ELECTROCHEMISTRY

GROUP MEMBERS

Roll no. 31 – Arundhuti Mukherjee

Roll no. 32 – Anubhav Kumar Chowdhury
Roll no. 33 – Trisha Nandy
Roll no. 34 – Ayan Paul
Roll no. 35 – Roushan Raj
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
• WE WOULD LIKE TO EXPRESS A DEEP SENSE OF THANKS AND GRATITUDE TO OUR
PRESENTATION GUIDE MRS.SUVADRA MAAM AND MRS.RESHMI MAAM FOR
GUIDING US IMMENSELY THROUGH OUT THE COURSE OF THE PROJECT. THEY
ALWAYS ENVINCED KEEN INTEREST IN OUR WORK. THEIR CONSTRUCTIVE ADVICE
AND CONSTANT MOTIVATION HAVE BEEN RESPONSIBLE FOR SUCCESSFUL
COMPLETION OF THE PRESENTATION.
• OUR SINCERE THANKS GOES TO SIR KARTIK SAU,THE HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT
FOR HIS COORDINATION IN EXTENDING EVERY POSSIBLE SUPPORT FOR THE
COMPLETION OF THE PRESENTATION.
• WE ALSO OWE A SPECIAL THANKS TO OUR PARENTS FOR THEIR MOTIVATION AND
SUPPORT.
• LAST BUT NOT THE LEAST WE WOULD THANK ALL THOSE WHO HAD HELPED
DIRECTLY OR INDIRECTLY TOWARDS THE COMPLETION OF THE PRESENTATION.
  THE BRANCH OF CHEMISTRY WHICH
DEALS WITH THE RELATIONSHIP
BETWEEN CHEMICAL ENERGY AND
HOW ONE CAN BE CONVERTED INTO
ANOTHER IS KNOWN AS
ELECTROCHEMISTRY.
 METALS AND CHEMICALS ARE
PRODUCED BY USING
ELECTROCHEMISTRY ELECTROCHEMICAL METHODS.
 BATTERIES AND CELLS ARE USED IN
VARIOUS INSTRUMENTS,CONVERT
CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL
ENERGY.
 SENSORY SIGNALS SENT BY THE
VARIOUS INSTRUMENTS,CONVERT
CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO AN
ELECTROCHEMICAL PHENOMENON
 REDOX REACTIONS
A CHEMICAL REACTION IN WHICH THERE OCCURS
TRANSFERENCE OF ELECTRONS FROM ONE
SUBSTANCE(ION,ATOM OR MOLECULE) TO ANOTHER
SUBSTANCE IS CALLED REDOX REACTIONS OR OXIDATION
REDUCTION REACTIONS.

FOR EXAMPLE:---Na+(1/2)Cl2→Na(+)+Cl(-).
 ELECTROLYTIC CELL
1. AN ELECTROLYTIC CELL REQUIRES A SOURCE OF
EXTERNAL EMF. IN THIS CELL,ELECTRICAL ENERGY IS
SUPPLIED TO THE ELECTROLYTIC COLUTION TO BRING
ABOUT THE REDOX REACTION.
2. HERE,ANODE IS THE ELECTRODE CONNECTED TO THE
POSITIVE TERMINAL AND ANODE IS CONNECTED TO THE
NEGATIVE TERMINAL OF THE BATTERY.
3. THE REDOX REACTION TAKING PLACE IS NON
SPONTANEOUS AND TAKES PLACE ONLY WHEN
ELECTRICAL ENERGY FROM OUTSIDE IS SUPPLIED.
4. BOTH THE ELECTRODES ARE SET UP IN THE SAME
VESSEL.
5. ONLY ONE ELECTROLYTE IS TAKEN.
6. ELECTRODES USED MAY BE OF THE SAME OR DIFFERENT
MATERIALS.
GALVANIC CELL
• IT IS A SOURCE OF ELECTRICAL ENERGY.IN
THIS CELL,THE CHEMICAL ENERGY IS
CONVERTED INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY.
• HERE,ANODE IS ASSIGNED NEGATIVE
POLARITY AND CATHODE IS ASSIGNED
POSITIVE POLARITY.
• IT IS BASED UPON THE SPONTANEOUS
REDOX REACTION.
• TWO ELECTRODES ARE SET UP IN THE TWO
DIFFERENT VESSELS.
• THE ELECTROLYTES TAKEN IN TWO HALF
CELLS ARE DIFFERENT.
• ELECTRODES ARE USED IN TWO HALF CELLS
ARE OF DIFFERENT MATERIALS.
 ELECTRODE POTENTIAL
• THE TENDENCY OF AN ELECTRODE TO LOSE OR GAIN ELECTRONS IS
CALLED ELECTRODE POTENTIAL.

IT IS OF TWO TYPES:

OXIDATION POTENTIAL:THE TENDENCY OF AN ELECTRODE TO LOSE

ELECTRODE TO LOSE ELECTRONS OR GET OXIDISED IS CALLED
OXIDATION POTENTIAL.

