaki Woreda Bilbilo is about 35km in the south east of Finfine. In geographic
coordinates, the area lies between Latitude 37P 475352 to 474914E and Longitude 968341 to
965755N. The kebele is situated about 30 kms of the Dukem Town to the southern direction.
Administratively it is sub-divided into three zones namely, Tullu Basso, Burqa and Dhanqu. As
regard to the settlement, the kebele is characterized by scattered small villages distributed across
the kebele zones. The proposed study area can be accessed by all weathered road. The area is
accessed through the Finfine-Akaki main asphalt road and turn for some 20kms gravel road to
the right of the main asphalt road (Aba Samuel Dam Area).
Figure 1.1 Location Map
1.2 Socio economic characteristics

1.2.1Economic activities of Akaki Woreda

Commercial demand includes water requirement for restaurants, Cinema, bus stations, local
drinks (Teji, Areqe-house, Tela) etc. Accordingly, in the following sub topics trade services
Manufacturing groceries, hotels, drink house, restaurants, shops etc. found in the project
Town /Kebele are presented for commercial water demands projection.

1.2.2Trade and services

The majority of the people in the town are driving their livelihood by undertaking small and
medium trade. The major undertakings in the town include small scale trading and micro
enterprises, hotels, retail trading, cereal marketing, flourmills, pastries, cloth making (waving
and sewing) and livestock products marketing.

1.2.3 Educational status

Educational status of the household respondents shows that out of the total sample or 11.7 per

cent of them are found to be illiterate. Those who have basic education and able to read and write

constitute 18.3 read and write per cent of the totals. Respondents that have primary level

education Primary School (Grade 1-4 6.7 percent, (from grade 5-8) comprises about 61.7 per

cent while significant small proportion of the 1.7per cent claimed that they have a collage,

education.

Table1.1: Educational level of the Household Respondents

S.No Educational Level Frequency Percent

1 Illiterate 7 11.7
2 Read and write 11 18.3
3 Primary School (Grade 1-4) 37 61.7
4 primary School (Grade 5-8) 4 6.7
5 College and above 1 1.7
Total 60 100.0
Source: Household Survey, 2017
1.2.4 Educational services

According to the secondary data obtained from Bilbilo Kebele, currently there is one Primary 1-8

school) with 136 a total number of students. In this school, a total number of 16 teachers are

assigned to provide education service. Shortage of school materials such as desks, shortage

boards, books etching dropouts, shortage of qualified teachers. There is also low enrollment of

female students due to economic problems lack of awareness domestic workload for girls.

Currently, access to education in the kebele is good. However as regard to the enrolment, it has

its own problems such as children dropout, less interest of learning, negative attitude towards

education including their families. In addition, those who attend the class didn’t complete their

class.

Table 1.2: School Level, Number of students and teachers

S.No School Level Kebele Number of Total Number of

and Name students teachers
1 Denku Primary Bilbilo 136 99 235 7 4
school (1-8)

1.2.5 Livestock population

Livestock is an integral part of the production system of the study area. It is another important
component of the economic base along with crop production. Since livestock is an important
source of livelihood of the communities found around the project area with vital economic
importance. Hence, by considering water shortage of the project area, and socio-economic
problems related with water, livestock population should also be considered in designing the
future water demand. Major types of livestock reared include: cattle, sheep, goats, and equines
(Horse, donkey and mule)

Table 1.3: Major types of livestock and the current livestock population in t of the Kebele
 S/No. Type of Livestock Number of
Livestock

1. Cattle’s 1020

2. Sheep 920

3. Goats 830

4 Horse 260

5 Donkey 823

6 Mule 650

7 Poultry 1833

8 Beehive 315

9 Others -

Total 6669

Major problems of livestock production, water shortage animal feed shortage, market problem
and livestock diseases due to safe water shortage.

1.3 Social facilities and infrastructure

1.3.1Road
As far as transportation service is concerned, the selected kebeles have no regular transportation
services. However, Akaki Woreda rural kebele is without regular transportation service to the
Woreda capital of Dukem and Akaki Woreda. The Road types found in the selected project
kebeles is gravel all weather roads. In the areas, roads have significant social and economic
importance. It is the means of transporting goods like agricultural inputs, consumer goods, and
services for individuals and households to market their agricultural produce. As regard to
electricity power supply, the kebeles is without local or nationally supplied electric power.
1.3.2Electric power

As regard to electricity power supply, the kebeles is without local or nationally supplied electric
power.

1.4 Existing water supply system

Currently the population of the kebele is without access to potable water for drinking and
sanitation as well as livestock. Although some efforts are being under way to extend water from
neighboring kebele by participating the kebele residents, technical and financial constraints have
limited the effort be realized soon. Therefore, as a result kebele dwellers are using water from
unsafe source like ponds and River both for domestic use and livestock drinking.

In the project area, community members, local administrators and experts pointed out that
scarcity of potable water is an acute problem which calls for urgent intervention. The scarcity of
water is not only related to human consumption and safety, but also to livestock drinking water.

1.5 Purpose
This project intends to solve the problem of poor access to safe drinking and Increase the number
of people who have access to (clean) drinking water through water resources development.

1.6 Problem of the statement

Due to the low socio-economic status of the project area and lack of adequate water Supply have
made it difficult for households to invest in improved sanitation due to Competing demands and
low priority for sanitation improvements.

Due to the lack of adequate water supply systems is the case in both the deterioration of aging
water supplies in older urbanized areas and to the nonexistence of water supply Systems in many
areas that are undergoing rapid urbanization, such as in the Behoro kebele.

In other words, methods for evaluation of the nation's water supply services need to consider not
only rehabilitation of existing urban water supply systems but also the future development of
new water supply systems to serve expanding population centers.

1.7 Objectives of the project

1.7.1 General objective

General objective of this project is designing of water supply for Akaki bilbilo woreda to
improve the problem of water supply systems over the study area.

1.7.2 Specific objectives

The Estimation of population number and designing period
The estimation of water demand

The selection of water source and hydraulics of wells

The distribution system of water supply over the study area

The types and needs of pumps and reservoirs in water supply system

The cost estimation of the project

1.8 Scope of the project

The socio-economic study of the project includes analysis of the demographic features of the project
area, the economic base of the communities in the project area, land use pattern of the project area, the
social services and infrastructure development and problems of the area, the existing water supply and
its status (functionality and non-functionality).
2. Design period and population forecasting

2.1 Estimation of Design Period

The design period (planning horizon) is the length of time for which the system is expected to
provide a community with good quality and sufficient quantity of water supply service. A design
period of 20 years and water supply implementations in two phases has been adopted for this
project. This criterion is used to forecast feature population and water demands of population as
well as for designing capacities and sizing of water supply system components.

Accordingly, a service period of 20 years (2019-2038) has been adopted with a two phase
implementation approach (2019 and 2029).

2.1.2 Base Population

The project area covers Akaki bilbilo. According to the socioeconomic study, the total
population residing in the project area was estimated to be 1520 in 2017.This population data
have been used in forecasting future population. Accordingly the forecasted population is found
to be 1654 in 2019 (when the service begins) and 3319 by the end of the design period (2038).

2.1.3 Population projections

Estimates for the future population of the project area are based on 2007 CSA projections.
Population growth rates of Oromia Region are also applied at 5 year intervals i.e. from the year
2010 up to the year 2030 and extrapolated for 2038 (Table 2.1).

Table 2.1: population growth rate of oromia (CSA, 2007)

Year 2015-2020 2020-2025 2025-2030 2030-2035 2030-2040
percentage 4.32 4.08 3.84 3.60 3.36

Source :( oromia water supply project guide line 2008)

Generally, factors that should be kept in view while fixing design period are:

a. Funds available for completion of the project

b. Life of pipe and other structural materials used in water supply scheme.

c. as far as possible the design period should be nearly equal to the materials used in water
supply works.

d. Rate of interest on the loan taken to complete the project.

e. Anticipated expansion rate of the town.

Finally, from above listed factors we considering the life of pipe and other structural materials
used in water supply scheme, funds available for completion of the project & the condition of
Akaki bilbilo we adopt the design period of our scheme are 20 year(by stage 1&2)

2.2 Forecasting population

After fixing design period, the next step is to determine the population of Akaki bilbilo for the
coming of 20 years. To satisfy future demand of the people the forecasted number of population
is very necessary.

There are various methods of forecasting future population. They are:

a. Arithmetic increase method

b. Geometric Increase Method

c. Incremental increase method

d. Decrease rate method

e. Simple graphical method

f. Logistic curve method

g. Exponential method

a. Arithmetic increase method

This method is based on the assumption that the population is increasing at a Constant rate. That
is, the rate of change of population with time is constant. It is generally applicable to large and
old cities.
 Dp/dt=k,

Where dp/dt = rate of change of population with time

Dp/dt=k ⇒ ∫ dp=∫ kdt ⇒ pt-po =k.t

pt t

po 0

⇒ pt =po+Kt

Where pt = population at same time in the future

Po = present population

t = the period of projection

b. Geometric Increase Method

This method is based on the assumption that the percentage increase in population remains
constant. It is also known as uniform increase method. The increase is compounded over the
existing population. It is mostly applicable for growing towns and cities having vast scope of
expansion.

Dp/dt=kp
p t

∫ dp/dt=∫ k . dt
po 0

. ⇒ lnpt- lnpo = kt

⇒ Ln (pt/po) = kt

Alternatively, pt= po (1+k) n

Where pt is the future population

Po is the present population

K is the percentage of population and

n is the number of year.

 c. Incremental increase method.

This method is improvement over the above two methods. in this method the population for a
future decade is worked out by adding mean arithmetic increase (say x) to the last known
population as in arithmetic increase method, and to this added the incremental increase (say y),
once for the first decade, twice for the second & for third decade, & so on.

¿
pn=po+nx+n(1+n ¿ 2 y

Where Pn = population after n decades from present

x =average increase of population of known decades

y = average incremental increase of the known decades

Po = population at present (last known censes).

d. Decrease rate method

In this method, the average decrease in the percentage is worked out and is subtracted from the
latest percentage increase for each successive period. This method is applicable only in such case
where the rate of growth of population shows a down ward trend.

e. Simple graphical method

In this method, a curve of population against time is drawn for the city under consideration. The
known census records are put up the graph to get the shape of the curve. Then, the curve is
carefully extended from the present to future decades and population after each successive year
is read from the curve.

f. Logistic curve method

If the population of town is plotted with respect to time, the curve so obtained under normal
condition shall be shaped logistic curve.

Mathematical equation of the logistic curve is

Ps
P= nt
(1+me )

Taking three points at equal time interval (t1.p1), (t2, p2) (t3, p3)
 Where t2= t1+Δt.

t3= t2+Δt

Ps = {2p1p2p3-p22 (p1+p2)}/ (p1p3-p22)

⇒ m = (p3-p1)/p1,

⇒ n = (1/Δt) log {p1 (ps-p1)/p1 (ps-p1)}

Where, Ps=saturation population

n & m are constants

p1, p2, p3 are populations at time t1, t2, t3.

This method is reliable for community with limited land area for future expansions.

f. Exponential method

In this method the cense population record is expressed as the percentage of the population of the
whole country to the population of the city under consideration and the country’s population for
the last four or five decade are called from censes department the ratio of the town under
consideration to the national population is calculated. For this decade now a graph is plotted
between these ratios and time extension of this graph will give the ratio of corresponding to the
future years for which the forecasting the populations is to be done. The ratio so obtained is
multiplied by the expected national population of town under the reference.

The equation for this method is given by:

Pn=Poe kn
Where, Pn = population at ‘n’ decades or years.
Po = the first or initial population for the given growth rate.
n = decade or year
k = growth rate.
Then by considering the future rapid growth of the population of the Woreda we, select the
geometrical increase methods for estimation of population of the Woreda for comings of 20
years, because of the kebele was under population pressure due to rural to urban migration and
urban to urban migration movement.so its best to use these method because of these method was
consider such like conditions.
From the secondary data the given population of the Woreda in 2017 was 1520 and the growth
rate given in the (table 2.1) above.

Then pt=po(1+k)n

P2017=1520 (current population)

P2018=p2017 (1+0.0432)1

P2018=1520(1+0.0432)

P2018=1586

P2019=1586(1+0.0432)1

P2019=1654

By using similar fashion the rest one is listed in the following table

Year Population Remark

2019 1654 Stage 1
2020 1707
2021 1777
2022 1850
2023 1925
2024 2004
2025 2086
2026 2166
2027 2249
2028 2335
2029 2425
2030 2518
2031 2609
2032 2703
2033 2800
2034 2901
2035 3005
2036 3106
2037 3210
2038 3319 Stage2
3. Estimation of water demand
A fundamental consideration for the sizing and designing of any water supply system, or its
component parts is an estimate of the amount water expected to be used by the customers on the
system. This chapter is intended to estimate the present and future water demands of the project
based on the design criteria set for the project.

The total water requirement of a project is normally estimated by its uses for domestic purposes
such as drinking, cooking, ablution, washing clothes and utensils and cleaning houses, and for
non-domestic purposes such as public, commercial, industrial and firefighting institutions, and
livestock watering. In addition unaccounted for water should be considered while calculating the
total water requirement of the system. The following sub sections outline how to calculate the
total water demand of the project.

3.1 Domestic Water Demand

As mentioned earlier, domestic water demand includes water used for basic needs such as
drinking, cooking, ablution, washing clothes and utensils and cleaning houses.

The average amount of water used per person per day varies from country to country as well as
from place to place within a country. The major important factors for these variations are:

a. Level of water supply services to be provided

b. Level of socio economic development
c. Climatic conditions
d. Cultural Practices
e. Affordability and willingness of people to pay for water supply services
f. Water Quality Standard and Metering.

a. Level of Water Supply Services

As mentioned above the level of a water supply service greatly affects the water demand of the
users. If the level of the service is excellent as house connection, the demand for water is also
very high due to consumption for multipurpose such as toilet flushing, laundry machines and
bathing rooms. The water demand of the users is decreasing as the level of the water supply
decreases.

In general, the level of service to be provided to consumers depends on the social and economic
development of the nation. Consequently, the following common three types of service levels
have been adopted for Akaki bilbilo kebele.

House Connections (HC);Yard Connections (YC); And Public Fountains and Neighbor’s
Taps (PF)
The number of users and distance to water points should be taken into account while deciding the
service level of water supply. In the long run some customers can shift themselves from the
lowest level of service to Yard connection or House connection based on their economy.

A maximum walking distance of 1.5 km is assumed to fetch water from the nearest water point.
The maximum number of persons served per water point is taken to be 1000 for 4 faucets and
1500 for 6 faucets public fountain by assuming that one faucet may serve 250 persons per day in
accordance with the design criteria.

b. Percapita Water Demand

The amount of water used per person per day for daily life and activity is known as per capita
water demand which uses as a base for estimating the domestic water demand of communities. It
is a function of daily basic needs but should be adjusted by socioeconomic development and
climatologic factors.

According to design criteria prepared in January, 2006 by Ministry of Water Resources, the per
capita domestic water demand adopted for Urban Water Supply System for both

Stage I (2019) and Stage II (2038) design Horizon is:

Table 3.1: standard mode of service

Mode of service Per capita at Stage I Per capita at Stage II

House Tap Connection (HTC) 50l/c/day 70/c/day

Yard Tap Connection Own (YTO) 25/c/day 30/c/day

Yard Tap Connection Shared (YTS) 30/c/day 40/c/day

Public Tap (PT) 20/c/day 25/c/day

It is difficult to estimate how exactly the per capita water demand will grow in between the
design horizons. The values given at above of Percapita water demand was used for the first year
of design horizon i.e. 2019 and assumed to remain constant till 2030.

Percapita demand may gradually grow from existing usage up to the 2030 design horizon. But,
between the 2030 and 2038 design horizons, the assumption has been made that there will be a
linear growth in per capita demands. It should be noted at this stage that the reality of the
situation will only be able to be determined with constant monitoring of consumptions and
tracking of data over the years between implementation and the final year of the design horizon.

