WEBINAR

Second generation of
Eurocode 7
Improvements and
challenges

Tuesday 28th of September 2021 Online 15:00 – 17:00 CEST

WELCOME
About this webinar
• Please mute your microphone
• Questions via Q&A (no ‘raise hand’)
• We don’t have time to answer all your
questions, we will answer them afterwards
• This webinar will be recorded.
• The presentations, Q&A and a link to the
recording of the webinar will be sent
afterwards.
Programme
15.00 Welcome from ISSMGE ERCTC10 Georgios Katsigiannis

15.05 Introduction to Second Generation Adriaan Van Seters

of Eurocode 7

15.45 Interactive session Loretta Batali

16.10 Ensuring Reliability in the new EC7 Gunilla Franzén

16.35 Deriving the Ground Model Jose Estaire

17.00 End of webinar

Introduction to Second
Generation of Eurocode 7
Adriaan van Seters
Chairman CEN/TC250/SubCommittee 7 “Eurocode 7”
Fugro

[email protected]
Contents
1. Development of Eurocode 7

2. Eurocode 7 Part 1

3. Eurocode 7 Part 2

4. Eurocode 7 Part 3
• Piled foundations

5. Closure
Development of Eurocodes
1975 – Start Eurocodes by European Commission

1992 – First Eurocodes published – ENV

2002 – 2007 – Introduction present Eurocodes

2011 – 2016 – Evolution Groups: topics for revision EC7

2015 – 2025 – Drafting of 2nd Generation Eurocode 7

2035 – 2040 – Next Generation of EC7??

Large Geotechnical Community:

• 200 in Taskgroups
• hundreds in National Mirror Committees
Main objectives for 2nd Generation EC7
CEN/TC250: Standard suitable for all common design cases
without demanding disproportinate levels of effort
Other objectives:
Ease of use • Clear language, same structure in all Eurocodes,
• Avoid alternative rules
• No rules of little practical use, no “textbook”

Harmonisation • More common design rules,

• Less Nationally Determined Parameters

Future developments • Numerical Methods

• Probabilistic design
 Main changes in Eurocode 7
Old Eurocode (3 parts):
1. EN1990 - Basis of structural design
2. EC7 Part 1 – Geotechnical rules
3. EC7 Part 2 – Testing and derivation of parameters
New Eurocode (4 parts!):
1. EN1990 – Basis of design – also geotechnical!
2. EC7 Part 1 – General rules for all structures, safety,
characteristic values
3. EC7 Part 2 – Ground Properties and how to derive
them from tests Properties
4. EC7 Part 3 – Rules for specific geotechnical structures,
many calculation models in Annexes
Bond (2019)
Eurocode 7 – Part 1
General Rules
(EN1997-1)
Eurocode 7 Part 1 – Key Changes
• New Geotechnical Category: Consequence (CC)-class and Ground
Complexity (GCC) → See lecture on Reliability

• Improved Safety concept EN 1990 / EN 1997

• Representative value determination (by engineering judgement, by

statistics)

• Groundwater issues - design groundwater pressures

• Safety for Numerical methods

Representative value
Representative value – 2 options:

• Nominal value – “cautious estimate”

• Characteristic value – 5 % lower bound value – Statistics

(Informative Annex – Student t-distribution)
Safety EN 1990 – Factors on Actions
1st Generation Design Approaches changed to Design Cases
Applicable Design Case in part 3 – Geotechnical Structures
Partial Material factors
Material factors for Set M2 – NDP!!!

Factor KM = 0.9 for Consequence Class CC1

= 1.0 for Consequence Class CC1
= 1.1 for Consequence Class CC1
(= National Determined Parameter)
Groundwater – New Clause 6 - EN1997-1
Groundwater level measurements and groundwater pressures
Representative value of Groundwater pressure Gw;rep:
• Alternative 1: Upper or Lower value Gw;k;sup or Gw;k;inf
• Alternative 2: Permanent mean Gw;k;mean + Variable Qw;rep (amplitude)
with variable Qw;rep = Qw;k ,Qw;comb, Qw;freq or Qw;qper
Design value:
• Direct Assessment (Nominal value)
• Apply an offset to the representative waterpressure
• Apply a partial factor (see EN 1990)
ULS for Numerical Methods
γ
m