REDUCTION POTENTIAL:THE TENDENCY OF AN ELECTRODE TO GAIN

ELECTRONS OR GET REDUCED IS CALLED REDUCTION POTENTIAL.
FACTORS AFFECTING ELECTRODE
POTENTIAL
 NATURE OF METAL OR ELECTRODE:-- THE DIFFERENT
METALS HAVE DIFFERENT TENDENCY TO LOSE OR GAIN
ELECTRONS AND HENCE HAVE DIFFERENT ELECTRODE.
 CONCENTRATION OF METAL ION IN SOLUTION:-- THE
MAGNITUDE OF ELECTRODE POTENTIAL OF A METAL ALSO
DEPENDS UPON THE CONCENTRATION OF ITS IONS IN
SOLUTION.
 TEMPERATURE: --THE CHANGE IN TEMPERATURE OF THE
SOLUTION ALSO CHANGES THE ELECTRODE POTENTIAL.
 • THE DIFFERENCE OF POTENTIALS BETWEEN THE
ELECTRODES OF A CELL WHICH CAUSES FLOW OF
CURRENT FROM AN ELECTRODE AT HIGHER
POTENTIAL TO ANOTHER AT LOWER POTENTIAL IS
ELECTROMOTIVE KNOWN AS EMF OF A CELL OR CELL POTENTIAL.
FORCE(EMF) OR • IT IS THE QUANTITATIVE MEASUREMENT OF THE
CELL POTENTIAL TENDENCY OF A NET REACTION TO OCCUR WITHIN
THE CELL.
OF A GALVANIC • IT IS DENOTED BY Ecell.
CELL • Ecell=OXIDATION POTENTIAL OF
ANODE+REDUCTION POTENTIAL OF CATHODE.
Ecell=Eanode+Ecathode.
A TABLE WHICH REPRESENTS AN ARRANGEMENT OF VARIOUS
ELECTRODES IN THE DECREASING ORDER OF THEIR STANDARD
ELECTRODE IS CALLED ELECTROCHEMICAL SERIES.
 NERST
EQUATION
NERST EQUATION IS WRITTEN AS
E=E*-RT/NF(LN[PRODUCTS]/[REACTANTS])
OR
E=E*-RT/NF(LOG[PRODUCTS]/[REACTANTS])
OR
E=E*+0.059/N(LOG[PRODUCTS]/[REACTANTS])
WHERE E=REDUCTION POTENTIAL OF ELECTRODE
E*=STANDARD ELECTRODE POTENTIAL OF
ELECTRODE
R=GAS CONSTANT(8.314J/K/MOL)
T=TEMPERATURE ON KELVIN SCALE
F=FARADAY WHICH IS EQUAL TO 96500 COU LOM BS.
 ELCTROCHEMISTRY
CONDUCTORS

 A Conductor is an object or type of material

that allows the flow of charge (ELECTRICAL
CURRENT) in one or more directions .
 Conduction materials include metals,
electrolytes, superconductors, plasmas, and
some non- metallic conductors such as
graphite and conductive polymers.
 Ex – Gold, Silver, Copper, Steel, etc.
 ELCTROCHEMISTRY
INDUCTORS

 An electrical insulator is a material in which in the

electron does not flow freely or the atom of the
insulator have tightly bound electrons whose internal
electric charges do not flow freely .
 Ex – Metals, aqueous, solution of salts, graphite, human
body, plastics, paper, glass,etc..
 ELECTROCHEMISTRY
STRONG ELECTROLYTE WEAK ELECTROLYTE
 Completely dissociated at moderate  Not completely dissociated at moderate
concentrations. concentrations.
 Conduction increases with dilution but  Conductance increases rapidly with dilution.
the increase is only slight.
 Inter ionic concentrations are not even
 There are strong interionic attractions strong at higher concentrations.
at moderate concentrations.
 ELCTROCHEMISTRY
OHM’S LAW
 Ohm’s law states that the current through a
conductor, between twk points is directly
proportional, to the voltage across the two
points.Introducing the constant of
proportionality, Resistance, one arives at the
usual mathematical equation, that describes
the relation.
 I = V/ R
 V = Voltage (V)
 R = Resistance (ohm)
 I = Current (Amp)
 ELECTROCHEMISTRY
MOLAR CONDUCTANCE

• The Molar Conductivity of an electrolyte solution

is defined as its conductivity divided by its molar
concentration.
• ^m = k / c
where:
• κ is the measured conductivity (formerly known as
specific conductance).
• c is the molar concentration of the electrolyte.
• The SI unit of molar conductivity is Siemens
metre-squared per mole (S m2 mol−1).
 ELECTROCHEMISTRY
EQUIVALENT CONDUCTANCE

• The equivalent conductance of an electrolyte is defined as

the conductance of a volume of solution containing one
equivalent weight of dissolved substance when placed
between two parallel electrodes 1 cm apart, and large
enough to contain between them all of the solution.
• Λ is never determined directly, but is calculated from a
specific conductance.
• If C is the concentration per cubic centimeter is C/1000,
and the volume containing one equivalent of the solute is,
therefore, 1000/ C.
• Since, L s is the conductance of a centimeter cube of the
solution, the conductance of 1000/ C cc, and hence Λ will
be
• Λ = 1000 Ls / C
 ELECTROCHEMISTRY
RELATION BETWEEN : -
EQUIVALENT CONDUCTANCE AND MOLAR CONDUCTANCE

 A relation between Molar conductivity and Equivalent Conductivity can be

obtained with the following equations : -
 ^eq = (K x 1000)/N , where N is the Normality
 ^m = (K×1000)/M , where M is the Molarity
 ^m = (K×1000)/M
^eq ( K×1000)/N
= M/ N
= No. of gram equivalents of electrolyte
No. Of moles of electrolyte
 ^m = (Equivalent mass / Molar mass ) × ^ eq
 CONCLUSION
Electrochemistry is vital in a wide
range of important technological
terms. For example,batteries are
important not only in storing
energy for mobile devices and
vehicles,but also for load levelling
to enable the use of renewable
energy conservation technologies.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY
TO MAKE THE
PRESENTATION A PERFECT
ONE,WE HAVE TAKEN HELP
FROM THE FOLLOWINGS:

a)ISC CHEMISTRY BY K.L

CHUGH
b)NEW COUSE CHEMISTRY
BY S.N DHAWAN
c)GOOGLE CHROME
THANK YOU