The estimation of these intermediate per capita demand figures will not have any effect on the
design of Stage I and II infrastructure, but may affect the calculation of water tariffs. On other
hand, from the categories of water Supply Service Level Standard, it is required to provide safe
water in minimum 50l/c/day for category 10 towns with population of 2000-5000 up to the
premises, and 40l/c/day for category-5 towns with population less than 2000 within a distance of
250m by the year 2020. But, this per capita water requirement in categories of water supply
service level standard is not split as per the mode of service. Therefore, it is essential to adjust
the design criteria to achieve the categories of water supply service level standard plan for Akaki
bilbilo Woreda and accordingly, the per capita water demand considered above, is increased
particularly yard tap connection (from 25l/c/day to 30l/c/day) and public taps (from 20l/c/day to
25l/c/day) as of 2019 in order to achieve the aggregate average demand of house and yard
connections, minimum 40l/c/day as the population of Akaki is less than 2000. The following
table3.2 summarizes the new adjusted per capita projected water demand by mode of service.
Table 3.1: Projected Per Capita Demand by Mode of Service (2019 -2038), l/c/day

Connection Year
2019 2024 2029 2034 2038
House 50 50 50 60 70
Yard own 30 30 30 35 40
Yard shared 30 30 30 35 40
Public tap 20 20 25 27.5 30
c. Population distribution by mode of service.

The percentage of population to be served by each mode of service will vary with time. The
variation is caused by changes in living standard, improvement of the service level, changes in
building standards and capacity of the water supply service to expand. Therefore, the present and
projected percentage of population served by each demand category is estimated by taking the
above stated conditions and by assuming that the percentage for the house and yard tap users will
increase gradually during the project service period while the percentage of public and shard tap
users will dramatically reduce as more and more people will have private connections as the
living standard of people and the socio-economic development stage increase. After establishing
the current connection profile for the year 2019 –refer Table 3.2 a projection has been made for
the design year considering the target coverage to be achieved. Although, there is no formula or
criteria to predict the future connection profiles by mode of service, but from our experiences of
other similar town, the percentage of house connection will be initially high (in this case 2%)
following the commissioning of the new project in year 2019, then expected to show an average
growth of 0.5% during the whole design period. Similarly, own yard connection is expected to
grow an average of 1.41% during stage I and stage II design periods. But both shard yard
connection and public taps gradually decrease up to 0.5% and 1.5% respectively over design
period on the assumption that more and more people will have private yard connections. Thus,
due to this an increase in percentage of yard connections and house connections is anticipated as
described above during design period. Taking the above considerations into account the
proposed projected modes of services is given in Table 3.2.
 Table3. 1: category eight of connection percentage

Connection type Year

2019 2024 2029 2034 2038
House 2% 3.2% 5% 8.1% 12%
Yard 35% 44.7% 55% 59.3% 63%
Yard shared 20% 18.4% 17.1% 14.6% 12%
Public tap 43% 33.7% 22.9% 18% 13%
Total 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%

d. Climatic and Socio- Economic Adjustment Factors

As mentioned in the preceding sections, the water used by a person depends on the climatic and
socioeconomic conditions of the area. This means water is more used at hot area than cold ones.
In addition reach people consume more water than poor ones. These are adjusted by multiplying
the adjustment factors with total domestic demand. Climatic and Socio- economic Condition
Adjustment Factors are presented in the following two tables respectively:

Table3.3: climatic adjustment factor (source Ethiopian water sector stratagem of 2001)

Mean Annual Temp. Description Altitude Factor

(P0PC )
<10 Cool >3,300 0.8
10-15 Cool temperate 2,300-3,300 0.9
15-20 Temperate 1,500-2,300 1.0
20-25 Warm temperate 500-1,500 1.3
25 above Hot <500 1.5

Table3.4: Socio-economic Adjustment Factors

Group Description Factor

A Towns enjoying high living standards 1.10
and with potential for development
B Towns having a very high potential for 1.05
development but lower but lower living
standard at present
C Towns having under normal of 1.0
Ethiopian condition
D Advanced rural towns 0.9
(Source: Ethiopian water sector stratagem of 2001)

The average altitude of the project area varies from 1530m.a.s.l to 2040masl. This situation could
categorize the project area as temperate zone with climatic adjustment factor of 1.0. Socio-
economically, the kebele can be grouped under town having a very high potential for
development, but lower living standards at present and an adjustment factor of 1.05 can be
considered.

3.2 Non domestic water demands

The non-domestic water demands normally include the following categories as described in the
preceding sections.

Industrial Water Demand, Commercial and Institutional water demand, Livestock Water
Demand, Unaccounted for Water (UFW) &Water Demand for Fire Fighting
3.2.1 Institutional and Commercial Water Demand
The water required for schools, hospitals, health center, government offices and services,
religious institutions and other public facilities are classified as institutional water demand where
as the water required for restaurants, local drinks, and other commercial purposes, is classified as
commercial water demand. Both demands are termed as public water demand.
There are no enough previous recorded data that separate domestic from public water
consumption in order to analyze and forecast the future public water demand. In practice where
typical public water demand categories are not in existence at present, estimates shall be made
likely to meet the future demand and is usually expressed as a percentage of the average
domestic demand. In a cost effective design, this percentage is usually varies from 20 to 40% of
the domestic water demand.(Refer Cost Effective Design Guideline, February 2007, Ministry of
Water Resources).From our socioeconomic study, generally, most of the institutions and public
government office have no sufficient water to represent the current water consumption. If there is
a sufficient water supply, it is often the case that public service giving institutions like hotels,
restaurants, offices, health centers, schools, etc. tend to consume large amount of water merely
because they are able to afford better than other demand groups. Connection priority is also
given to such institutions because of their economic and social significance in the town. Hence,
for Akaki Woreda, public water demand is assumed to be 30% of domestic consumption. But, it
is clear that the current explicit estimated public water demand is much less as compared to 30%
of the average domestic demand.
3.2.2 Animal Demand
Livestock Water Demand may be required if there are no water sources to the proximity of the
town. From the existing information and observation made around the Woreda there is a nearby
river but dry during winter season. However, during our baseline survey, it is observed that the
animal demand is met from town water supply system. Thus, it is recommended to assume about
10% of domestic demand can considered for animal demand.
3.2.3 Industrial Demand
Industrial development is currently limited to small and cottage industries mainly grain mills as
food process industries and few emerging metal works. However, there is potential growth in
industries as per the new town master plan of the town and large and new industrial development
Planning and Implementation of town water supply project Improvement Programme may
emerge in the short and/or medium time period. Considering the potential development of the
town, proximity to Addis Ababa and availability of resources there will be a potential for
possible industries to be established in the future. To meet their water demands, an industrial
water demand of 10% of the average domestic water demand has been used. However, large
scale industries are expected to have their own water supply system.
3.2.4 Fire Fighting Demand
Choice of supplying the water demand for firefighting by the water supply service is a question
of economic consideration. The annual volume required for firefighting purpose is small.
However, during periods of need, the demand may be exceedingly large and in many cases
govern the design of distribution, storage and pumping requirements. In this case the fire-
fighting water requirements are considered to be met by stopping supply to consumers and
directing it for this purpose. This demand is taken care of by increasing the volume of storage
tanks by 10%.
3.2.5 Non Revenue Water (NRW)
Non- revenue water includes water losses in the water supply system, illegal connections, over
flow from reservoirs, improper metering and water losses due to operational requirement such as
washout. The amount is expressed as percentage of the sum of domestic, non- domestic demand
covered from the water supply system. Usually the percentages of non- revenue water vary from
15 to 50 percent depending on the age and condition of existing pipe network and complexity of
the system and the water losses will gradually reduce by replacing old pipes and improving the
whole water supply system.
Generally the development plans of many towns indicate that there are plans to establish some
small to medium scale industries. In most cases big industries are assumed to have their own
water supply systems. Hence for urban centers, an industrial water demand and, commercial and
public water demands and fire demand of 10% and 10% of the domestic water demands have
been assumed respectively.

Total Water Demands and Design Factors

The water demand factors are applied to average day, maximum day and peak hour demands.
These demand types are defined in the guide line as follows:

Average day demand: this is obtained by simply summing up the domestic and non-domestic
demands.

Maximum day demand: is the highest demand of any one 24-hour period over any specified
year. It represents the changes in demand with season and some special events happening in any
specified year. The maximum day demand is obtained by multiplying the average day demand
with the maximum day peak factor.

Peak hour demand: is the highest demand of any one-hour over the maximum day. It represents
the diurnal variations in water demand resulting from the behavioral patterns of the local
population. The peak hour demand is obtained by multiplying the maximum day demand with
the peak hour factor.

The demand factors are very important for the designing of water supply system components.
The recommended values are summarized in the following table.

Table3.5 Recommended Water Demand factors (Source the data taken from our advisor)

Population Maximum day factor Peak hour factor

0-20000 1.3 2.0
20001-50000 1.25 1.9
50000 and above 1.2 1.7
The forecasted population of Akaki Woreda is found to be1654 in 2019(when the service begins)
and 3319 at the end of the design period (2038), hence a maximum day demand factor of 1.3and
1.3 can be used and a peak hour factor of 2.0 and 2.0can be adopted for 2019 and 2038
respectively.
3.3 Summary of total water Demand of the project Area

Following the decision of per capita per day water demand, the percentage of population served
by each mode of services i.e. HC, YC and PF has to be estimated for each respective year. The
total water demand is then found by multiplying the per-capita per day demand with population
served by each mode of service, adding the amount of water demand calculated for each mode of
service and applying the socio-economic and climatic adjustment factors mentioned in tables 3.3,
3.3&3.5 The following table demonstrates how to arrive at a total water demand of a project.

Table 3.6: Calculation of water demands of Akaki bilbilo Woreda

Year
Population/Service
Unit
Levels
2019 2024 2029 2038
Population No 1654 2086 2609 3319
Percentage of
Population Served by
HC % 2 3.2 5 12
YC % 35 44.7 55 63
PF % 43 33.7 22.9 13
Population by Service
Level
HC No 34 67 131 398
YC No 579 932 1435 2091
PF No 711 703 596 432
Per Capita Demand
HC Lpcd 50 50 50 70
YC Lpcd 30 30 30 40
PF Lpcd 20 20 20 30
Demand by Service
Standards
HC m3/day 1.7 3.4 7.0 27.9
 Year
Population/Service
Unit
Levels
2019 2024 2029 2038

YC m3/day 17.4 28.06 43.1 83.6

PF m3/day 14.2 14.1 11.9 13.0

Sub Total m3/day 33.3 46.1 62 124.5

climatic factor (1.0),

15,000-23,00 m.a.sl combine
d factor 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.05
socio-economic factor
1.0*1.05
(1.05)

Total Domestic water

m3/day 35.0 48.4 65.1 131.0
demand
Industrial and
commercial Demand m3/day 3.5 4.84 6.51 13.1
(Say 10%)
Fire and Public
m3/day 3.5 4.84 6.51 13.1
Demand (10%)
Total Water Demand
m3/day 7 9.68 13.02 26.2
for non-domestic
Average Day Water
m3/day 42.0 58.1 78.1 157.2
Demand
Average Day Water
lit/sec 0.49 0.67 0.90 1.82
Demand
Maximum Day Factor 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3
Peak Hour Factor 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0
Maximum Day Water
m3/day 54.6 75.53 101.53 204.36
Demand
Maximum Day Water
lit/sec 0.64 0.87 1.18 2.35
Demand
 Year
Population/Service
Unit
Levels
2019 2024 2029 2038
Peak Hour Water
m3/day 109.2 151.1 203.1 408.72
Demand
Peak Hour Water
lit/sec 1.26 1.75 2.35 4.73
Demand

The total water demand for Akaki Woreda has been calculated and summarized in the following
table.

Table 3.7: Summaries of Water Demands (Akaki Woreda)

Description Unit
Project Period (Year)
2019 2025 2029 2038
Population No. 1654 2086 2609 3319
3
Average Water Demand m /day 55.3 74.1 99.6 200
Average Water Demand lit/sec 0.64 0.86 1.2 2.3
3
Maximum Day Water m /day 71.9 96.1 129.5 260.0
Demand
Maximum Day Water lit/sec 0.67 0.87 1.18 2.35
Demand
Peak Hour Water Demand m3/day 109.2 151.1 203.1 408.72
Peak Hour Water Demand lit/sec 1.26 1.75 2.35 4.73

4. WATER SOURCE
Water source is the critical part of any water supply system that needs to be investigated
thoroughly. To have efficient water supply scheme, we require permanent source of water. The
capacity of the source should be such as to meet all water requirements available source should
be selected for meeting the demand. It is important that sources of supply be capable of
providing service for both the short long-term demands being projected the characteristic of the
source being fundamental to its ability to provide service. After knowing the population number
and the demand of the town or city the source should be clearly known in quality as well as
quantity. The source of water supply may be generally classified as:

Surface sources &Ground sources

1. Surface sources

The source of water in which the water flows over the earth’s surface are called surface sources.

These sources are mainly classified as:

Rivers, Lakes, Streams, Ponds &Impounding Reservoirs

2. Ground source

Ground water is important source of water supply which has a number of advantages. They may
require no treatment, have uniform temperature throughout the year, are cheaper than
impounding reservoir and amounts of water available are more certain. Practically speaking they
are not affected by drought in the short run.

Ground water sources are further divided into:

Springs, Infiltration galleries &Wells

4.1. Potential water sources of Akaki bilbilo Woreda

According to the secondary data mentioned above major water sources of the area are deep
ground water (Borehole yield) of the following table

Table 4.1: Location and discharges of major springs in the study area

No. Scheme Name PA Coordinate Depth Q

X Y Z (m) (L/s)
1 Duffaa Dufaa 472245 964812 1945 180 20
2 Dhangago Dhangago 474000 970262 2080 180 20
3 Abuqabo Abuhaciro - - - 176 20
4.2 Ground Water sources
Ground water is the water that occurs in the saturated zone of variable thickness and depth below
the earth surface. The modes of occurrence of ground water, therefore, depend largely upon the
type of formation and geology of the area. The possibility of occurrence of ground water mainly
depends upon two geological factors i.e. the porosity and the permeability of the rock.

Ground water is important source of water supply which has a number of advantages. They may
require no treatment, have uniform temperature throughout the year, are cheaper than
impounding reservoirs, and amounts of water available are more certain. Practically speaking
they are not affected by drought in short run, since modern methods of ground water
investigation will permit a close approximation of ground water resources for long- time
production.

In general, the occurrence and movement of groundwater in the majority of this area is controlled
by secondary porosity and permeability (i.e. primarily fault/fracture systems, jointing and
weathering features). Akaki area is mainly characterized by poorly developed fracture systems,
and comprises massive volcanic rocks of low permeability and productivity.

4.3 Water Source Selection

The process of choosing the most suitable source of water for development into a public water
supply largely depends on the local condition. When a spring of sufficient capacity is available,
this may be the most suitable source of supply. When springs are not available, or not suited to
development, generally the best option is exploring ground water resources for small supplies.

The selection of the source of water supply to a town or city depends on the following factors:-

Location of the water sources, Quantity of water, Quality of water and the cost of the water
supply scheme.

4.3.1 Location of the water source

The source should be as near to the town or city as possible. If the surface and ground sources
both are available to a town, then other deciding factors are also taken into account. If the surface
sources like a river, stream or reservoirs are not in the vicinity of the area then underground
source of water is the only alternative
4.3.2 Quantity of water

The source of water should have ample amount of water to meet up all the demands of the city as
domestic, industrial, fire resistance, public etc., throughout the whole year. It should also meet
the extra quantity of water to be used, in the future if the city is expanded. It should also be able
to meet the maximum demand in dry season (Weather

4.3.3 Quality of Water

The quality of water should be such as which can be easily and cheaply treated. It should not
contain disease germs which may endanger the human life. Therefore, as far as possible the
water of the sources should be whole some, safe and quite free form pollution.