Displacement

Input factoring (MFA) Geotechnical

MANDATORY ULS
DUAL CHECK
FOR ALL
STRUCTURE
TYPES Structural
Output factoring (EFA) ULS

Two verifications: (1) Input Factoring – Material factors, (2) Output Factoring - Effect of Actions
EN1997-1 – Clauses 10, 11, 12
10 Implementation of design 11 Testing
- Supervision of the process - Ground properties
- Inspection – check of material / product - Design assisted by testing
- Monitoring - Testing to verify resistance
- Maintenance - Testing to control quality
- Testing behaviour - SLS

12 Reporting + Annex C – check list

- GIR – Ground Investigation Report
- GDR – Geotechnical Design Report
- GCR – Geotechnical Construction Record
- Geotechnical Test report
Eurocode 7 – Part 2
Ground Properties
(EN1997-2)
Key changes to EN1997-2
EN 1997-2: 2007 Ground investigation and testing
Complete reorganisation of EN1997-2 1. General 3. Soil and rock sampling D. Cone and piezocone
2. Planning of ground and groundwater penetration test
investigations measurements E. Pressuremeter test
6. Ground investigation 4. Field tests in soil and F. Standard penetration
report rock test
5. Laboratory tests on soil G. Dynamic probing test
Focus on DESIGN instead of and rock H. Weight sounding test
I. Field vane test
J. Flat dilatometer test
GROUND INVESTIGATION K. Plate loading test

General
Properties Calculation models
rules

Calculation models in Old Annexes → EN 1997-2: 202x EN 1997-3: 202x

Ground investigation Geotechnical structures
PART 3 4. Ground model 7. Physical and chemical A. Slopes, cuttings, and
5. Planning ground properties embankments
investigations 8. Strength properties B. Spread foundations
6. Ground investigation 9. Stiffness properties C. Piled foundations
methods 10. Mechanical response to D. Retaining structures
13. Reporting dynamic loads etc. E. Anchors
ROCK is included 11. Groundwater and
hydraulic connectivity
F. Reinforced soil
structures
12. Thermal properties G. Ground improvement

Ground model → see lecture Estaire

Minimum number and maximum
spacing of Ground Investigation (NDP)
Recommendations for Ground Investigation (Annex, NDP)
Table 5.4(NDP). Maximum spacing and minimum number of in-situ testing locations for structures in Geotechnical Category 2

Structures Maximum spacing Minimum numbera

Xmax Nmin

Low-rise structures 30 m 3
High-rise structures 4-10 storeys 25 m 3-4b
11-20 storeys 20 m 3-5b
>20 storeys 15 m 3-6b
Estate roads, parking areas and pavements 40 m 2
Silos and tanks 15 m 3
Bridges piers and abutments 1 per pier/base
Power lines 1 per pylon
Wind turbines 2 per turbine
Retaining structures 150 m -
Slopes and cuttings < 3 m high 100 m -
 3 m high 50 m -
Embankments and reinforced fill structures < 3 m high 200 m -
 3 m high 100 m -
Excavations in urban areas > 5 m deep from ground surface 25 m 3

a Where no spacing or number of locations is given this should be assessed on a project-specific basis.
b Underlined numbers are more appropriate for difficult structures
Derivation of ground parameters
Methods for parameter derivation:
• Physical, chemical and “state properties”
(Clause 7)
• Strength parameters (Clause 8, Annex E)
• Stiffness and consolidation properties
(Clause 9, Annex F)
• Cyclic, Dynamic en Seismic properties
(Clause 10, Annex G)
• Geohydraulical properties (Clause 11)
• Thermal properties (Clause 12)

All Clauses have same layout:

Direct determination – direct from field/lab tests
Indirect determination – through correlations
Eurocode 7 – Part 3
Geotechnical Structures
(EN1997-3)
Key changes to EN1997-3
→ Rock engineering included in all Geotechnical Structures
New Structures:
• Pile groups and pile rafts (Clause 6)
• Reinforced fill structures (Clause 9)
• Ground reinforcing elements (Soil nails and rock bolts, Clause 10)
• Ground Improvement (Clause 11)
• Ground water control (Clause 12)
Existing, but completely updated clauses
• Slopes (Clause 4)
• Spread foundations (Clause 5)
• Piled foundations (Clause 6)
• Retaining structures (Clause 7)
• Anchors (Clause 8)
4. Slopes
Slopes in Soils and Rock Ultimate
Limit State:
• Material Factoring Approach: partial
factors on material properties,
• (Harmonisation – 1 method)

Clause 4 is basis for other

structures:
• Rock bolts and soil nails (10)
• Reinforced fill structures (9)
• Spread foundation on a slope
5. Spread foundations
Analytical Bearing models
- Bearing failure and overturning (Brinch Hansen):

- Drained and undrained

- Sliding failure

Serviceability / Settlements (methods in Annex B)

5. Spread foundations – partial factors
Partial factor on Material factor approach Resistance factor approach

(a) (b) (c) (d) (e)

Spread foundations 2 checks: (a) and (b) H / V < 0.2

Actions/effects F, E DC1 DC3 DC1 DC1 DC4

G = 1.35 KF G = 1.0 G = 1.35 KF G = 1.35 KF E = 1.35 KF
Q = 1.5 KF Q = 1.3 KF Q = 1.5 KF Q = 1.5 KF Q = 1.11

Ground properties M M1 M2 M2 Not factored

tan = 1.0 tan = 1.25 KM tan = 1.25 KM
cu = 1.0 cu = 1.4 KM cu = 1.4 KM

Bearing resistance Rv Not factored 1.4

Sliding resistance Rh Not factored 1.1

Eurocode 7 – Part 3
6 – Piled Foundations
6. Piled Foundations
• Pile classification system (Examples in Annex) → Partial Factors

Pile type Description Class

Displacement pile Pile installed in the ground without Full displacement
excavation of material
Partial displacement
Replacement pile Pile installed in the ground after the Replacement
excavation of material
Pile not listed --- Unclassified
above

• Axial loading – single piles; only Resistance Factoring (RFA)

• Transverse loading: only Material Factoring (MFA)
• Ground model method (averaging ground parameters over site)
• Model pile method (averaging calculated capacities over site)
• Correlation factors (depend on number of load tests/ground investigation and variation of
results)
6. Piled Foundations – correlation factors
Axial bearing capacity
Model pile method
Representative values Rrep:

Ground model method Rrep = Rcalculated

Many CPTs/PMTs with calculated

bearing capacities:
 depends on spacing of CPTs daverage
𝑅calc mean 𝑅calc min 𝑑𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒
𝑅rep = 𝑚𝑖𝑛 ; 𝜉 = 1+ ξ𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 − 1
𝜉mean 𝜉min 30
(Rcalc)mean= mean of calculated results

(Rcalc)min = minimum of calculated results

 = correlation factor
6. Piled Foundations – model factors
• Axial Loading
Compressive resistance
𝑹𝐛,𝒓𝒆𝒑 𝑹𝐬,𝒓𝒆𝒑
𝑹𝒄;𝒅 = 𝜸 +𝜸
𝑹𝒃 .𝜸𝑹𝒅 𝑹𝒔 .𝜸𝑹𝒅

Rb = base resistance
Rs = shaft resistance
Rb, Rs = resistance factors on
shaft and base
Rd = model factor Also: Model factor when piles tested on site
- Static load test in sand Rd = 1.0
- Rapid load test in sand Rd = 1.1 to 1.2
- Dynamic impact test in sand Rd = 1.1 to 1.25
6. Piled Foundations – partial factors
Partial factors

Calculation models in
Annex
6. Piled Foundations – pile groups
Pile groups and piled rafts

ULS verification:
Axially loaded: MFA and RFA
Transverse loads: MFA

Annex: models for group bearing capacity –

tension/compression

Annex: model for negative shaft friction

Eurocode 7 – Part 3
Other structures
7. Retaining structures
• Analytical (spring) and
continuum models
• Maximum active and
passive pressures
• Material factoring MFA
or:
• Resistance factoring
RFA (Effect of actions)
• Observational Method!
7. Retaining structures – partial factors
8 Anchors
Anchors with free length
Design based on tests or comparable
experience
3 Types of tests:
• Investigation test (failure, lost anchor)
• Suitability test (anchor in project)
• Acceptance test (control test, all anchors)