4.3.4 The cost of the water supply scheme

While selecting the source of water supply project should also be taken into consideration. The
cost depends on many factors as system of supply, ground levels of the town, distance between
source and distribution etc. The water flowing under gravity will be cheaper than lifting by
pumps. The selection of source of water is done on the above factors, but that source should be
selected which is big in quantity and good in quality at the comparative least cost. Whenever
possible the raw water source of highest quality economically available should be selected,
provided that its capacity is adequate to furnish the water supply needs for the community. The
careful selection of the source and its protection are the most important measure for preventing
the spread of water born disease. As the secondary data given the source water for Akaki is bore
hole, there for we select three borehole namely Duffaa, Dhangago &Abuqabo as source of water.
The adequacy of water source to meet the water requirement of the kebele population till the end
of the design period is an important factor to be considered in rendering sustainable water supply
service. The borehole yield of the three boreholes was estimated 60l/currently, drilling all the
three boreholes is not needed. However, must proposes one test well which is also used as
production well in future at the first priority site mentioned above. The test well result is not only
applied for the current study, but also for most communities of southern part of Akaki Highland.
Even if the precise discharge of each borehole is estimated based on the finding from the test
well to be drilled, the source estimated well yield of about 20 l/s from each borehole. In order to
accommodate large size pump the boreholes have to be drilled to average depth of 180m and the
maximum day demand of the kebele at the end of the design period, 2038 is estimated to be 3l/s.
This signifies that the source satisfies the community water supply demand throughout the
design period and Maximum day demand in first and second phase is 2 l/s and 3l/s respectively.
Therefore our existing water source is excess since it is 60 l/s.

4.4. Water Supply Development Plan

This section briefly demonstrates the need for the project, the Water Supply Development Plan
which comprises Water Supply Service Plan, Physical Development Plan, Plan of Benefited
Population, Budgeting and Financing Plans of Akaki bilbilo Water Supply Project.

In planning the water supply development of the project area, the existing water supply sources
of different river and spring were designed to provide adequate and potable water supply for
three villages mentioned in above Woreda for the current population of 1520, design population
of 1654 for the next ten years and 3319 for 20 years. However, only old spring is currently fully
utilized by Akaki bilbilo Woreda, and hence only Duffaa springs with a yield of 20lit/sec is
considered in the new water supply development plan. The water demand requirements of the
project area have already been estimated for deciding the sizes of proposed water supply system
components of the project. The detail designs of water supply sources, pumping stations,
treatment plants (chlorination), storage reservoirs, and transmission and distribution mains have
been carried out for planning physical components of the project. Finally, rough capital costs
required to implement the project have been estimated for budgeting and financing. These all
strategic issues have been summarized in the following sections.

4.4.1. The need for the water supply development Project

The existing Water Supply scheme which was designed and implemented before many years has
been declined to serve the current population as described in Section 1.2.4 of this document.
These all problems are forced communities to use unsafe water that is susceptible them to
different water borne diseases. Children and women are also obliged to waste their valuable time
in traveling long distances to look for drinking water rather than carrying out other productive
works. Therefore; provision of potable water for the town is vital and hence the Regional
Government of Oromia has already aware of the problem and committed to enhance the social
welfares of the population through provision of adequate water supply services. Consequently,
major programs and plans are necessary to support the government’s effort to provide safe
drinking water supply service to the town and near bye rural population.

4.4.2. Strategic planning of water supply developmemnet over the project area to the year
2038

The strategic planning of water supply development clearly demonstrates how to tackle the water
supply problems of the area for the coming 20 years of planning and designing period. It
comprises three components of planning elements.

1. The water supply service plan shows the water demand requirements of the project for the
next 20 years.

2. The physical development plan indicates the sizes of system components to be installed to
meet the water supply service plan of the area.

3. Budgeting and financing plan elaborates the total cost and financing plans required to
implement the projects

As per the design criteria (Ministry of Water Resources & Energy), the design period of 20 years
and water supply development plan in two phases has been adopted. Phase I holds a period of 10
years which starts from 2019 to 2029, Phase II holds 10 years i.e. from 2029 to year 2038 based
on the capacity of three springs mentioned above. With regard to the strategic planning of water
supply system, components like water source development works, pumping stations, service
reservoirs, secondary and tertiary distribution mains and public fountains will be constructed in
two phases. The transmission mains that convey water from the same sources to service
reservoirs and primary distribution mains are recommended to be constructed in the 1 st phase of
the project from economic and functional point of view.

4.4.3. Water Supply Service Plan

The total water demand (Maximum day demand) of the population of the project for the coming
20years has been forecasted to 3 l/s. It is not economical to provide all water supplies required
within a single implementation stage of project development because of many reasons including
resource constraints. Thus systematical approaches required that takes into account the
government policies and strategies in the provision of water supply services. We proposed the
following strategies for achieving the water supply development plan of the project under study.

a. Consideration of the Present Water Supply Service Coverage

In planning the water supply service, it is assumed that only Duffaa spring sources with
estimated yield of 20lit/sec will be taken as additional sources in the new project. In addition it is
assumed that the spring’s yield will be fully consumed by the existing rive before the end of the
design period (2038) due to impressed water demand and population of the project area.

b. Setting Priorities for Provision of Water Supply Services

In planning the water supply development plan, priorities have been given for communities
residing in the town and these villages along the distribution line, between the spring and Akaki
Woreda only.

c. Stage by Stage Development of Water Supply Systems

This strategy includes the Phase by Phase development of new water supply system to cover the
100% of water supply service plan. Taking into account this strategies, the water demand
requirements of the project for developing new systems have been estimated to 2 l/s &3lit/sec
respectively for phase I and Phase II

4.5 Hydraulics of wells

Water well is a hole or shaft, in most cases, vertical excavated in the earth, or sunk in to the
ground intercepting one or more water bearing strata, for bringing ground water to the surface.

The objective of water well is:-

To provide water with good quality,

To provide sufficient quantity of water

To provide water for long time &

To provide water at low cost

4.5.1. Classification of water wells

Wells can be classified as their methods of construction (dug wells and tube wells), their depth
(shallow and deep wells) and whether they are vertical or horizontal.

a. Tube wells: - Depending up on mode of water contribution to the borehole from subsoil, the
wells are grouped in to three categories.

a. Strainer type tube well

b. Cavity type tube well

c. Slotted type tube well

a. Strainer type tube well: - It is a tube well in which the metal pipe driven in the ground with
perforated to allow only clear water to enter the hole. The perforated pipe extends only for
aquifer portions of the formations while for other portion the pipe kept plain and the bottom of
tube well is plugged.

b. Cavity type tube well: - In this type of tube the water enter the boreholes through the bottom
layer only. It drives the water from the previous layer under laying the hard impervious layer,
therefore, the tube well taken down until it penetrates the impervious layer and reaches the water
bearing strata.

c. Slotted type tube well: When the nature of subsoil is not adaptable for strainer type tube well,
then slotted type used as a good alternative. In other words, if the geological formation does not
contain sufficient number of water bearing stratum and contain very thin grain size, it will be
advantageous to construct slotted type rather than strainer type.

The overall advantages of tube wells:

Do not require much space

Can be constructed quickly

Fairly sustained yield of water can be obtained even in years of scarcity rain fall.

Economical when deep – seated aquifer are encountered

 Flowing artesian wells can sometimes be struck

Generally good quality of water is tapped

Disadvantage of tube wells

Requires costly and complicated drilling equipment and machinery

Requires skilled workers and great care to drill & complete the tube wells.

Installation of costly submersible pumps is required

Possibility of missing fractures, fissures and joints in hard rock areas resulting in many dry
holes.

4.5.2 Well Development

Well development is the process of removing fine sediment and drilling fluid from the area
immediately surrounding the perforations. This increases the well’s ability to produce water and
maximizes production from the aquifer

The development of well have two broad objectives:-

1. Repairing of damage done during the drilling operation, so that the natural hydraulic
properties are restored.

2. Altering the basic physical characteristics of the aquifer near the borehole, so that water
will flow more freely to a well

Well development is the most important for the wells where the formation material has been
disturbed during the construction processes and highly affected by the drilling activity.

4.5.3 The importance of well development

When well development is completed, we are for sure that for all the following beneficial. These
are:-

1. Remove the filter cake or drill in fluid film that coats the borehole, and remove much or
all of the drilling fluid and natural formation solid that have invaded the formation.
 2. Reduce the compaction and intermixing of grain size during drilling by removing fine
material from the pore space.

3. Increase the natural porosity and permeability of previously undisturbed formation near
the well by selectively removing the finer fractional of an aquifer.

4. Create a graded zone of sediment around the screen in a naturally development well, there
by establishing the formation so that the well will yield sand.

4.5.4 Methods of well development

Different well development methods have evolved in different areas, because of the difference of
the physical characteristics of aquifer and the type of drilling methods used.

a. Back washing or back blowing: - In this method water is forced in the reverse direction by
means of compressed air pressure. All the sand, clay material which is stickled around the
strainer pipe and chocked it is agitated and removed. These are then removed by means of
pumping and bailing.

b. Surging: - it is used to loosen sand and fine materials in the screen and filter zone. The
surging action is created by lifting the water near to the surface by injecting air in to the well and
then shut off the air to allow the water to flow back through the well and formation.

Pumping water with air lift can be used for cleaning a well from sand and fine material. Using
the air lift means no water, as would be the case if a submersible or turbine pump is used to clean
the well.

c. Over pumping: - loose sand materials are removed by pumping the well at a higher rate than
the well will be pumped when put in to service. It has advantage that much of the fine material
brought into the borehole is pumped out immediately.

d. Water jetting: - A maximum development efficiently is developed if water jetting is

combined with simultaneous pumping with air lift, as the loosened material is not allowed to
settle again. Well development work must be done in a manner that does not cause under
settlement and disturbance of the strata above the water bearing formation, not disturb the seal
affected around the well casing and thereby reducing the sanitary protection otherwise afforded
by such a seal.

4.6. Water well design

Well design is the process of specifying the physical material and dimension for a well. This
includes the selection of a suitable material diameter and thickness of pipe. The size of the well
should be properly chosen since it is significantly affects the cost of well construction. It must be
large enough to accommodate the pump that is expected to be required for the head and
discharge (yield) with proper clearance. The diameter must also be chosen to give the desired
percentage of open area in the screen so that the entrance velocities near the screen do not exceed
certain values so as to reduce the well losses and hence the draw down.

The principal objective of good design should ensure:-

The highest yield with minimum draw down consistent and aquifer capability

Durability of the well so as to coincide with design period

Reduction of operation and maintenances cost to a certain extent

Good quality of water with proper protection

As it is maintained above standard well design procedure involves choosing the casing diameter
and material estimating the well depth, selecting the height, diameter and material of screen.

a. Well Depth

The depth of a tube well depends up on the locations of water bearing formations, desired yields
of the well and economic considerations. It is determined from the litho logical log of the area
and confirmed from the electrical resistively and drilling time lags. The well is usually drilled up
to the bottom of the aquifer so that aquifer thickness is available, permitting greater well yield.

In most cases well should be completed to the bottom of the aquifer because:-
 More of the aquifer thickness can be utilized as the intake portion of well resulting in higher
specific capacity& Sufficient space for draw down is available to maintain well yield during
dry seasons or over pumping.

b. Casing diameter

The size of casing diameter should be properly chosen since it significantly affects the cost of the
construction. The diameter of the casing is chosen to satisfy three requirements:-

The diameter of the casing must be sufficient to accommodate the required discharge from the
well. The casing must be large enough for installation and efficient operation of the pump with
enough clearance.

Table 4.2 Recommended well diameter with various yields

Anticipated Nominal size Size well casing (cm)

well of
Minimu Optimu
yield L/min pump bowl m m
(cm)

<400 10 12.5 15

400-600 12.5 15 20

600-1400 15 20 25

1400-2200 20 25 30

2200-3000 25 30 35

3000-4500 30 35 40

4500-6000 35 40 50

6000-10000 40 50 60

Source: Ground water hydrology by David Keith TODD

From the given test data the proposed site for development of well is 3L/s which are

180L/min. From the given well yield and casing diameter relationship (table) the recommended
optimum size of casing diameter is 15 cm.
c. Design of well screen

The well screen is the intake portion of the well. The yield of a well depends greatly on the
design and location of the screen. Wells can be screened continuously along the bore or at
specific depth intervals. This depends on the depths and thickness of aquifer layers encountered.

Well screen has openings or slots through which water from the aquifer flows in to the well. The
proper design of the well screen, and the way it is set in the bore hole, govern a large part of the
hydraulic efficiency and the useful life of the well.

In the selection of a well screen, the following basic factors should be considered:

Sufficient structural strength to withstand the pressure of the ground formations around it

Adequate open area to allow unimpeded flow of water through it, from the aquifer in to the
well,

Openings or slots so sized that well can operate sand – free.

Resistant to corrosion& Cost

The design of the well screen consists of:

a. The length of the screen

b. Its location

c. Percentage of open area

d. Size & shape of slots

e. The selection of screen material

a. Design of length and size of screen

The total length of the screen to be provided for a tube well shall be primarily controlled by the
available thickness of the aquifers. A water well screen is usually a pipe with slots or openings
along its wall. Well screen serves as the intake component of a well and support and stabilizes
the aquifer. In case of confined homogeneous aquifers about 80 to 90% of central portion of the
aquifer is selected for screening. Based on the above information the length of screen shall be
taken as 80% of the main aquifer depth. The main aquifer depth is 20m and consider as confined
aquifer.

Screen Length= 80/100*b Where: - b-aquifer thickness

= 80/100*15= 12m

The diameter of the screen is selected to satisfy the essential basic requirement that sufficient
open area be provided in the screen.

Table 4.3 Recommended Values of screen Diameter

Discharge in l/min Recommended

screen dia. In cm

0-475 10

475-1125 15

1125-3000 25

3000-5250 30

5250-9500 35

9500-13300 40

From these recommended values the value of screen diameter will be 10cm.

b. Screen material

Provisions of a suitable well screen are the most important part of well design. Well screens may
be of iron, fiber glass, stainless steel, and PVC.

The selection of the material type is depending on:-

1. Strength to withstand stresses,

2. Resistance to corrosion,

3. Ease of cutting slot sizes and percentage of open area.

Presently the most widely used employed pipe material is stainless steel. For gravel pack in the
well, stainless steel with a slot size of 2.0mm shall be used.

c. Slot size

The size of the slot opening is determined by the size of gravel pack or aquifer material which
the screen has to retain. Oversized slots will cause the pumping of fine materials indefinitely and
clear water will be difficult to obtain. While the under sized slots will provide more resistance to
the flow of ground water, resulting in more head loss and corrosion. Fine slots are also blocked
by small sand and silt particles that are carried up to the well screen as suspension. Therefore,
choosing the right type of the slot of a well screen is one of the important steps in well design.

d. Entrance Velocity

The average entrance velocity of water moving in to the screen should not exceed 3cm /see and
less than 2cm / sec. At this velocity, the friction losses in the screen openings will be negligible
& the rates of Incrustation and corrosion will be minimum. The average entrance velocity is
calculated by dividing well yield by the total area of the screen opening. If the velocities greater
than 3cm /sec, the screen length and or diameter should be increased to provide enough open
area so that the entrance velocity is 3cm / sec or less

Q=Ao*Ve where, Ao = area of openings

Ve = entrance velocity

For phase 1 Q1 = well yield = 2l/s (means comes from chapter three above
of calculated water demand of the project for stage one and stage two respectively 2l/s and 3l/s)

For phase 2 Q2 = well yield = 3l/s

Ao =k*π *Ds*Ls

Where, k - percentage of opening

Ds – Diameter of screen =10cm=0.1m

Ls- Length of screen = 12m, which is already calculated.

 k = 20% (Assumed)

Ao = 0.2*3.14 * 0.1 * 12

Ao = 0.75m2

Then, Ve1= Q/A = (2*10-3 m3/s)/ (0.75m2)

Ve1 = 0.0027cm /sec much less than the permissible value.

Ve2 = Q/A = (3*10-3 m3/s)/ (0.75m2)

Ve2 = 0.004cm /sec much less than the permissible value.

Therefore, decreasing the length of the screen and or also decreasing the diameter of screen.

So decrease the length of the screen.

Then continue the second iteration by using the same fashion

Ao=k*π*D*Ls

Ao=0.2*3.14*0.1*4 =0.251

Ve1=Q1/A =2*10-3/0.251 =0.0079 NOT OK

Ve2 =Q2/A =3*10-3/0.251 =0.011 NOT OK. Try again iteration.