Resistance factoring
ULS-verification Only by testing (acceptance test)

Steel strength → EN1993-5

9 Reinforced fill

Reinforced Fill
• Reinforced fill (a, b)
• Embankment bases (cleft)
• Overbridging systems (cright)
• Veneer stability (d)

Annex F – Design methods

9 Reinforced fill – 3 components
9 Reinforced fill – Design models – Annex F
Design methods for reinforced fill:
• Slip surfaces
• coherent gravity method
• tie-back wedge method
• multipart wedge method
Sliding resistance over
ground surface

Load transfer platform

Embankment over a cavity

Veneer stability
10 Reinforcing elements
Clause 10 includes:
• rock bolts
• soil nails (see figure)
• sprayed concrete
• wire mesh
• facing elements.

ULS – Resistance factoring

11 Ground improvement
Diffused methods:
• compaction
• replacement
• grouting
• deep mixing (figure)

Discrete methods:
• stone/sand columns (figure)
• jetgrouting
• deep mixing
• steel/concrete columns
11 ULS for Ground improvement
Class Diffused Discrete
I - No UCS 1. Determine improved ground 1. Determine properties of
properties inclusion
2. Verify ULS 2. Verify ULS of system
(Priebe etc)
II - With UCS 1. Determine improved ground 1. Determine improved
properties ground properties with
2. Verify ULS rigid inclusion
3. Verify structural resistance 2. Verify ULS
3. Verify structural design of
rigid inclusions
UCS = Unconfined Compressive Strength

Bond (2021)
12 Groundwater control
Groundwater control:
• Grouting
• Drainage systems and pumping
• Vertical barriers

For hydraulic conductivity check:

Serviceability Limit State governs!
12 Groundwater control measures - examples
Reduce hydraulic Dewatering and infiltration Impermeable barriers
conductivity
Grouting Drainage systems Geomembrane, geosynthetic
Cement-based, silica-fume, drains, liners, infiltration, well or plastic
chemical pipes Impermeable grouted barriers
Soil mixing ditches, wells, well points, Concrete barriers and
Ground freezing boreholes sealings
geosynthetic drainage systems Steel sheet piles
Pumps Diaphram walls
submersible, external, vacuum
Filters
Filters, separators, flow meters
EN15715, grouting EN15237, vertical drainage EN12390, testing hardened
EN15716, jet grouting EN16907-1, drainage for concrete (for resistance to water
cuttings and embankments penetration)

Bond, 2021
Closure
2nd Generation Eurocode…
Comparison
1st and 2nd Generation Eurocode
2ND GENERATION EUROCODE 7
New Concepts Limit State Check – 4 options, Ground model, Representative value,
Geotechnical Category, Groundwater,
Supporting elements (anchors, nails), Numerical methods
New geotechnical techniques Reinforced fill, Ground improvement,
Ground reinforcing elements, Grondwater control, Piled rafts, Pile
groups, Horizontally loaded piles
New focus Complete restructuring of Part 2:
How to derive ground parameters for design
New lay-out All chapters with same Table of Contents → EASE OF USE
New link with EN1990 “EN1990 now 4th part of EN1997”; Basis of structural and
geotechnical design
New writing style More “prescriptive” code, more “shall” clauses, less “may” clauses
Milestones in development Eurocode 7
Date Milestone
Now – August 2022 10 TaskGroups with 200 experts update EN1997
September – December 2022 Formal Enquiry, last comments from the CEN-countries!
January – August 2023 Implementation of comments by TaskGroups
April 2024 Formal Vote – yes/no voting by countries
July 2024: 2nd Generation EN1997 is ready!!!
2024-2026: Set up Nationale Annexes per country

From 2026 on: Design with 2nd Generation of

Eurocode 7 – within 5 years!!!!
Second Generation of Eurocode 7 Tuesday 28 September 2021
Improvements and Challenges Online 15:00 – 17:00 CEST

597 registered attendees !

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WEBINAR

Second generation of
Eurocode 7
Improvements and
challenges

Tuesday 28th of September 2021 Online 15:00 – 17:00 CEST

WELCOME
WEBINAR
Second generation of Eurocode 7
Improvements and challenges

Ensuring Reliability in the new EC7

Foto: G. Franzén
Vice chair TC250/SC7
Gunilla Franzén, GeoVerkstan, Sweden

Tuesday 28th of September 2021 Online 15:00 – 17:00 CEST

 ULS

Ensuring Reliability
Time
Durability
Robustness
Basic requirement in SLS Sustainability

Eurocode

EN 1990, 4.1 (2) <REQ>

A structure shall be designed and executed in such a way
that it will, during its design service life, with appropriate
degrees of reliability and in an economical way:
- sustain all foreseeable and specified actions and
influences that are likely to occur during its execution and
use;
- meet the specified serviceability requirements for the
structure or a structural member,
- meet the specified durability requirement for the
structure of the structural member.
 ULS

Ensuring Reliability Time

Durability
Robustness

What is an appropriate SLS Sustainability

level of reliability?

EN 1990, 4.2 (3) <RCM>

The choice of an appropriate level of reliability for the structure
should take account of the following:
- possible consequences of failure in terms of risk to life,
injury, and potential economic losses;
- the possible cause and mode of attaining a limit state;
- public aversion to failure;
- the expense and procedures necessary to reduce the risk of
failure.

NOTE 1 Minimum reliability levels can be set by the National

Annex for use in a country. Further guidance is given in Annex C.

NOTE 2 Different levels of reliability are commonly adopted

for limit states relating to structural failure, serviceability, and
durability.
Ensuring Reliability
EN 1990

Reliability =
Value of factor of safety ?

The consequence classes influence the value of the appropriate

reliability.
The partial factors may be altered with respect to consequence,
using the consequence factor (KF, KM, KR)

But the reliability is not only to pick a value, it is to add measures

to ensure that the geotechnical structure are within the
limitation that the value prescribe. ULS

Time
Durability
Robustness
SLS Sustainability
 EN1990, 4.1 (2)
Ensuring Reliability ….appropriate degrees of reliability and in an economical way

Different type/extent of measures are needed for different

The recommended consequence class - flexibility

measures
CC3

CC2
EN 1990, 4.2 (3)
CC1
NOTE 3 Levels of reliability for structural failure and
serviceability are achieved by:
- appropriate representation of the basic variables; Mechanical models
Prevent errors
- accuracy of the mechanical models used and
interpretation of their results;
- prevention of errors in design and execution of the Adequate inspection Basic variables
structure, including gross human errors; and maintenance Material properties
- adequate inspection and maintenance according to
procedures specified in the project documentation.
Ensuring Reliability

Why introduce
Geotechnical Category?

Foto: G. Franzén
Geotechnical Engineers We need a Ground Model
that describe the complexity.

Work with the given material at site, can not select a building material Might be a challenge to achieve!
with well defined material properties.

Minimize uncertainty by adding information, knowledge and

Foto: G. Franzén
experience during the design and execution.

Need to adapt the geotechnical structure to the expected and

unexpected conditions at the building site.

Therefore, the measures we need to take to ensure the appropriate

reliability is also linked to the Geotechnical Complexity
 Ensuring Reliability

Geotechnical
Complexity Class EN 1997

- Uncertainty in ground conditions

- Variability/difficulty of the ground
- Sensitivity to groundwater/surface water conditions
- Ground structure interaction

negligible considerable
uniform highly variable
low significant

GCC1 GCC3

Engineering judgement
Comparable experience
Enuuring Reliability

Why introduce
Geotechnical Category? Possible to
increase
target value EN 1997

KF, KM, KR
To ensure that the extent of measures are relevant to achieve the
appropriate reliability.
• Higher consequence and larger complexity (uncertainty), you
need to have more extensive measures to be sure to be precis
in achieving the appropriate reliability.
• To avoid unrealistic requirements on “simple” situations, we
need to use “Risk-management”. Increased amount of measures to limit
probability of errors

Use the GC to get a flexibility related to not only consequence but

also complexity.
Ensuring Reliability Geotechnical Complexity Class (GCC)
Consequence Class
(CC) Lower Normal Higher
An example of application (GCC1) (GCC2) (GCC3)
for a different field Higher (CC3) GC2 GC3 GC3
Normal (CC2) GC2 GC2 GC3
Lower (CC1) GC1 GC2 GC2
For some competences, the application of measures to ensure
appropriate reliability is obvious, part of the work.