Ao =k*π*D*Ls

Ao =0.2*3.14*0.1*0.0159 =0.000998m2

Ve1 =2*10-3/0.000998 =2m/s OK

Ve2 =3*10-3/0.000998 =3m/s OK

Therefore, the length of screen is 0.0159m with 20 % opening area and diameter of 10cm with
entrance velocity of 2 for Phase one and 3cm / sec for phase two.
 e. design of gravel pack

Placing gravel around a well screen for gravel treatment or gravel packing is necessary in well
design. The gravel pack is recommended in design for:

Stabilizing the fine grained aquifers

Permitting the use of large slot openings and obtain higher well efficiency in the fine grained
aquifers.

Permitting the single slot-size screen and eliminating the screen-positioning problem in
formations of alternating zones of coarse and fine materials.

Criteria that should be considered in gravel packing:

1. The gravel pack material should be clean.

2. The grains of gravel pack material should be smooth and round.
3. The gravel pack material should be free from suspense material like shale and gypsum.
4. It should be uniform.
5. It should be free oily materials.

In designing a gravel pack, the grading of a gravel pack has to be correctly chosen in reaction to
the particle size distribution of the water bearing formations. It is the relationship between the
grain size of the gravel pack and the grain size of the formations that determines the proper
selection.

f. Diameter of the well pipe (d)

The diameter of the well pipe (or well tube) depends up on the discharge and permissible
velocity of flow through the perforation or slots of screen. The permissible velocity is usually
limited b/n 1.5 to 4.5 cm / sec, based on the gross cross sectional area of the pipe.

The cross-sectional area of the pipe can be determined from the relation:

A= Q/v where Q-yield of the well

 V-permissible velocity

Q1=2l/sec and Q= 3l/sec and take

V1=2 and V2=3cm/sec (safe limit)

A1 = 2*10-3 m3/s/2cm/s

=0.001m2

But, A=π* d2/4

D=
√ 4A
π

⇒ d1=36mm

A2 = 3*10-3 m3/s/3cm/s

=0.001m2

But, A= π*d2/4 then by same fashion

⇒ d2=36mm

g. Diameter of Bore Hole

The diameter of the bore hole is kept at least 50mm greater than the diameter of the well pipe, so
that the pipe can be easily lowered into the bore hole and gravel packing can be done.

Diameter of the Bore Hole=Diameter of the well pipe + Allowance of 50mm + thickness of
gravel packing. Assume thickness of gravel packing

D1 = 36mm + 50mm + 5.5mm

= 91.5mm, taking 92mm

D2 = 36mm + 50m + 5.5mm

= 91.5mm, taking 92mm

Therefore, the diameter of the bore hole will be 92mm

4.7 Water quality and treatment

Absolutely, pure water is never found in nature. The water found in nature contains a number of
impurities in varying amounts. The runoff water has large number of impurities and this water
before supplying to the public should be treated and purified so that wholesome water, which
consists of essential minerals, is to be used.

Water, which is to be provided to the public for various purposes, should have the following
requirements.

It should be free from bacteria.

It should be colorless, sparking which may be accepted by the public.

It should be tasty, dour free and cool.

It should not corrode pipes.

It should be free from all objectionable matters.

It should have dissolved oxygen and free carbonic acid so that it may remain fresh.

4.7.1 Water quality analysis of the source and the important of water treatment plant

The analysis of water source is done to evaluate the various elements present in it. Based on
these elements, the requirement and design of a treatment unite is done. Thus, the analysis of
source is very crucial for a water supply project before designing the supply scheme.

4.7.2 The important of the treatment plant

To remove the dissolved gases, muskiness and color of water

To remove the unpleasant and objectionable tastes and colors

To kill all the pathogenic germs, which are harmful to the human being.
To make water fit for domestic use as cooking and washing and various industrial purposes or
dyeing, steam generation etc.

The way and the components of a treatment plant in any specific instance will depend upon the
nature and quality of the raw water and surroundings, particularly on the existence of actual and

potential source of contamination.

Generally because of in the study area the source of water was ground water or borehole, so no
need of more treatment process but instead of no pure water in nature we must be treat it only by
disinfection process and chlorination.

a. Disinfections

When water comes out of filter plant, it may contain bacteria and other micro- organisms some
of which may be pathogenic. It is therefore necessary to disinfect water to kill bacteria and other
micro- organisms, and thus prevent water born- diseases. The aim of disinfection is to reduce the
number of micro- organisms to a safe limit.

The important of Disinfections are:

It should be effective in killing micro- organisms in the contact time available.

It should be readily available at a reasonable cost.

It should be safe to handle and method of application should be simple.

It should not render the water toxic, unpleasant or objectionable, aesthetically or otherwise, for
its intended use.

It should have ability to persist in residual concentration as a safe guard against recontamination.

b. Chlorination

In addition to disinfection chlorination is the most important to needs for water treatment process
of ground water source and the recommended forms of chlorination is post chlorination and as
well as the disinfectant recommended is calcium hypochlorite solution to make sure that the
water is free from any bacteria. The calcium solution is applied to the water using a chemical
dosing pump. A dosing rate of 2mg/liter should be sufficient to insure a residual chlorine
concentration of 0.5mg/liter at the extreme point in the distribution system.

Post Chlorination

Usually it refers to the addition of chlorine to the water. The calcium hypochlorite solution used
for this project has 70% of available chlorine assumed.

Design discharge =172.8m3/day for first stage of Q1=2l/sec

Chlorine dose required =1.5mg/liter (assumed)

Quantity of chlorine required = 1.5*172.8 =0.2592Kg/day

Design discharge =259.2m3/day for second stage of Q2=3l/sec

Quantity of chlorine required = 1.5*259.2 =0.3888Kg/day

4.7.3 Clear Water Well

The maximum capacity of a filter plant depends up on the water consumption and the storage
available for filter water. The greater the storage the nearer may the plant capacity is to the
annual average consumption. It will often be economical therefore to add storage in order to
reduce the size of the filter plant needed. In any case a clear well is constructed in connection
with the filters as; a reserve storage to allow the plant to be operated without too frequent
variation of its output rate.

There is much variation in the size of clear wells but ¼ to 1/3 of the daily capacity of the plant is
most common.

Capacity of clear water well for stage one

= 1/3 *the daily capacity of the plant

= 1/3 *57.6m3 approximately say 58m3

= 58m3

Assuming depth of tank = 4m

Surface area of the tank = 14.5/4

= 3.63m2

Assuming rectangular tank of length to width ratio of 1.3

1.3W *W =3.63m2

W =1.67m (take 2m)

L =1.3 *2m =2.6m (take3m)

Hence, reservoir of plan area 6m 2 and depth of 4m will be provided with the addition of 50cm as
a free board and the same process for stage two.

5. Pumps and pumping station

5.1 Pump

The primary function of a pump is to add hydraulic energy to certain volume of fluid. This is
accomplished when the mechanical energy imparted to the pump from a power source is transfer
to the fluid, there by becoming hydraulic energy. Pumps are installed in water wells to lift the
water to the ground surface and deliver it to the point of use. Many types and sizes of pumps are
available, ranging in power from a fraction of one horse power to the several thousand horse
power.

The water works engineer is concerned with several factors when deciding up on the equipment
required to pump water. There are the reliability of the service that will be given, the first cost of
the equipment, and the operating cost.

In water works pumps are required under the following circumstances:

At the source of water to lift the raw water from rivers, streams, wells etc. and to pump it to the
treatment works,
At the treatment plant to lift the water at various units so that it may flow in them due to its
gravitational force only during the treatment of the water,
For the back washing of filters and increasing their efficiency,
For filling the elevated distribution reservoirs or overhead tanks,
To increase the pressure in the pipe lines by boosting up the pressure,
For pumping the treated water directly in the water mains for distribution
In our case that is for Akaki bilbilo water supply system pumping is required to pump the treated
water to the storage tank or service reservoir.

5.1.2 Pumping design parameters

1. Capacity

The capacity of a pump is the volume of liquid pumped per unit of time, which is usually
measured in liter per second or cubic meters per second.

2. Head

In a pump system, the head refers to both pump system having one or more pumps and
corresponding piping system. The height to which a pump can raise liquid is the pump head and
the head required to over- come the losses in a pipe system at given flow rate is the system head.
The head against which the pump must work when water is being pumped is called total dynamic
head.

3. Efficiency

The pump should be selected to operate near its peak efficiency point. In typical water supply
applications, pumps operate over a bond of head conditions. Therefore, they cannot operate at
their peak efforts all the time.

4. Shut – off and Run – out

Continued operation conditions will result in damage to the pump from overheating.

The higher discharge head can damage pipes and values from excessive pressure, and the higher
power requirements can over load the pump driver.

5.1.3 Determination of pipe size

The size of the pipe is determined by considering the discharge through the pipe and permissible
velocity of the flow in the pipe.
5.1.4 Diameter of suction pipe – for stage one

Generally, velocity of flow in the pipe may vary from 0.8 to 1.8m/sec.

For our case we assume V = 1.7m/s,

The design discharge Q1 = 1.7*total daily average demand

= 1.7*172.8m3/day

= 293.76m3/day

= 0.0034m3/s

Since the discharge is high to be lifted by a single pump, two pumps, which parallel connected,
are recommended to lift the total discharge and there should be a stand by pump to maintain the
flow during the break down of any of the pump.

Qde s
The design discharge for each pump is = =0.0034/2 =1.7*10-3m3/sec
2

Q πD 2
From continuity equation Q = AV, A== =0.0017/1.7 =0.001m2 and A= =0.001m2
v 4

Then D=
√ 4∗0.001
π
=0.036m =36mm

The velocity of flow, V =Q/A =0.0017/3.14*0.00362/4

=1.67m/sec < 1.8m/sec Ok!

5.1.5. Design of delivery pipe

The diameter of the delivery pipe is obtained from continuity equation, Q = AV.

Qdes = 0.0034m3/s and V = 1.7m/s

πD 2
A=Q/V =0.0034/1.7 =0.002m2 =
4

Then from this equation the value of D will be 0.050m or 50.5mm take 51mm.
 πD 2
The new velocity of flow, V =Q/A =0.0034/ =0.0034/0.00196
4

= 1.73m/sec < 1.8m/sec Ok!

Therefore, provide 51mm diameter delivery pipe to lift the water from the pump to the service
reservoir during phase one.

5.1.6. Diameter of suction pipe – for stage two

Assume V = 1.7m/s.

The design discharge Qdes is calculated as

Qdes = 1.7*total average demand

= 1.7*259.2m3/day

= 440.64m3/day

= 0.0051m3/s

Since the discharge is high to be lifted by a single pump, two pumps, which parallel connected,
are recommended to lift the total discharge and there should be a stand by pump to maintain the
flow during the break down of any of the pump.

The design discharge for each pump Q =Qdes/2

= 0.0051/2

= 0.00255m/sec

From continuity equation Q = AV, A =Q/V

A = 0.00255/1.7

A = 0.0015m2
 πD 2
But also, A = = 0.0015m2
4

Then from this equation the value of D will be 0.044m (44mm)

πD 2
The velocity of flow, V =Q/A = 0.0025/
4

3.14∗0.044∗0.044
V = 0.0025/
4

V = 1.64m/sec < 1.8m/sec ok!

5.1.7 Design of delivery pipe

The diameter of the delivery pipe is obtained from continuity equation, Q = AV.

Qdes = 0.0025m3/s and V = 1.7m/s

A = Q/V = 0.0025/1.7

2
πD
A = 0.00147m2 and again A = = 0.00147m2
4

Then from this equation D =0.043m (43mm) and the new velocity of flow,

2
3.14∗0.043
V = 0.0025/
4

V = 1.72m/sec < 1.8m/sec ok!

Therefore, provide 43mm diameter delivery pipe to lift the water from the pump to the service
reservoir during phase two.

5.1.8 Pumping power

In order to calculate pumping power first it is necessary to calculate total head. The pumps can
be operated by prime movers requiring steam power, gasoline power, diesel power or generator
power. In our case generator power are selected for pumping case. Because that kebele was
unsuffient of electricity
Pumping power calculation

For stage one

Calculation of head losses

In order to efficiently design a pumping station knowledge of total dynamic head

(TDH) against which the pump must operate is essential. The TDH is represented by the
following formula.

TDH = HST + HL + HV

Where TDH = total dynamic head

HST = total static head or lift.

HL = total head loss

HV = velocity head

Total static head is equal to the difference between max elevations of water level in service
reservoir and min water level in clear water reservoir.

HST = 2039.96 – 1915.0 = 124.96m

Total head loss is composed of the following items.

1. Head loss due to friction

A continuous resistance is exerted by the pipe walls during water flow. This resistance
depends on the flow rate, pipe dimensions and internal roughness of the pipe material as well
as from the fluid viscosity, and results in linear head degradation along the pipeline. A head-
loss (energy) for a specified length is commonly referred to as friction los
2
V
Hf =4L 2 D
C

Where D=diameter of the pipe in m

V=velocity of flow in m/s

L=length of the DCI Pipe in m

C= Chezy’s constants, 120 for DCI pipe

Total head of dynamic Head (H) =friction head +velocity head + elevation distance+ suction
head

From pump station to reservoir head loss is:-

Take length of pipe L = 46m

V = 1.67m/sec

Hf= 4*46*0.051*1.672/120

= 0.22

2. Local losses i.e. head loss due to bends, valves and constrictions.
2
v
Entry losses he = = 0.071m
2(2 g)

Head loss due to constriction such as valves, pipeline transitions etc.

2
kv
hl = =take for k= 0.5(for circular pipe )
2g

hl = 0.071m

Hence HL = hf + hl + he = 0.22 + 0.071 + 0.071 = 0.362m.

2
v
Velocity head loss is given by Hv = =0.14m
2g

Hence, TDH = 124.96 + 0.362 + 0.14 = 125.46m

Power calculation

Power =ϒQH safety factor/efficiency

Take safety factor =1.2 and efficiency of 75%

p=9810*0.002* 124.46 *1.2/0.75

= 3907watt

= 3.91kw

For stage two

 4∗46∗0.044∗1.64∗1.64
Hf = =0.18m
120

Velocity head=V2/2g

= (1.64)2/2*9.81=0.14m
2
v
he = = 0.069m
2(2 g)
2
kv
hl = =take for k= 0.5(for circular pipe )
2g

hl = 0.069m

Hence, TDH = 124.96 + 0.18 + 0.14+0.069+0.069 = 125.42m

Power calculation

Power =ϒQH safety factor/efficiency

Take safety factor =1.2 and efficiency of 75%

p=9810*0.003* 125.42 *1.2/0.75

= 5905.8watt

= 5.91kw

5.2 Selection of suitable pump type

Before selection of a particular pump, there are various factors, which must be kept in view.
Broadly, the following are the main factors, which should be considered while doing selection of
pumps.

a. Capacity of pump

b. Reliability

c. Number of pump units required

d. Total lift of the water required

e. Suction conditions
 f. Discharge conditions and variations in the load

g. Initial cost and running cost

h. Flexibility of operation

i. Floor space requirement

Considering all the above factors among the available types of pumps, we select centrifugal
pump. It is used in most water supply systems because it is the most satisfactory and economical
than all other types of pumps. The two mostly used types of centrifugal pumps are Vertical
turbine pump and Submersible pump.

Vertical turbine pumps are expensive in the first cost and take a considerable time and skill to
dismantle and re- erect when repairs are necessary. Their capital cost may be double that of
submersible pump of the same capacity. But they are reliable, being robust and designed to meet
continuous heavy duty running. With variable speed motors they can cope efficiently with
varying water levels and out puts. Many remain in active service, especially overseas, but many
have been replaced by submersible pumps. Commonly vertical turbine pumps tend to be installed
when large, varying out puts are required against varying heads.

Submersible pumps are quickly and easily installed and they can be of small diameter. Also the
rising main is free of any spindle and slaving as with the vertical turbine pump. They need not be
installed d truly vertical are in fact being used horizontally as booster pumps in distribution
mains. Their reliability in non-corrosive waters has been proven over the years, and even in
corrosive water they have the distinct advantage that, when they need attention, they can easily
be withdrawn and replaced in a boring. They are cheaper than vertical spindle pumps don’t need
any housing over them, but they are generally less efficient because of the special design of the
motor. Due to the above mentioned selection criteria and their listed characteristics of the pumps,
we selected submersible pump to withdrawn water from the well and to pump it to collection
chamber.
6. Distribution Reservoirs

Distribution reservoir is also called service reservoir. Service reservoirs are used for storing the
treated water with in or near to the demand (distribution) area, distributing the treated water to
the customers. They are also designed to meet the water demand during fire break, pumps
failure, repair, etc. and used to balance the hourly fluctuation of water demand.