The baker is one example.

To be sure to obtain the product

- Select the ingrediency with proper investigation
- Validates that the tools are appropriate
- Control during planning and preparation
- Control valid recipe
- Measurements are accurate
- Inspection (Third party control?)
- Competence
Measures to achieve an
appropriate reliability for
Geotechnical structures

ULS

Time
Durability
Robustness
SLS Sustainability
 Parameters for design
Ensuring Reliability EN 1997
GI
GIR
The measures to achieve
an appropriate reliability GDM

Tables to assist the engineer to become confident that

enough quality information is available for the design.
Depending on:
Implementation of design
GC3
Prevent errors
GC2
Calculation models
GC1
Parameters for design
 Validation = process of determining the degree
Calculation models to which a calculation model and its input
Enusuring Reliability parameters represent a real design situation
EN 1997

The measures to achieve

an appropriate reliability
EN 1997-1, 7.1.1 (6)
Calculation models shall be validated to ensure that they are
appropriate for the specific design situation and are applied
within their limitations.

Table to assist the engineer to become confident that the

calculation model is validated for the design situation.
Depending on:
Implementation of design
GC3
Prevent errors
GC2
Calculation models
GC1
Parameters for design
 Prevent errors
Ensuring Reliability
EN 1997
The measures to achieve
an appropriate reliability
EN 1997-1, 4.1.8 (1)
Quality controls should be implemented at all stages of
ground investigation, design, preparation of execution
specification, execution, use, and maintenance.

Tables to assist the engineer to become confident that the

probability of errors has been limited.
Depending on:
Implementation of design
GC3
Prevent errors
GC2
Calculation models
GC1
Parameters for design
 Implementation of design
Ensuring Reliability

The measures to achieve

an appropriate reliability
EN 1997-1, 10.1 (2)
<REQ> The type, level and amount of supervision,
inspection, monitoring, and maintenance shall be related to Ensure the execution, material, behaviour of the geotechnical
structure complies with the design (including design assumptions) and
the Geotechnical Category of the geotechnical structure, or
execution specification. That necessary contingency measures are
the relevant part of it. activated if acceptance criteria or limiting values are violated.

Confident that supervision, inspection, monitoring and

maintenance is sufficient to ensure implementation of design.

Depending on:

Implementation of design
GC3
Prevent errors
GC2
Calculation models
GC1
Parameters for design
 Implementation of design

Enusuring Reliability Prevent errors

Calculation models

To ensure basic Parameters for design

requirement in ULS

Eurocode is
fulfilled Time
Durability
Robustness
SLS Sustainability

EN 1990, 4.1 (2) <REQ> Target reliability depend on CC and is national choice.
The measures to ensure appropriate reliability for geotechnical
A structure shall be designed and executed in such a way structure to be within the “cube” depend on GC (GCC +CC)
that it will, during its design service life, with appropriate
degrees of reliability and in an economical way:
- sustain all foreseeable and specified actions and
influences that are likely to occur during its execution and GC3
use;
GC2
- meet the specified serviceability requirements for the
structure or a structural member, GC1
- meet the specified durability requirement for the
structure of the structural member.
 Thank you
for your attention !

Contact information: [email protected]

Foto: G. Franzén
WEBINAR

Second generation of
Eurocode 7
Improvements and
challenges

Tuesday 28th of September 2021 Online 15:00 – 17:00 CEST

Deriving the
GROUND MODEL
WEBINAR

Second generation of Eurocode 7

Improvements and challenges

Deriving the
Ground Model
José Estaire ([email protected])
Lab. Geotecnia – CEDEX
Madrid (Spain)
28th – September - 2021
0.- Objective
• Present the GROUND MODEL
- Content
- Development
- Presentation
- Reporting

• And some TERMS related

- Geotechnical structure
- Geotechnical unit
- Zone of influence
- Ground properties
- Derived values
- Representative values
- Geotechnical Design Model
1.-Previous ideas
• Term widely used in geological contexts with different meanings