The following are the main functions of storage and distribution reservoir.

a. To store the treated water till it is distributed to the town

b. To absorb the hourly fluctuation or variation in water demand and thus allowing the treatment
units & pumps to work at average constant rate. This will reduce maintenance and operation
costs, treatments units as well as to improve their efficiency.

c. To maintain the constant pressure in the distribution, because when the pressure in the pipe
lines decreases due to increasing demand at the peak hours, the extra demand factor is fed by this
reservoirs, and the pumps continue their work at their constant speed.

d. Distribution reservoirs lead to an overall economy by reducing the sizes of the pumps,
pipelines and treatment units.

e. By providing distribution reservoirs, the pumping of water in shifts is possible, because treated
water will continuously flow in these reservoirs.
6.1. Types of service reservoir

Distributions reservoirs are classified based on their support, shape, and material of construction.

A) Based on support of ground

Distribution reservoirs are of two general types:

1. Surface reservoirs

These reservoirs have little or no elevation above the ground and which are usually constructed
of earthen, masonry, or a combination of both, or reinforced cement concrete.

They can be circular or rectangular in shape.

2. Elevated reservoirs

These reservoirs built entirely above the ground such as stand pipes and elevated Tanks.

They help to reduce pumping cost by giving head for gravity flow distribution. They are usually
of steel reinforced concrete or wood. Many surface reservoirs are built on hills and thus comprise
elevated storage.

B) Based on geometry/shape

Circular reservoir and rectangular reservoirs

C) Based on material of construction

Steel and Reinforced concrete

6.2. Site of Distribution Reservoir

The place where we put our reservoir and its corresponding elevation has a factor for efficient
distribution of water to all the required points. It is also necessary to site the service reservoir at
such elevation that a steady pressure is maintained at all points of the distribution system,
together with sufficient additional pressure to enable a good flow to be maintained to those top
most points. It is, of course not always possible to find a high point, which in the center of the
distribution area and the best must be done in the circumstance. For Akaki bilbilo woreda water
supply project the location of service reservoir is at an elevation of 1660m m.s.l.
The elevation at which it is desirable to position a service reservoir depends up on both the
distance of the reservoir from the distribution area and the elevation of the highest building to be
supplied. Pressure control valves are sometimes installed in inlet mains from service reservoir in
order to reduce the pressure to low laying zones, or to limit increase of pressure at night to
reduce leakage.

6.3. Capacity of Reservoirs

The capacity of distribution reservoir depends on the maximum pumping capacity, minimum
safe yield of source of supply, the requirements for the fire extinguishing and maximum rate of
consumption.

The total capacity of the reservoir is determined by adding the quantity of water required for
various purposes. The total capacity of service reservoir is the sum of the following.

a. Balancing reserve

b. Break down reserve

c. Fire reserve

a. Balancing reservoir

This is the quantity of water required for balancing the variation in the demand against the
constant supply from the treatment plant.

b. Break down reserve

The quantity of water that is required as a reserve during break down time of pumps and power
interception.

c. Fire reserve – The quantity of water required as reserve for firefighting.

After a storage or distribution reservoir is to be designed for above-mentioned purposes, we

calculate storage capacity by using simplified method which is commonly practiced in many
water supply project .this methods is simply by taking 1/3 of the maximum day demand at the
design period. Means Capacity of reservoir =1/3 *maximum day demand at the end of the design
period.

Then the total capacity of the service reservoir of Akaki bilbilo woreda water supply project
required for proposal of balancing reserve, break down reserve and fire reserve can be
determined from 1/3 of maximum day demand of design period.

Capacity of reservoir for first stage =1/3*172.8m3/day

= 57.6m3 and for the second stage but the recommended volume of
the minimum was 50m3 so take 50m3 for first stage

Capacity of storage reservoir for second stage = 1/3 *259.2m3/day

86.4m3 but the recommended was 75m3 so take 753 for second
stage

6.4. Depth and shape of service reservoir

6.4.1. Depth of service reservoir

For any given quantity of water either shallow reservoir having long walls and large floor area,
or alternatively a deep reservoir constructed with high retaining wall and smaller floor area.

Factors influencing a depth of a given storage are

Depth at which suitable foundation conditions are encounter

Depth at which out let main must laid
Slope of ground, nature and types of backfill
The slope and size of the land available
Generally the following table gives the recommendation of the different depth of reservoir
Table 6.1 recommended height of reservoir (source water supply course)

Site (m3) Depth of water (m)

Up to 300 2.5 to 3.5
300 to 1500 3.5 to 5
over 1500 5 to 7
 Therefore for phase one and two i.e. for R1 and R2 we select the depth 2.5m since our
discharge is less than 300 which is 57.6m3 and 86.4m 3 from the table above and their
diameter were calculated as follows:

For stage one (R1) D =

√ 4V 1
πH
where V= Volume the reservoir and

H =Height (depth of reservoir)

D=
√ 4∗50
3.14∗2.8
= 4.77m and

For stage two (R2) D =

√ 4V 2
πH
=
√ 4∗75
3.14∗2.8
=5.84m

6.4.2. Shape of service reservoir

Circular reservoir is geometrically the most economical shape give, the least amount of walling
for a given volume and depth, it has the attraction of allowing of construction thin reinforce
concrete.

For Akaki bilbilo water supply system reinforced concrete reservoirs with circular shape and
fixed joint at the base are chosen; this is because the capacity of the reservoirs are very high and
its pressure effect also high. Therefore it is advantageous for minimization of pressure effect
over other types.

6.5. Structural design of reservoir

6.5.1 Design & construction consideration of service reservoirs

The primary purpose of design is to achieve acceptable probabilities that the structure being
designed will not become unfit in any way for the use it is intended. To accommodate the
required amount of water and to ensure water tight structure, the reservoir must be designed
using reinforced cement concrete that accounts for tensile forces as well as those due to bending.

The different types of reservoirs depending on the geometry (Circular and Rectangular), supports
(resting on the ground, underground and elevated), and end restraints (free sliding, hinged and
fixed at top and/or base) should be compared and selected based on their suitability and
economic condition during the design of water containing reservoirs.

The design of reservoir should also consider both full and empty conditions, and the assumptions
regarding the arrangement of loading conditions so as to cause the most critical effects. When the
structure is empty it must have strength to withstand the active pressure of any retained earth.
The possible resistance of the earth, never certain to act, is generally ignored when designing for
structure full of water.

Important considerations have to be given in limiting the size of crack (mostly with no cracks) so
that leakage does not take place. The design generally governed by the requirements of the
elastic design method, but stability considerations are particularly important. The design has to
take careful account of the construction methods to be used.

The requirements for the elastic design method are listed as follows.

Concrete grade class as C- 35with a minimum cement content of 330 kg/m3 and has maximum
water cement ration = 0.55, but the concert should not be more than the maximum cement
content to keep the shrinkage down.

The maximum cracked width is limited to 0.2mm for all faces of liquid containing or
excluding structures, unless aesthetic appearance is critical, where 0.1mm is required to
avoid staining of concrete.
Minimum cover = 40mm
Maximum bar spacing = 300mm
The allowable tensile stresses in concrete than control cracks in concrete grade of C-30
shall be 1.44 N/mm2 and 2.02 N/mm2 due to direct tension and bending respectively.
The allowable tensile stresses in steel taken as 100 N/mm2 using deformed bars for
alternate wetting and drying exposure condition
The maximum steel areas in each of the two directions at right angle are 0.3% of the
concrete area (0.15% near each face) for determined bars.

The operational processes within the water and other industries dealing with fluids often require
circular structures to ensure their systems of work carried out efficiently and economically.
Hence circular tank is chosen for the design of Behoro kebele water supply project.

The primary stresses set up within the structure are usually a result of the ring tension generated
by the contained liquid and the main reinforcement therefore consists of bond of circular steel
hops. The ability of the cylinder to increase in diameter is resisted, however at the base where
restraints occur. If out ward movement is prevented by a fixed joint the ring tension will be zero
and vertical bending movement and sheared force will occur.

Out of three types of base conditions i.e. free sliding, pined and fixed base, fixed base is the most
effective due to the above reasons i.e. the ring tension will be zero and only vertical bending
moment and shear force will occur. Therefore, due to its effectiveness, fixed base type is selected
for the design of the circular reservoir.

6.5.2 Design Method

The design method of water retaining structures is carried out by;-

A. Limit state design method

B. An elastic design method

Since elastic design method is more traditional method it can be rejected. According to the code
provision (EBS-8007), for the design of water tank use of limit state design method is
preferable .

Limit state design method is based on;-

Ultimate limit state

Serviceability limit state
Ultimate limit state; - the procedure is the same as any reinforced concrete structure.

Serviceability limit state;- design will involve classification of each member according to its
crack with category. It will be required to consider three specific cases.

Flexural tension in mature concrete (resulted from both dead and imposed load)
Direct tension in mature concrete (resulted from hydrostatic loading)
Direct tension in immature concrete (caused by restraint and thermal shrinkage)

PHASE ONE

Design of 50m3 circular reservoir

Type: Fixed base and free ends
At the top of the wall, shear force and bending moments are zero, and at the base of the
wall, slope and deflection is zero.
Capacity of reservoir =50m3
For reservoir R1 we select the depth 2.8m since our discharge is less than 300 which
is50m3 from the table above.
Assumed free board = 0.2m (assumed)
Total height of reservoir = 2.8m+0.2m =3m
Diameter of the reservoir = 4.77m
Assume thickness of wall =200mm

PHASE TWO

1. Design of 75m3 reservoir

For reservoir R2 the depth is between 2.5 and 3.5 since our discharge is less than 300
which is 75m3
Depth of reservoir is 2.8m
Assumed free board = 0.2m (assumed)
Total height of reservoir = 2.8m+0.2m =3m
Assume top thickness of wall =200mm
Assume bottom thickness of wall=250mm
The average thickness of wall
200+250
t avg = =225mm
2

Sample Structural design calculation for reservoir 50 m3

Grade of concrete C-35A

Clear diameter of reservoir D =

√ 4V
πh
where V volume of reservoir

h =clear height (water depth)

D=
√ 4∗50
π∗2.8
=4.77m

Parameter required

C-35 (a grade concrete)

Fcu =35Mpa
 fcu
Fck = =35/1.15 =28Mpa
γc

0.85 fck 0.85∗28

Fcd = = =15.87Mpa
1.5 1,5

fyk 460
S-460 ↔ fyd = = =400Mpa =fyk =400Mpa
1.15 1, 15

Es=2*105Mpa, Ec =13333.3Mpa

Es 2∗10 5
n= = =15
Ec 13333.3

Minimum cover =50mm

Maximum crack width 0.2mm

LV=h+t/2=2.8+0.255/2 =2.9125m

r =D/2+t/2=5/2+0.225/2=2.6125m
2 2
LV 2.9125
= =7.22
2 rt 2∗2.6125∗0.225

Table 6. 2 the coefficient of vertical moment and hoop tension (rein force concrete course)

Depth 0.1 0.2 0.3h 0.4h 0.5h 0.6h 0.7h 0.8h 0.9h 1.0
h h

coef.TH 0.0 0.1 0.21 0.33 0.44 0.54 0.56 0.55 0.41 -
1

Coef.m - 0 0.0003 0.0001 0.0005 0.00 0.002 0.0043 0.00 0.00

v 5 4 4 1 2 1 1 2

Maximum tension at depth of 0.6L v (Ft) =coefficient*r*Lv*g

Where the value of coefficient (from table 6.2) = 0.5506

r=load or pressure (KN/m2) =9.81

 Ft=0.5506*9.81*2.9125*2.6125=41.1KN

Max positive moment at depth 0.7Lv (+Mmax) = coefficient*r*Lv3

From table (6.2) coefficient = 0.00431

+Mmax=0.00431*9.81*2.91253=1.045KNm

Maximum negative moment (-Mmax) =coefficient*r*Lv3

From table6.2, coefficient =-0.0162 at 1.0H by interpolation

-Mmax =-0.0162*9.81*2.91253=-3.93KNm

Shear (V) = coeff*r*Lv2

Take for triangular load, fixed base, coefficient =0.183

V=0.183*9.81*2.91252 = 44.35KN

Ultimate force

Direct tension (Ft) = 41.1*1.44 = 59.2KN

Moment (M) =3.93*1.44 =5.66 KNm

Shear (V) = 44.35*1.44 = 63.86 KNm

Thickness of wall, t = 225mm

⇒d=t-cover-f/2

=225-50-10/2 = 170mm (taking f=10mm)

For the design of reinforced concrete, the following components are considered

For design of reinforced concrete, per unit width (1m)

1. Horizontal hoop reinforcement

2. Vertical reinforcement

3. Cover (top) slab

4. Base (floor) slab

1. Horizontal hoop/ring reinforcement

A. As min in mature concrete

Outer zone = t/2*lmin*b = (225*0.35*10^3) / (2*100) = 394mm2

Inner zone = as outer zone = 394mm2 (lmin for mature concrete = 0.35% according to

BS8110)

B. as min for pure tension

Asmin = lmin *t/2*b

(Lmin for pure tension = 0.45% according to BS 8110)

Asmin = (0.45*225*1000)/ (100*2) =506.25mm2 each face

C. Deemed to satisfy maximum service stress

As min = Ft/fsallow, But Ft = 41.1kN, fsallow = 130 (from table)

As min = 41.1*103/130 = 316.2mm

usef10mm @ 245mm c/c

2
π∗10
as = =78.5mm2
4

Spacing(S) = b∗as =248.3mm =245mm (adopt)

Asmin

S=245¿smin25mm

S=245¿smax300mm ok

Service load condition

Check crack width for direct tension (max)

Try f10mm @ 200mm c/c each face

Number of bar b/s=1000/200=5 each face

Abar∗b π∗1000∗102
As = = =392.5 for single face
spacing 4∗200

2As =2*392.5 =785mm2 for both face

 ft 41100
fs= = =52.36N/mm2
2 As 785

fs 52.36
ϵ1 = = = 0.000262
Es 2∗105

bt∗¿ 2∗1000∗225
ϵ2 =stiffiningeffect =2 ¿ = =0.000955
3∗Es∗AS 3∗200000∗785

ϵm =ϵ1-ϵ2 =0.000694

10+50+10/2 =65

Cmax =3*aa *ϵm but aα =√ 1002 + √ 652-5 =95.32mm2

Assume f10 mm vertical and f10mm bars

Max C =3*95.32*0.000694 = 0.198<0.2mm ok!

Check crack width for moment (max)

Elastic theory equation

K=(-n*р+ √ n∗ρ(nρ+2)¿ ¿but,n=15

As as∗b
And ρ = = where, As =
bd S

Try main bending reinforcement of f12mm c/c 250mm

2
π∗1000∗10
As = =34889mm2/m d=t =cover - ∅ /2 =225-50-10/2
225
=170m

As 34889
ρ= = =0.00205
bd 170∗1000

Therefore when substitute the above equation k=0.219

Z =d (1-K/3) =170(1-0.219/3) =15757mm where Z = lever arm

X =K*d =0.219*170 =3727mm X = depth to neutral

axis
6
M 3.93∗10
Stress steel (δs ) = = =71.48Mpa
As∗Z 348.89∗157.57
 δs 71.48
εsb= = =0.00036
Es 200000

t−x 225−37.272
ϵ1 =ϵs b ( =0.00036( =0.000506
d−x 170−37.272

( t−x ) ( a−x )∗b

Strain reduction ϵ2 = =0.00127
3 Es∗As ( d−x )

ϵnet =ϵ1 -ϵ2 =0.00127 -0.000506 =0.000763

aα =√ 2252 +¿ ¿ ¿ -5 =120.225mm

3∗aα∗ϵm
3∗120.225∗0.000763
Cw = arc−ϵm = =0.157mm <0.2mm ok
1+ 2( ¿) ¿ 1+2 ¿ ¿
t−x

Provide horizontal reinforcement bar ϕ10mm c/c 200mm.

2. Vertical Reinforcement

As min = ρ min*t/2*b

According toE BS 8007 (which is preferable for water retaining structure)

ρ Min = 0.35%

As min = (0.35*225*1000)/ (100*2) = 394mm2/m

Using ϕ10 mm bars, as =p*102/4=78.5mm2

Spacing S= (b*as)/ (Asmin)=1000*78.5/394 =199mm >Smin = 25mm , <Smax

=300mm

Therefore provide ϕ10mm vertical reinforcement @ 190mm c/c

3. Cover slab

Cover slab of circular reservoir is treated as area of slab, which is carrying load for maintenance
and service in addition of its own weight

Clear diameter D=5m

Clear radius r=2.5
Wall thickness t=0.225m
 Center diameter D`=D+ t = 5+0.225 = 5.225m
Center radius r`= D`/2 = 5.225/2 = 2.6125m

According to EBCS

Live load (LL) =0.5KN/m2

Thickness of minimum cover slab =15cm
Unit weight of concrete =24KN/m3

Assume cover slab as freely supported as edges and loaded uniformly

Use Ultimate strength Limit state

Adopt the design parameters as stated above i.e. fcu = 35Mpa, fck = 28Mpa,

Fcd = 15.87Mpa S= fyk = 460Mpa, fyd = 400Mpa

Load on slab per m2

Dead load DL= 0.15*24KN/m3 =1.152Kn/m3

Live load LL = 0.5 KNm/m3
Then design load on slab WD = 1.3DL+1.6LL

WD= 1.3*1.152+1.6*0.5= 2.2976KN/mL

Design moment for simply supported slab under uniform load

1. At center (r=0)

Mr. = Mo =3/16*wd*a2=3/16*2.2976*2.52 =2.6925KNm/m

Where WD= design load on slab

r =a=clear radius

Mr. = radial bending moment

Mo = circumferential bending moment

At edge of slab support r=a, Mr. =0

Mo=WD*a2/8 =2.2976*2.52/8 = 1.795KNm/m

B. At edge of slab Vr (max) =WD*a/2 = 2.2976*2.5/2 =2.872KN

Therefore for the absolute maximum moment Mmax =2.6925KNm/m

Check the thickness for single reinforcement

Effective slab depth Dreq =

√ Mmax
μmax∗fcd∗b

Maximum design constants of single reinforcement section ACI code S-460Mpa

ώmax =0.382 and μmax =0.309

√
6
2.6925∗10
D req = 3
=23.432mm
0.309∗15.87∗10

Assuming ϕ10mm bar and 15mm cover slab

Thickness of slab (t) =Dreq +cover +ϕ/2

t =23.432 +15+10/2 =43.43< 48mm (assumed) ok

Therefore Md =2.6925knm, t=48mm, b =1000mm, d =48 -15 -10/2 =28mm

A) At center of slab
6
Md 2.6925∗10
μ = 2 = 2 =0.2164 ≤ 0.309 (the section is designed for
fcd+ b+d 15.87∗15.87∗100000∗28
single reinforcement)

d d
Z = (1+√ 1−2∗μ ) = (1+√ 1−2∗0.2164 ) =24.54mm
2 2

Required tension at the bottom

6
Md 2.6925∗10
As = = =274.255mm2
fyd∗Z 400∗24.54

0.6∗b∗d 0.6∗1000∗28
=274.255mm2≥ = =42mm2 ok
fyd 400
2
π∗10
Spacing of ϕmm bars, as = =78.5mm2
4

a s∗b 78.5∗103
S= = =286.23mm< Smax =300mm,¿ Smin =25mm
As 274.255

Provide ϕ10mm at 280mm c/c at the bottom in the form of mesh

B) At the edge of slab (circumferential reinforcement ring slab)

Md = Mo=1.795 KNm

d=48-15-10/2 = 28mm

Md 1.795∗10
6
μ= 2 = =0.1443<0.309
fcd∗b∗d 15.87∗2

d
Z = (1+√ 1−2∗μ =25.81mm
2
6
Md 1.795∗10 0.6∗b∗d
As = = =173.875mm2≥ =42mm2
fyd∗z 400∗25.81 fyd
2
π∗1000∗8
Spacing = =289 <Smax =300mm
4∗173.875

Provide ϕ8mm bars at 280mm c/c at the edge of slab

C) Development length of f14mm bars

Development length is the length of bars that sufficiently anchor bars in concrete, prevents
the slippage of the bars and maintaining integrity of the system.

Anchorage length of bar under direct tension also applied to bar subjected to tension due to
flexure .Therefore codes give expression of development length of bars as;

ϕ∗fyd 0.35∗√ fcu

Ld. = , 2fctd and fctd = (ESCP2183)
4∗fbd 1.15

Where ld. =development length

Fyd =yield strength of steel

Fbd =2 fctd for deformed bars(EBSC -2195)

0.35∗ √35
Fctd = =1.3804
1.5

400∗10
ld. = =362.21mm =370mm
4∗2∗1.3804

ld 370
Number of ring bars = = +1 =2.31 =3bars
S 280
Provide 3 ring bars ofϕ10 mm at280mmc/c placed at bottom slab just above mesh
reinforcement

Check thickness of slab for shear

Design shear strength of concrete (ESCP 2183) limit state method

At edge of slab Vmax = WD*r/2= 2.2976*2.5/2 = 2.87KN

Design shear strength of slab = VC = 0.4fctd (1+50 ρ ) b*d

2
As π∗10
But ρ = ≤ 0.01 = 3 =0.0028 ≤ 0.01 OK
bd 4∗28∗10

VC = 0.4 x 1.3804(1+50 x 0.0028) x 103 x 28 = 17.625KN

VC = 17.625KN ≥Vmax = 2.87 KN OK

Therefore, the thickness is sufficient for shear

4. Design of Base slab

Design of base slab is similar to design of circular slab subjected to the weight of water
depending on the supported slab

1. Stress checking against limit

Assume thickness of base slab t base= 150mm

Unit weight of concrete ϒc = 24KN/m3
Load of water ρ w =ϒw x h x A = 9.81 x 2.8 x π x 52/4 = 539.06KN
Load of cover slab =ϒc x t x A = 24 x 0.15 x π x 52/4 = 70.65 KN
Load of circular wall = ϒc x t x h`p = 24 x 0.225 x π x 5.225 x3.5

= 310.083 KN

Load of base slab = ϒc x t`b x Ab = 24 x 0.15 x π x 52/4 = 77.15 KN

Total load = 997KN

From equilibrium condition Stress P (pressure) = total load /area = (4 x 997)/( x 5 2)

= 50.8KN/m2

P=50.8KN/m2≤ αas=100KN/m2 OK
Whereas = assumed allowable bearing pressure for moderate soil

h=height of water

h`=height of wall including free board

Since the pressure obtained is within safe limit, therefore the diameter of foundation slab
may be equal to the diameter of the external wall of reservoir.

Take diameter of foundation =5m

B. Limit state design for empty reservoir condition

Total load excluding load of water = 997-539.06KN = 458KN

From equilibrium total load = AP = 458

⇒ P = (458 x 4)/ ( π x 52) = 23.33 KN/m2 ≤ αa = 100KN/m2 OK

Mmax =3/16 x Wd x a2 = (3 x 2.2976 x 2.52)/16 = 2.7KNm

Check depth for flexure

Dreq =
√ Mmax
μmax∗fcd∗b
=
√ 2.7∗106
0.309∗15.87∗1000
=23.43mm

Assume ϕ10mm bar and cover of 50mm

d =d req +cover +ϕ/2 =23.43 +50+10/2 =78.43mm < 300mm (assumed thickness)

Effective depth, deff =tslab +cover –ϕ/2 =150 -50 -5 =95mm

deff 95
Z= (1+√ 1−2 μ) = (1+√ 1−2∗0.309) =77mm
2 2

Mmax 2.7∗106
As = = =87.5mm2
fyd∗Z 400∗77

asb π∗105
Spacing S = = =224.35mm
AS 4∗87.5

Provide ϕ10mm bat at 220mm c/c placed at the bottom of the slap

C. Minimum and thermal reinforcement

Minimum tension reinforcement

 As = a x t x b where a = 0.0013for high yield steel

AS = 0.0013 x 150 x 1000 = 195mm 2 (wall to support each on one face, water on the
other)

ρmin∗t∗b 0.35∗150∗1000
Minimum horizontal steel = = =262.5mm2 for external force
2 2∗100

Assume ϕ10mm bars and R =0.5, α =0.000012/C0

T1+T2 = 35c0 and ώmax = 0.2mm, ώmax = Smax x R x T x a

fct∗ϕ fct∗ϕ∗R∗a∗T∗100
Where Smax = = ρ% = =0.56%
fb∗2∗ώ fb∗2∗ώ

ρ %∗t∗b 0.56∗150∗1000
As = = =420mm
2 2∗100

as∗b 78.5∗1000
Spacing (s) = =187mm
As 420

Provide ϕ10mm bars at 180mm c/c placed at the bottom of slab and the same steps for
service reservoir of volume 75m3

7. Distribution Systems work

After the water is treated completely, it becomes necessary to distribute it to a number of houses,
estates, industries, and public places by means of a network of distribution system. The
distribution system consists of pipes of various sizes, valves, meters, pumps, distribution
reservoirs, hydrants; stand posts etc. The pipelines carry the water to every street and road.
Valves control the flow of water through the pipes. Pumps are provided to pump the water to the
elevated service reservoirs or directly in the water mains to obtain the required pressure in the
pipe lines. Meters are provided to measure the quantity of water consumed by individual as well
as by the town.

The needs of a good distribution system are:

To reach to every consumer with the required pressure head and with sufficient quantity

To transport sufficient quantity of water during emergency such as fire- fighting and repair work

To ensure as the quality of pipes laid should be good and it should not burst.

To minimize watertight and the water losses due to leakages

To convey the treated water to the consumers with the same degree of purity

To deliver sufficient quantity of water for domestic, industrial and for emergency cases like
firefighting

To deliver water to the consumers with the required rate of flow & pressure head

7.1 Transmission main

The transmission main, although it may have a small number of service connections on it, it is
used to convey the majority of flow from the source, treatment plant, and/or storage facilities to
the distribution system where the majority of service connections are located. It is designed to
transport the maximum day demand of water to service reservoirs and for peak hour demand
from reservoir to distribution network. It should also be designed for peak hour demands where
direct pumping is required from source and/or treatment plant to distribution system.

7.2 Distribution main

7.2.1 Components of distribution system

Basically distribution system is divided into primary, secondary and tertiary mains which are
defined as follows:

1. Primary Main: that part of the system which conveys water from reservoirs to secondary
distribution pipelines. The capacity of primary distribution main is determined by the
peak hour demand. Generally, all pipelines of DN 250 mm and above which are not
transmission mains will be considered as part of primary distribution main.
2. Secondary Main: that part of the distribution systems which is fed by the primary
pipelines and conveys water to consumers, either directly or through a tertiary main, or
that forms a cross-connection between two or more primary mains. The secondary
distribution main is designed for peak hour demand. Generally, pipelines of DN 150 and
200 mm are considered part of the secondary distribution main.
3. Tertiary Main: that part of the distribution system which is fed by main or secondary
pipelines and conveys water to consumers through service connections. The tertiary
distribution main is also designed to meet the peak hour demand consumers.

7.2.2. Types of distribution system

Water to reach every consumer with required rate of flow needs a sufficient pressure in pipelines.
Depending up on the methods of distribution, the distribution system is:

1. Gravity system

2. Pumping system

3. Dual system or combined gravity and pumping system

1. Gravity system: - This is the most reliable method of distributing water when there is some
ground level sufficiently above the distribution system (city). The adequate pressure of
distribution is maintained by gravity force only. The reliability of this system depends up on the
size & vulnerability to accident of the main conduit joining the source & the city.
 Figure 7.1 gravity supply systems

2. Pumping system: - In this system the distribution pressure is maintained by direct

pumping to the mains. This system has an increased maintenance cost for the pumps have
to work at varying rates, their life is also reduced. Stand-by diesel pumps are also
required in this system to cope with power failure. These stand-by units can also be used
for meeting fire demand.
 figure 7.2 pumping system

3. Combined gravity and pumping system: - this method is the combination of the above two. In
this system the pump is connected to the mains as well as to an elevated Reservoir. When the
demand increases it is satisfied by flow from the pump and the reservoir. Since this system
requires uniform rate of pumping and also meets the varying demand it is economical and
reliable. The balance reserve in the reservoir serves for both requirements of demand during
pump break down and firefighting .then in our work of this project we used combined system for
distribution system. Because of pump is used for lifting water from borehole to reservoir and
gravity system also used for transport water from reservoir to the consumers.

7.3 Pressure Zones

The prevailing topography can lead to the use of so called pressure zones. These zones can be
formed for economic and technical reasons. By establishing different pressure zone, saving can
be obtained in supplying water to the various reservoirs (lower pumping costs) and in the
application of lower-class piping due to the lower pressure. Technically, pressure zones may be
advantageous in preventing too high pressures in lower parts of the network (pressure reducing
valves may be used) or providing sufficient pressures in higher parts (by pumping) when the
source of supply is located in the lower zone.

7.4. Lay out of Distribution system

There are mainly four types of systems adapted for the layout of pipelines to distribute water.

1. Dead end or tree system: - In this system a main starting from the reservoir is laid along the
main road and sub mains are taken off from it along roads joining the main road. Branches and
distributors are taken off from the sub main along streets and lanes joining the road service
connections are made from these branches.

This system is suitable for towns develops in irregular manner and has the advantages of cheap
initial cost, simple design calculation and easy extension of the system when desired. The main
disadvantages of this system are: the supply will be cut off if repair work is carried on the main
or sub mains, there are dead ends which may contaminate the supply and it is difficult to meet
the fire demand during repair.

2. Grid iron system: - In this system the layout of pipe lines assume the shape of a network and
all the dead ends are eliminated by inter connection. The main is laid along the main road and the
sub mains are taken off from it in both directions along other roads & streets. Branches are taken
off from the sub mains and inter connected. This system is most suitable for towns that have a
rectangular lag out of roads & for newly developed cities. The main advantages of this system
are all dead ends are eliminated; very small area will be affected during repair work, the friction
losses and the sizes of pipes are reduced, and in case of fire demand more quantity of water can
be diverted to the affected area by closing the valves of nearby localities.

The main disadvantages of this system are increased in the overall cost, difficult design
calculation & increased in the overall cost, difficult design calculation & increase in the number
of valves to be closed for repair work.

3. Ring or circular system: - In this system the supply main is laid around the distribution district
(town). The town is divided in to a number of square districts and around each district sub-mains
are laid. The branches are taken from the sub-main and are interconnected.
This system is used only in well planned cities. The main advantage is that water can reach the
consumer very quickly.

4. Radial system: - This is the reverse of ring system. The distribution district is divided into
different zones, and a distribution reservoir is placed at the center of each zone. Supply pipes are
laid radially and away towards the boundary from the reservoir. This system is suited for towns
which has radial lay out of roads and has the advantage of quick and satisfactory service & easy
computation of pipe diameters. After considering the layout of Akaki bilbilo and comparing the
above advantages the dead end or tree system is adopted for the layout of pipes, because of the
kebele structure was have not regular shape.

7.5 Design procedure of the distribution system

The first step in designing a distribution system is preparing the layout of the distribution pipes
with valves, fire hydrants etc. marked on it. Then the total population to be served at each mode
is also marked on the plan. Having completed the above the minimum pressure head required at
the tail end and near the highest elevation of the city are also determined and noted on the plan.
Finally the main work is to determine the sizes of the distribution pipes, which could carry the
required quantity of water at the desired pressure.

7.6 Selection of pipe material

Pipes commonly used for water supply projects are Ductile Iron (DCI), Steel, uPVC, High
Density Polyethylene (HDP) and Galvanized Iron (GI). The choice of pipe material is dependent
on the following factors:

Chemical nature of soil

Chemical nature of water

Comparative cost of alternatives pipes

Weather conditions of the area

Geologic formation of the pipe route

Expected pressure in the pipeline

The following pipeline materials will be normally selected:

a. Metal pipes (DCI/Steel): will be laid where exposed above the ground and for special
sections such as drain/stream crossings and/or other cases. The choice between DCI and Steel
will be based on opportunity cost of the pipes and convenience of handling and pipeline
formation.

b. Large diameter pipes (say, DN 400 mm and above) could be of metal (steel or DCI)
depending on the opportunity cost of relevant pipes fabricated from the various materials.

c. uPVC and/or HDPE for the distribution system, with typical pipes diameters of DN 400 to 50
mm.

d. Galvanized iron for service pipes of DN 2” to ¾” (50 mm to 20 mm).