• Definition according to EC7:202x, Ground Model (GM) includes some geotechnical content

• Relevant concept in the future EC7

Part 1
1.-Previous ideas:
Tasks in the design of a geotechnical structure
General flowchart
1.-Previous ideas:
Tasks in the design of a geotechnical structure
General flowchart

Examples: cuttings, embankments, shallow and piled foundations, retaining structures

 2.- Ground Model: Content (in EC7-Part 2)

Notice: 6 REQ =>

Requirement strictly to be
followed and from which no
deviation is permitted to
comply with the Eurocodes
2.- Ground Model: Content (in EC7-Part 2)
2.- Ground Model: Content (in EC7-Part 2)

Content of GM
Ground conditions

Derived values

Variability and uncertainty

• CONCEPTS related to GM
- Geotechnical structure
- Geotechnical unit
- Zone of influence
- Ground properties
- Derived values
- Representative values
- Geotechnical Design Model
2.- Ground Model: Content (in EC7-Part 2)
• CONCEPTS related to GM
- Geotechnical structure
- Geotechnical unit
- Zone of influence
- Ground properties
- Derived values
- Representative values
- Geotechnical Design Model

Geotechnical units
2.- Ground Model: Content (in EC7-Part 2)
• CONCEPTS related to GM
- Geotechnical structure
- Geotechnical unit
- Zone of influence
- Ground properties
- Derived values
- Representative values
- Geotechnical Design Model
2.- Ground Model: Content (in EC7-Part 2)
• CONCEPTS related to GM
- Geotechnical structure
- Geotechnical unit
- Zone of influence
- Ground properties
- Derived values
- Representative values
- Geotechnical Design Model
2.- Ground Model: Content – Derived values (in EC7-Part 2)

Specific ground property of a

particular geotechnical unit
2.- Ground Model: Content – Derived values (in EC7-Part 2)
Measured values Theory – Correlation Derived values

Undrained shear
Vane test strength

Mohr-Coulomb failure Cohesion

Direct shear test
criterion Friction angle
 2.- Ground Model: Content (in EC7-Part 2)

Content of GM
Ground conditions

Derived values

Variability and uncertainty

• CONCEPTS related to GM
- Geotechnical structure
- Geotechnical unit
- Zone of influence
- Ground properties
- Derived values
- Representative values
- Geotechnical Design Model
2.- Ground Model: Development (in EC7-Part 2)

c1,c2,c3,c4,c5
j1, j2, j3, j4, j5

Knowledge: Low Knowledge: Medium Knowledge: High

From Gunilla Franzen “CEN-TC250-SC7-WG1_N0207_M515-SC7_T2_W001_Groundmodell_GF.pdf”
2.- Ground Model: Presentation (NOT in EC7-Part 2)
• Description of the ground in words
• Sketch
• 2D models: maps and plans representing the distribution
of geotecnical units
• 3D models that show the depth of features (such as faults,
changes in thickness, tilted units and subsurface contacts)
• Digital models that can be viewed from different directions Taken from Hakan Garin (TG-C2)
and the underlying data interrogated
+ Derived values in the models or in tables

From David Norbury “ Ground models: a brief overview”

Taken from TG-C1 cases

Taken from Hakan Garin (TG-C2)

Taken from David Norbury “ Ground models: a brief overview)

2.- Ground Model (GM): Reporting (in EC7-Part 2)

Ground investigation Ground Model Geotechnical Design Model

3.- GM Links
3.- GM Links: GM - Ground investigation
GROUND INVESTIGATION Ground investigation
CONTENTof Ground Investigation (Clause 5.2)

Clause 5.2.1 Clause 5.2.2 Clause 5.2.3 Clause 5.2.4 Clause 5.2.5

Preliminary
Desk study + Site inspection + Investigation
+ Design investigation + Monitoring

(If needed) (If needed)

Iterative procedure
+
TECHNIQUES of Ground Investigation (Clause 5.3)
Clause 5.3.1: Clause 5.3.2: Prelim. & Design Investigation Clause 5.3.3:
Site inspection Exploratory holes and openings Instrumentation
techniques Field investigation techniques for Monitoring
Field testing (EN-ISO 22476)
Geotech. Monitoring
Geophysical testing (EN-ISO in preparation)
by field instrum.
Geohydraulic testing (EN-ISO 22282)
(EN-ISO 18674)
Geothermal testing (EN-ISO 17628)
Testing of geotechnical structures (EN-ISO 22477) +
In-situ stress measurements (ISRM Sug. Meth.) Clause 5.3.4
Laboratory testing
Lab. Tests of Soils (EN-ISO 17892) Back-analysis
Lab. Tests of Rocks (ISRM Suggested Methods)

PLANNING of Ground Investigation (Clause 5.4)

Number of investigation locations and laboratory tests
Spacing of investigation locations
Positioning of investigation locations
Sampling and laboratory testing

GROUND PROPERTIES
DETERMINATION of Ground properties (Clauses 6 to 12)
Description and classification of the ground (Clause 6)
State, physical and chemical properties (Clause 7)
Strength properties (Clause 8)
Stiffness, compressibility and consolidation properties (Clause 9)
Cyclic, dynamic and seismic properties (Clause 10)
Groundwater and geohydraulic properties (Clause 11)
Geothermal properties (Clause 12)

GROUND MODEL (Clause 4)

Contents
Ground Model
Geological conditions: - description of the site geomorphology
3.- GM Links: Geotechnical Design Model (in Part 1)
Part 2 Part 1
Ground Model Geotechnical Design Model

+ Geotechnical structure
Ground investigation personnel Designer

Transmission of information

Validation of information from the Ground Investigation Report

(in EC7 – Part 1// 4.2.4 – see next slide)
3.- GM Links: Geotechnical Design Model (in Part 1)
Part 2 Part 1
Ground Model Geotechnical Design Model

Validation of information from the Ground Investigation Report

(in EC7 – Part 1)
3.- GM Links: Geotechnical Design Model (in Part 1)
Part 2 Part 1
Ground Model Geotechnical Design Model

+ Geotechnical structure

Derived values Representative values

3.- GM Links: Geotechnical Design Model (in Part 1)
Derived values Representative value

Specific ground property of a

particular geotechnical unit
 4.- Next steps (in Parts 1 & 3)
Data
Ground Model
Geotechnical
GROUND MODEL
Structure Derived
values

Design
Ultimate Limit States (ULS)
GEOTECHNICAL ULS & SLS
Design Values
Geotechnical Design Model
Situations DESIGN MODEL VERIFICATION
Serviceability Limit States (SLS)
Persistent
Transient Representative
Accidental Values
Seismic Ultimate Limit States (ULS) Calculation
Fatigue Failure by rupture
Failure due to excessive deformation of the ground
Failure by loss of static equilibrium Partial Factor Method
Hydraulci failure Design verification
Failure caused by time-dependent effects
Failure by the effects of cyclic actions Reliability-based
methods
Serviceability Limit States (SLS)
Calculation of ground movements
Structural and hydraulic aspects Prescriptive Rules

By testing

Observational Method

Geotechnical Design
Report (GDR)
JEG-Sept 2021
5.- Summary - Objectives
• Present the GROUND MODEL
- Content
- Development
- Presentation
- Reporting

• And some TERMS related

- Geotechnical structure
- Geotechnical unit
- Zone of influence
- Ground properties
- Derived values
- Representative values
- Geotechnical Design Model
Acknowledgements

• PT 6 members (final drafters of EC7:202x)

S. S. Burlon, G. Franzén, G. Nuijten, G. Scarpelli, A. Van Setters & A. Bond

• Pino Scarpelli (co-author of Clause 4 – Part 2)

• Hakan Garin (chairman of TG-C2: Ground model)

• David Norbury (Chairman of Drafting Committe of Part 2)

WEBINAR

Second generation of Eurocode 7

Improvements and challenges

Deriving the
Ground Model
José Estaire ([email protected])
Lab. Geotecnia – CEDEX
Madrid (Spain)
28th – September - 2021
Thanks for joining us!
The recording, Q&A and presentations
of this webinar will be shared.

For more information please contact:

Geert Kraijema
Mail: [email protected]
Phone: +31152690505
Mobile: +31646120495