Then after comparing the above effects we select PVC pipe for Akaki bilbilo water supply
distribution system. Due to: its

Low cost,

Light- weight,

Easy joining & installation etc

DCI pipes are used from the borehole to the service reservoir due to its strength, resistance to
corrosion & low cost.

7.6.1 Alignment and lying of pipelines

The following considerations will govern the alignment of pipelines within the supply area:

a. Transmission mains will follow the shortest route between the headwork and the supply area,
allowing for deviations where necessitated by topographical conditions.

b. Wherever possible, pipelines will be laid at road sides and verges of footpaths, pavements or
green strips. Pipes to be laid along roads will be located at a minimum distance of 900 mm
outside from the edge of the road or the roadside drain.

c. Distribution system pipelines forming part of the main grid will follow the existing or planned
roads, while observing the necessary requirements for hydraulic efficiency and economy.

d. Undesirable effects resulting from proximity of two metallic pipelines will be considered
when routing new mains.
Laying depth of pipelines will be subject to the following criteria:

a. Depth of mains below ground will take into consideration ease of maintenance, avoidance of
excessive earth pressure and protection from live load due to traffic.

b. Mains laid in trenches will have a minimum cover of 1.0 m for pipes of DN 400 mm and
smaller, and 1.20 m for pipes of DN 400 mm and larger.

c. Mains lay under carriageways or road verges will have a minimum cover of 1.20 m.

d. The depth of cover will be increased as may be required where the ground level is to be
changed in future for the construction of a road, where an increased depth is needed to maintain a
minimum slope in the pipelines, where this will eliminate the need for an air valve, or where
other special requirements call for greater depth.

A minimum distance of 1.00 m will be maintained from fences and buildings to the verge of the
trench for pipe laying.

7.7 Design of pipe lines

The following points are considered while we designing the pipe lines of the project area:

The water demand at various points in the city

The velocity of flow in the pipes should 0.6m/s to 1.8m/s (in our case 1.7)

The service pipes should be able to carry twice the average demand.

The minimum size of distribution pipe is 40mm and service pipe of 20mm is used for giving
house connections.

7.8 Pressure in the distribution system

Due to friction in pipes, the water head is continuously lost as the water enters the distribution
main. Head loss occurs at entrance of reducers, valves, bends, and meters etc. Till the water
reaches the consumers tap.

The effective head available at the service connection to a higher elevation is very important,
because the height up to which the water can rise in the highest elevation will depend up on it
only. If adequate head is not available at the connection to the highest elevation the water will
not reach the upper storage. To overcome this difficulty the required effective head is maintained
in the street pipes.

Since water has to reach each and every consumer it should reach the upper most storage in the
kebele.

The following factors determine the required pressure which has to be maintained in the system:

The height of the highest building up to which water should reach without boosting

The distance of the kebele from the distribution reservoir

The supply is to be metered or not. Higher pressure will be required to compensate for the high
loss of head in meters.

7.9. Pipeline appurtenant structures

The different devices required for controlling the flow of water for preventing leakage and other
similar purposes in water distribution network. These are the following.

1. Valves

Valves are required to control the flow of water, to regulate pressures, to release or to admit air,
to prevent flow of water in opposite direction and other purposes.

Spacing of Valves

Isolating valves on mains will be installed at intervals of about 1.5 km, their spacing being
dictated also by such factors as washout requirements, connection to consumers, connections to
other mains, etc. Wherever a secondary main runs alongside a tertiary main, isolating valves on
the secondary main will be installed at intervals of not more than 0.5 km, this being necessary to
reduce the number of consumers affected by any failure in the artery. Other factors governing the
spacing of valves on arteries will be washout requirements, connection to consumers, connection
to other arteries or consumer mains, crossing of streams, roads, etc. Isolating valves on consumer
pipelines will be provided at every branch connection, every street junction, and where indicated
by special requirements.

Number of Valves
The number of isolating valves to be installed in an adequately looped grid at every intersection
of secondary, tertiary or consumer mains will be n–1, where n is the number of arms at the
intersection.

One isolating valve should be provided at every one of the following points:

Interconnecting pipe

Hydrant connection

Washout

Air valve

Consumer connection

Size of Valves

Isolating valves on mains of DN 450 mm and smaller will be of the same size as the relevant
main.

Isolating valves on mains of DN 500 mm and larger may be of a smaller diameter than the
respective mains as a means of cost economy and reduced stock range. Suitable sizes of isolating
valves will be as follows:

On mains of DN 450 to 500 mm: DN 450 mm valves.

On mains > DN 600 mm: (DN – 100 mm) valves.

Isolating valves installed in branches for air valves, hydrants, washouts and bypasses will be of
the same size as the respective branch pipes.

2. Fire hydrants

These devices are used for tapping water from mains for fire extinguishing, street washing,
watering gardens, and flushing sewer lines and for other purposes. These are provided at all
junctions of roads and at 100 to 130 meters apart along the roads.

3. Pipe fittings
Various types of pipe fittings such as unions, caps, plugs, flanges, nipples, crosses, tees, elbows,
bends etc. are used during lying of distribution pipes.

To be appropriate for the pipeline configuration normally fittings will be of Cast Iron, GS, DCI,
or of uPVC where such lines are installed, similar in size and class to the pipelines will be
installed. Wherever fittings for assembling steel pipes will be required, they are to have the same
design strength as that of the pipe

4. Water meters

Meters are required to determine the quantity of water flowing through pipes and quantities of
water supplied to private houses, industries, public buildings etc.

5. Service connections

A service connection is primarily a connection from the distribution system to the consumer.

6. Man holes

At every change of alignment, manholes are constructed for giving access for inspection,
cleaning, repairs and maintenance.

7. Air Valves

Air vents (air valves) for ingress and release of air will generally be provided at the highest point
of mains DN 350 mm and above (or on mains of smaller size if required) or on the downstream
side near isolating valves. Double orifice kinetic type air valve will usually be selected for
installation in pipelines. All air vents will be assembled with isolating valves of the same size.

8. Washouts

Washouts will be located at the lowest points of transfer pipelines and transfer/distribution
mains, near drains, streams, etc., wherever suitable. Drain pipes discharging to the drainage or
sewerage ditch will be provided with a flap check valve installed on its end.

9. Pressure Regulating Facilities

Excessive pressure will be relieved in appropriate manner. As the case it could be obtained,
e.g. in the following manners:

Mechanical device (pressure relief/reducing valve)

Orifice (for transient flows)

Pressure breaking tanks

7.10. Network Analysis by Computer Software (water CAD)

There are a number of pipe network analyses of software (also called network simulation
software, or hydraulic network modeling software) which mathematically solve hydraulic
equations for all interconnections, branches and loops of the pipe network.

With the advent of such powerful software, the conventional methods of water distribution
design have been mostly discarded. The computer software requires the designer to create a
water supply system model by inputting in the computer program information that includes pipe
lengths, junction or node elevations, connectivity of the pipes and nodes, demand in each node,
information on pumps, elevations of reservoirs, elevations and yield of sources.

For Akaki bilbilo kebele water supply computer analysis method was used to analysis the
distribution of water in easy way and the results of Computer Software (water CAD) is as the
following;
 J-11 J-1

J-10
R-1

J-9 PM P-1
J-8
J-12 J-2 R-2

J-13

J-3 PM P-2

J-4 T-1
J-5

J-7
J-6

Figure 7.3 network of distribution system

Figure 7.4 results of software pressure distribution system

8. Environmental impact assessment

The environmental impact assessment include the identification and description of the existing
environmental situation of the project area, an assessment of the potential effects of the project
and proposed mitigation measures for adverse impacts. The significant environmental issues and
concerns is identified with respect to valued environmental components such as public health,
occupation health and safety, socioeconomic conditions, fauna and flora, water resources and
archeology. Hence, the key environmental issues has been evaluated to predict its impacts and
mitigation measures and propose the monitoring plan that will minimize the negative impacts
and enhance positive effects

Development of water resource is the one, which control the development of a society.
Obviously, such a large-scale water resource development would change in the environmental
situation around the project and even at far places as far as there is an ecosystem such changes
could have a result of positive or negative impacts. The positive impacts have to be enhanced
where as the negative impacts should be avoided if possible, else minimized to the extent that
they would not be significant compared to the usefulness of the project.

For examining and identifying such effects environmental impact assessment (EIA) is a tool and
should be under taken in adequate and comprehensive manner.

The main purpose of EIA in project is:

Identify the beneficial and adverse effect of a project

Suggest mitigation measures.

Identify appropriate monitoring strategies.

Increase environmental information in to the decision making process related to the

development of the project.

Nevertheless, in our cases there is no full data to know the environmental conditions of the
project area. Therefore we introduce the usual problems that every water supply project faces
and its mitigation that we suggest

The environmental and social impact are generally related to abstraction of groundwater sources,
temporary/permanently land loss due to the construction of new water supply system facilities,
pollution (including impacts on air quality, noise pollution and water contamination),
socioeconomic conditions (including impacts on communities and health and wellbeing), fauna
and flora, Ecology and Biodiversity as briefly described in the subsequent sub sections.

8.1Possible Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures

The environmental impact assessment includes assessment of the potential effects of the project
and proposed mitigation measures for adverse impacts. The significant environmental issues and
concerns shall be identified with respect to the valued environmental components such as public
health, occupation health and safety, socio-economic conditions, fauna and flora, water resources
and archeology. Accordingly, the Environmental and Social Assessment has been identified for
both negative and positive impacts of the proposed activity in the project’s area. These Potential
impacts and risks are assessed for both key stages of the project cycle as per the Ethiopian
government and World Bank (WB) Guidelines. These guide lines are:

1. Construction phase, and

2. Operations phase

The impacts can be short-term, long-term, and cumulative context in the following steps:

Identification of potentially significant environment impacts;

Identification of interactions between activities and environment; and

Evaluation of all significant environmental impacts, depending on the review of the project
description and the environmental baseline of the area

The interaction is used to identify the potentially significant environmental impacts. The
identified impacts are both beneficial and adverse, in the trends of direct, indirect, reversible,
irreversible and short-term or long-term. The impacts during construction are temporary and for
a short period and confined to smaller area around the activity while operational impacts,
mitigation and environmental management activities are continuous up to the life of the water
supply and sanitation service life time.

8.2Impacts during Construction Phase

A) Positive Impacts

During the construction phase, the project will give the following advantages

It creates job opportunities for both non skilled and competent skilled manpower construction
workers especially for jobless youth.

The project would increase the water supply for various uses such as domestic, commercial,
institutional and industrial demands.

The project would contribute potable water so that the community could advance in better
sanitation which results in safeguarding himself from health problems.
As there are enough water supplies, there will be an industrial and business center promotion,
which leads to the strategically development of the kebele. This impact is therefore beneficial
for the community live in that woreda as well as it was more advantageous for the people live
around the kebele.

B) Negative impacts and its mitigation

Expected and potential negative impacts during construction phase are linked to construction of
new infrastructures borehole pumping station, generator house, other auxiliary buildings,
transmission main, water storage reservoir, distribution pipe lines and access roads. However,
most impacts are minor to the fact that the construction phase of the project will be for short
duration and the socio-economic impact is temporary. In consideration of these, the impacts can
be easily mitigated through proper care & using routine precautions. These impacts include:

1. Impacts on public Health and Sanitation

Provision of safe and adequate potable water has an obvious positive impact on public health and
sanitation since it helps significantly reduce the spread of major infectious and parasitic diseases
such as cholera, typhoid, dysentery, hepatitis, giardiasis, guinea worm infection and
schistosomiasis, etc. Implementation of the proposed water supply project is expected to enable
the population of the project area to obtain safe and adequate water for drinking and other
domestic uses. These in turn will reduce the prevalence of water-borne and water related diseases
that are usually contracted by drinking water from unsafe sources and/or bodily contact with
contaminated water points. With increased availability of good quality water, the health of the
public will be further improved since it will enable them to keep clean the kitchen and eating
utensils and individual personal hygiene. Better personal hygiene coupled with the elimination of
the highly congested waiting lines around the water points will further reduce the spread of
contagious diseases that are usually transmitted by bodily contacts.

Consistent promotion by educating the communities on personal hygiene and environmental

sanitation, water and sanitation, control and prevention mechanisms of disease, etc. will further
substantiate the wellbeing of the beneficiaries and sustainability of the proposed scheme.

2. Impacts on Women and Children

In addition to the backbreaking in-house undertakings, fetching water is one of the burdens
vested up on many women and their children, particularly of girls. One of the expected benefits
of providing piped water supply will be the significant reduction of time and energy spent in
fetching water. After implementation of the proposed water supply scheme, it is expected that
there will be smaller maximum distances between the consumer’s houses and water points. This
condition will allow women to spend more time for other important activities and school age
children, especially girls, will have time to attain schooling.

3. Impacts on Land use Patterns

Implementation of the proposed project will definitely involve acquisition of land for installation
of the various components of the water supply system such as pump station at the source rising
main, access road, distribution line, boosting station, storage reservoir and others.

The rising and transmission mains may bring temporary loss of vegetation and grazing areas that
can easily be rehabilitated soon to its original state. Careful sitting of the project components and
installation of the pipelines following the existing roads of the area will minimize the damage to
properties.

4. Impacts on Vegetation Cover & Animal Life

There are natural vegetation on the routes of the rising and the transmission main. Hence, the
vegetation covers will be affected by the construction of the rising and the transmission mains.

In general, Vegetation losses from these activities are assumed to be insignificant compared to
the benefit of the system. The impact of the project on wild animal life is also insignificant, as
very little part of the wild life’s habitat is affected by the proposed project.

5. Risks of Soil Erosion

Excavation works for installation of the pipeline networks as well as for construction of pump
house, storage reservoirs and others will expose the soil to both water & wind erosion.

Soil erosion by wind is the most common type of erosion for arid and semi-arid climatic regions
like Behoro kebele. The project area is known by its arid zone climatic condition usually
dominated by low and erratic rainfall and windy weather conditions. Therefore, wind erosion is
more significant and hence natural vegetation at the site of construction should be left unclear as
much as possible. In addition to these, tree plantation within the impact zone should be
encouraged since it would serve as windbreaker and further it regulates the micro-climatic
conditions of the area.

The refilling and compacting of the excavated soil should be done as soon as possible in order to
minimize soil erosion by wind. Moreover, soils may also be polluted by spills of fuels, oils and
greases. Care has to be taken to minimize these risks since they do have many adverse
consequences.

6. Risk of Dislocation and Loss of Properties

Development of the water supply schemes is expected to cause very little or no displacement to
the local communities. This is because pipelines and other structures are usually located in such a
way that there will be no dislocation of families and loss of private or communal properties due
to installation and construction of the water supply system components. Structures are usually
located so that there will be no loss of properties and displacement effects as much as possible.

7. Impacts on Infrastructure

One of the important infrastructures most affected by transmission mains and distribution
networks is the road infrastructures since excavation to install the pipeline networks will damage
the roads at the crossing points. Rehabilitation of the damages soon will mitigate the impact.

8. Air Pollution and Nuisance Noises

Air Pollution and nuisance of noises are the common phenomena associated with a given
development project. Although their magnitude and the accompanying negative effects is
dependent on the scale of the project.

During construction phase there would be some nuisance noise generated by operation of
construction equipment, movement of vehicles, and others. Dust pollution caused by frequent
movement of the construction vehicle coupled with the windy weather condition of the area can
also be a significant problem. Furthermore, exhaust fumes or emissions released by diesel
operating equipment may cause some localized air pollution.
8.3Impact during Operation Phase

There are also both positive and negative impacts during operation phase. Positive impacts are
related to the supply of safe water to the town population while negative impacts are related to
ground water abstraction.

A) Positive Impacts

The positive impacts during operation phase of the project include:

1 Improvement on public health - provision of safe and adequate potable water supply have an
obvious positive impact on public health and sanitation since it reduces the spread of major
infectious and parasitic diseases such as typhoid, dysentery, respiratory infection, Diarrhea,
Upper throat infection, Upper respiratory infection, Skin infection and amoeba to mention few of
them. Easier access to a reliable supply of water will relieve women and children, the burden of
fetching water, allowing them to spend more time on productive pursuits, attending school,
caring for their families or themselves. In addition, with increased availability of good quality
water, the health of the public will be improved since it enables them to keep clean kitchen and
feeding utensils and individual personal hygiene. It also, in relation the project, will have
significant contribution for promoting activities specified in the health policy and health
extension Programme of the country.

2 Enhanced economic and social situations: - as availability of water in quantity and quality
improves human health, it makes people capable to do work. In addition, the water availability
would initiate people to produce horticultural crops in their ground yards.

3 Attests good governance: - provision of essential social services to citizens is one of the major
factors attesting the competence of a government in managing and administering of its subjects.

Creating access to essential services to all citizens is one of the benchmarks for measuring
attainment of good governance in a given country or region. It is also one of the major factor
indicating the commitment and effort of the government for the attainment of social development
in the country. Thus, the provision of adequate safe water supply and sanitation facilities will
have significant contribution for promoting rapport and trust relationship between the local
government and the dwellers.
B) Negative impacts

The negative impacts during operation phase of the project include:

Groundwater contamination through the flash toilets of households and commercial

organizations and potential improper sludge disposal;

Conflicts between municipality and poor households on water charge/fees, and collection,
treatment and disposal of wastes as water and waste disposal will have to be paid;

8.4Mitigation Measures

Generally the mitigation measure taken according to the rule of environmental impact
assessment was as the following:

In case of Land requirements for water works at borehole site, transmission pipelines, reservoir
site, buildings, access road, distribution pipelines and public taps the mitigation measurement
taken was:

1. Additional Land requirement at borehole shall be needed for construction control room,
generator house and guard house which can affect people livelihood.

2. The land requirement for construction transmission main can affect farm land but it can be
temporary and can be restored immediate after the pipe line laid and do not entails displacement
of people or long term livelihood changes

3. Land requirement for Water distribution system have no question of affecting people
livelihood and land replacement as it follows the master plan of the town.

In case of Destruction of properties like houses and fences the following measurements was
taken

The proposed water distribution system is proposed to follow the master plan of the town, but
there are houses along the main asphalt road need to be demolished as those houses are on the
edge of asphalt road within the road boundary and those houses need to be relocated by town
municipality. The community have already well informed by the town municipality in this
regards.
In case of Solid wastes produced from construction of water supply system such as construction
dust pollution and deposition and effect of excavated particles and Sedimentation the
measurement taken was, Excavated particles and sedimentation impacts are expected during
construction phase of the project. Dust generates during sites preparation, ground excavations,
material handling, loading and unloading of materials and traffic movement on unpaved areas for
delivery and transport of materials at work sites. Highest dust emission would occur during
initial excavation. Traffic volumes increase air pollution mainly during construction phase.
Human health problems, particularly, airborne diseases such as coughing, sneezing, sinus
congestion, itchy and watery eyes, sore throat, and fatigue may be resulted as a result
construction dusts. Though this problem is theoretically expected, its effects can be minimal
though the following proper mitigation measures:

a. Minimization of soil disturbance,

b. Continued moistening of excavation sites and transport routes upon requirement, cover of haul
trucks carrying excavation material.

c. The excavated materials should be re-cycled and reused for refilling of trenches during cut-fill
processes.

d. Periodically aggravated erosion potential of the soil especially in areas with high slope energy
induced by excavation activities may be curbed by sowing and planting of grasses of relevant
species. Extremely steep hillsides have to be protected by technical measures like river training
works.

In the case of Increase in ambient Noise the measurement taken was, Noise impact could be of
the most environmental concern due to construction of the project as their locations are in urban
areas. but, its impact would be of short duration and would occur during initial site clearance and
excavation when construction work is carried out.

As excavated materials will be transported to and removed off site, noise will be generated from
use of powered mechanical equipment for site preparation and excavation of shafts. The degree
of noise impact will depend on the intensity of construction work and the distance of receivers.
For the case the following proper mitigation measures was taken
1. Proper planning of the construction program,

2. Ensure construction equipment maintenance.

In the case of Chemicals like oil, diesel, dust, odour and road accidents from construction
machineries,

All fuel, oil and chemical storage will be sited on an impervious base within a bund and secured.
The base and bund walls must be impermeable to the material stored and of an adequate
capacity;

Leaking or empty oil drums will be removed from the site immediately

In the event of oil spill or leak there will be adequate on-site availability of oil spill cleanup
equipment including absorbent material and inflatable booms;

Drip trays under mobile plant will be employed to prevent pollution from leaking oils or liquids;
and Preparation of incident response plans to be made prior to development.

In the case of Water borne diseases like Malaria, Lower respiratory, Skin infections, Diarrhea,
can be created from unnecessary ponds and depressions, Avoidance of low points, sites with
poor drainage, or prone to water retention or floods during construction period.

Pounding water and floods have to be discharged to the dewatering lines that will expect to be
happened during construction of works.

In case of Open left trench excavation for pipe laying, Open left trench excavation for pipe
laying has negative impact on people and their animals such as cattle and vehicles mobility
during excavation of pipe trenches for laying pipelines which will have temporary impact.
Besides, the trench excavated and left open for sometimes could endanger for local people
especially children, women, elderly people and persons with disabilities. Then we use safety
percussion & backfill the trench on time after pipe is laid.

In case of Water supply related effects the water supply line can cross the roads that can expose
water pipes damage by road traffics. This problem can result in pipelines leakages that can
expose users to water pollution related health problems. On crossing pipelines the roads can be
damaged and extra expenses can be resulted. Then the following techniques was taken

Strengthen and ensuring the unity in water distribution management system

In case of loss harvesting early alert should be given to the people to be affected. The impact
may be reduced to a certain extent by an appropriate activity schedule which takes into account
the main harvest time. This only limited compensation by cash, if possible, for the destroyed
crop only.

Generally the finding of the environmental impacts of the project indicates that there are a
number of positive and negative environmental impacts. However, identified potential benefits
of the project by far outweigh the negative impacts. Conversely, construction and operation of
the project will result in few adverse environmental impacts. The impacts are related to effects of
dust, noise, excavated particles problems, land space for construction of water supply scheme,
interference with existing distribution system and other related problems. However, the negative
impacts can be reduced to acceptable levels through integration of possible environmental
mitigation measures during construction and operation phases of the project. Therefore, it can be
concluded that there will be no condition obtained that leads to “no-go” option due to severe or
immitigable impacts that will prevent the implementation of the intended project provided that
the recommended management and monitoring plans are properly implemented. On other hand,
unless otherwise effective environmental mitigation measures are taken into considerations, even
though the impacts are manageable, the identified adverse impacts are not negligible.

The social and economic benefits attained from this water supply and sanitation project are
multiple in provision of adequate water supply in the town and also helps to improve the
sanitation and hygiene situation of the communities within the town.

9. Estimating costs of water supply projects

Planning of any water supply projects was based on reliable cost data. Such data are difficult to
obtain in developing countries, but in such case, the following are used.

The two major stages can be identified when designing any water supply project for a particular
location. In the first stage, decisions must be made about the System capacity of main
components and sizing of the water supply system and estimated construction and operating
costs which will be described in the following sections.

The outcome of the first stage may be used as a basis for fund raising, planning and
organizational purposes. The second stage is the preparation of the system’s structural design and
a specification of the equipment and materials to be involved. In general, two cost components
have to be differentiated in any water supply project. These are the investment (capital) cost and
the Operation & Maintenance (O & M) costs. Estimating the capital and Operation and
maintenance costs is the basis for the financial analysis.

1. Investment (capital) cost

Investment costs are costs that are incurred for the design and construction of water supply
projects. Based on the sizes and layout of different water supply components determined in the
design, the amount of materials and equipment to be supplied as well as the volume of work to
be undertaken should be clearly stated in the bill of quantity. Further the supply and installation
work volumes and cost of the following components should be separately given:

A. engineering service

The cost required for engineering service includes:

Costs associated with project identification, pre-feasibility and feasibility studies

Costs required for project appraisal and detail engineering design and

Costs for contract administration and supervision tasks

B. borehole drilling, testing and commissioning

This includes all costs related to the following tasks:

Mobilization of Drilling Rigs, Personnel and All Necessary Equipment and Materials

Drilling of the Boreholes up to required depth

Installation of Casings, Gravel Packing and Well Development

Pumping and Water Quality Tests

Wellhead Construction, Drilling Report Production and Commissioning

C. supply of pipes and fittings

It includes costs required to manufacture, supply, testing and commissioning of all Pipes and
Fitting such as:

All different types of pipes and fittings such as DCI, Steel, uPVC, Galvanized Iron, etc.

Different types of Valves such as Air Release Valves, Pressure Reducing Valves, Gate Valves,
Non-Return Valves and other valves which are mainly used for transmission and distribution
networks

All Water Meters including fitting and small size meters used for service connections

D. supply and installation of electrical and mechanical equipment

It includes costs required to manufacture, supply, erection, testing and commissioning of all
electrical and mechanical equipment such as:

Pumps (Submersible, Surface Centrifugal and other Pumps)

Generating Sets and/or Transformers

All Electro-Mechanical Equipment and Fittings Required for Treatment Plants, Pumping
Stations, and Reservoirs

All Electrical and Mechanical Control Systems and etc

Equipment and Materials for Power Supply

E. civil works construction

It includes the provision of all necessary materials, equipment and manpower, and the erection,
testing and commissioning of all civil work structures such as:

Pumping stations
 Treatment plants

Laying of Transmission and Distribution pipes and fittings

Water reservoirs, Water delivery points and all service connections

Auxiliary buildings used for Operation and Management of the water supply system

Access roads and other infrastructures

The unit rates to be used for cost estimation should be site specific and as much as possible has
to reflect the current market price. Recently completed projects can also be adopted to get
reasonable estimation of costs

2. Operation and maintenance costs

The operation and Maintenance costs of a water supply system are summarized in the following
sections.

A. operation

Operation costs are costs associated with water production, distribution, bill preparation, revenue
collection etc. These costs are accounted as follows:

Chemical costs

Energy costs

Personnel and other administrative costs

B. maintenance, repair and contingent costs

It comprises of all repairs, preventive maintenance and contingent costs such as:

Civil work structures

Electrical and mechanical equipment

Pipes and fittings and etc

C. funds for recovery of investment (capital) costs

It includes all costs associated with expansion or/and depreciation of all assets or/and repayment
of debt services etc. Finally all costs required for investment, operation and maintenance of the
water supply system should be done as described above, for each of the identified alternative
water supply systems for feasibility analysis of the project. Finally after referring the above
mentioned condition we try to summarize the cost summary of project cost according to the
following tables.

Table9.1. Summary cost of Akaki bilbilo water Supply Project

S/No. Description of Works Phase I Total Cost Phase II Total Cost

232,00
1 Work General Item 0 252,000

Water Supply Source investigation

2 and Development

Drilling and development of 1,503,90

2.1 borehole 8 11,679,367

3 Civil Works Construction

Construction of Generator Houses at 774,45

3.1 bore holes 5 4,993,505

924,25
3.2 Construction of pump house 9 776,716

Construction of 57.6m3 Service 2,005,75

3.3 Reservoir at Akaki bilbilo 4 924,259

Installation of transmission Mains 40,42

3.4 from BHs to Pumping 6 8,246,189

3.5 47,627
Construction of Guard houses at 1,228,39
 S/No. Description of Works Phase I Total Cost Phase II Total Cost

Well field's pumping Stations 5

Construction of Operator houses at 47,62

3.6 Well Field's pumping Station 7 443,776

47,62
4 Supply of Pipes and Fittings 7

Supply and Installation of

5 Electromechanical Equipment’s

Supply and Installation of

Electromechanical Works and 4,767,25
5.1 Power Supply 0 10,095,950

Total 100,828,33 37,459,389

Grand Total of Project Cost 47,542,222

Generally the estimated cost to implement the phase one project is 100,82833ETB and
37,459,389 ETH for phase two. And the overall investment cost for both stages is estimated to be
47,542,222ETB.
10. Recommendation and conclusion

10.1 Recommendation

In order to maintain the project for its full design period every components of the structure
should constructed with the consideration of great care and quality of material should be used.
These components of the structure should be protected. Therefore; the following
recommendations are given for the reliability of the project. Since the ground water sources are
selected, it may have a great problem, if the source once polluted it is difficult to treat water from
boreholes unlike surface sources and also lack of some necessary well data in order to design
reliable and applicable manner. For instance, in our case Geological information like well depth
assumption is not optional. Even if; we Select pump with generator to draw the raw water from
the boreholes and supply to the service reservoirs electric power must require because of the
generator needs more fuel to run water. Detail water quality data must be given in order to
decide the extent of treatment required. While Running Distribution system we are try to force to
assume the following data such as Demand at junctions and the appropriate location of Boreholes

10.2 Conclusion
Because of the increasing in population and development in Akaki woreda, it is obvious that the
existing water supply system is not adequate for future demand. Hence, it is a must to design and
construct any water supply scheme to the woreda.

Considering different points such as the useful life of component of structures, life of pipe and
other structural material used in water supply, rate of population growth, industrial and
commercial development etc., and the design period of the project are fixed for 20 years.

The population growth rate throughout the project life has been computed using geometrical
increase method. Geometrical increase method of projection method is selected for the design
purpose due to rapidly growing population of the woreda. Many factors are involved in
estimation of water demand for woreda and it is not possible to determine the demand more
accurately but for this project purpose as much as possible to get reasonable value most
consideration has been taken.

The source used in project area is obtained from Akaki boreholes. The data given for distribution
system is not adequate but using the available data and with the help of water CAD model
software computer programmer the distribution network was performed for the project and
included in the document above.
Appendixes

Appendix A: water CAD results of pipe report

Label Length (m) Diameter Material Hazen- Control Discharge

(mm) Williams C Status (l/s)

P-1 363.93 45.0 Ductile 130 Open -0.14

Iron

P-2 378.26 46.8 Ductile 130 Open -0.43

Iron

P-3 387.71 40.0 Ductile 130 Open -0.51

Iron

P-4 183.49 40.9 Ductile 130 Open -1.21

Iron

P-5 1,190.54 42.8 Galvanized 120 Open -1.41

iron

P-6 1,194.21 43.8 Galvanized 120 Open -1.62

iron

P-7 1,963.83 75.0 Galvanized 120 Open -1.80

iron

P-8 947.32 70.0 Galvanized 120 Open 1.43

iron

P-9 640.38 65.0 Ductile 130 Open 0.72

Iron

P-10 163.37 65.0 Ductile 130 Open 0.57

Iron

P-11 305.10 85.0 Ductile 130 Open 0.35

Iron

P-12 435.86 80.0 Ductile 130 Open 31.35

Iron

P-13 765.35 59.0 Galvanized 120 Open 31.35

iron

P-14 2,224.74 80.0 Galvanized 120 Open 3.57

iron

P-15 2,179.93 85.0 Galvanized 120 Open 3.57

 iron

P-16 1,156.41 75.0 Galvanized 120 Open 3.64

iron

P-17 1,156.41 85.0 Galvanized 120 Open 3.64

iron

P-18 999.441 74.0 Ductile 130 Open -30.31

Iron

P-19 168.55 88.0 Galvanized 130 Open 29.0

iron

P-20 150.27 87.9 Galvanized 130 Open -1.55

iron

Appendix B: Water CAD results of junction report

Label Type Base Flow Pattern Demand Pressure (m

(l/s) (Calculated) H2O)
(l/s)

J-5 Demand 0.15 Fixed 0.15 64.2

J-2 Demand 0.25 Fixed 0.25 10.0

J-9 Demand 0.13 Fixed 0.13 51.3

J-13 Demand 0.07 Fixed 0.07 10.2

J-6 Demand 0.22 Fixed 0.22 64.0

J-8 Demand 0.65 Fixed 0.65 54.3

J-1 Demand 0.14 Fixed 0.14 59.8

J-7 Demand 0.35 Fixed 0.35 64.0

J-3 Demand 0.34 Fixed 0.34 68.2

J-4 Demand 0.71 Fixed 0.71 64.9

J-11 Demand 0.14 Fixed 0.14 50.3

J-12 Demand 0.18 Fixed 0.18 60.8

J-10 Demand 0.29 Fixed 0.29 50.4