INTEGRAL CALCULUS - EXERCISES 65

6.6 Area and Integration

In problems 1 through 9 find the area of the region R.

1. R is the triangle with vertices (−4, 0), (2, 0) and (2, 6).
Solution. From the corresponding graph (Figure 6.1) you see that the
region in question is bellow the line y = x + 4 above the x axis, and
extends from x = −4 to x = 2.

y
6

y=x+4 2

-4 -2 0 2 x

Figure 6.1.

Hence,
Z µ ¶¯2
2
1 2 ¯
A= (x + 4)dx = x + 4x ¯¯ = (2 + 8) − (8 − 16) = 18.
−4 2 −4

2. R is the region bounded by the curve y = ex , the lines x = 0 and

x = ln 12 , and the x axis.
Solution. Since ln 12 = ln 1 − ln 2 = − ln 2 ' −0.7, from the cor-
responding graph (Figure 6.2) you see that the region in question is
bellow the line y = ex above the x axis, and extends from x = ln 12 to
x = 0.

2
1
y=ex

-1 -ln2 0 1 x

Figure 6.2.
INTEGRAL CALCULUS - EXERCISES 66

Hence,
Z 0
1 1 1
A= ex dx = ex |0ln 1 = e0 − eln 2 = 1 − = .
ln 1
2
2 2 2

3. R is the region in the first quadrant that lies below the curve y = x2 +4
and is bounded by this curve, the line y = −x + 10, and the coordinate
axis.
Solution. First sketch the region as shown in Figure 6.3. Note that
the curve y = x2 + 4 and the line y = −x + 10 intersect in the first
quadrant at the point (2, 8), since x = 2 is the only positive solution of
the equation x2 + 4 = −x + 10, i.e. x2 + x − 6 = 0. Also note that the
line y = −x + 10 intersects the x axis at the point (10, 0).

10 y=x2+4
8
6
4 y=-x+10
2

-2 0 2 4 6 8 10 x

Figure 6.3.

Observe that to the left of x = 2, R is bounded above by the curve

y = x2 + 4, while to the right of x = 2, it is bounded by the line
y = −x + 10. This suggests that you break R into two subregions, R1
and R2 , as shown in Figure 6.3, and apply the integral formula for area
to each subregion separately. In particular,
Z 2 µ ¶¯2
1 3 ¯ 8 32
A1 = 2
(x + 4)dx = x + 4x ¯¯ = + 8 =
0 3 0 3 3
and
Z µ ¶¯10
10
1 2 ¯
A2 = (−x + 10)dx = − x + 10x ¯¯ = −50 + 100 + 2 − 20 = 32.
2 2 2

Therefore,
32 128
A = A1 + A2 = + 32 = .
3 3
INTEGRAL CALCULUS - EXERCISES 67

4. R is the region bounded by the curves y = x2 + 5 and y = −x2 , the

line x = 3, and the y axis.
Solution. Sketch the region as shown in Figure 6.4.

15
y=x2+5
10
5

-2 -1 0 1 2 3 x
-5 y=-x2

Figure 6.4.

Notice that the region in question is bounded above by the curve y =

x2 + 5 and below by the curve y = −x2 and extends from x = 0 to
x = 3. Hence,
Z 3 Z 3 µ ¶¯3
2 3 ¯
A= 2 2
[(x +5)−(−x )]dx = 2
(2x +5)dx = x + 5x ¯¯ = 18+15 = 33.
0 0 3 0

5. R is the region bounded by the curves y = x2 − 2x and y = −x2 + 4.

Solution. First make a sketch of the region as shown in Figure 6.5 and
find the points of intersection of the two curves by solving the equation

x2 − 2x = −x2 + 4 i.e. 2x2 − 2x − 4 = 0

to get
x = −1 and x = 2.
The corresponding points (−1, 3) and (2, 0) are the points of intersec-
tion.
y
4
y=x2-2x
y=-x2+4 2

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 x
-2

Figure 6.5.
INTEGRAL CALCULUS - EXERCISES 68

Notice that for −1 ≤ x ≤ 2, the graph of y = −x2 + 4 lies above that

of y = x2 − 2x. Hence,
Z 2 Z 2
2 2
A = [(−x + 4) − (x − 2x)]dx = (−2x2 + 2x + 4)dx =
−1 −1
µ ¶¯2
2 ¯ 16 2
= − x3 + x2 + 4x ¯¯ = − + 4 + 8 − − 1 + 4 = 9.
3 −1 3 3
√
6. R is the region bounded by the curves y = x2 and y = x.
Solution. Sketch the region as shown in Figure 6.6. Find the points of
intersection by solving the equations of the two curves simultaneously
to get √ √ √ 3
x2 = x x2 − x = 0 x(x 2 − 1) = 0
x=0 and x = 1.
The corresponding points (0, 0) and (1, 1) are the points of intersection.

3 y=x2

2 y= x

-2 -1 0 1 2 3 x

Figure 6.6.
√
Notice that for 0 ≤ x ≤ 1, the graph of y = x lies above that of
y = x2 . Hence,
Z 1 µ ¶¯1
√ 2 2 3 1 3 ¯¯ 2 1 1
A= ( x − x )dx = x − x ¯ = − = .
2

0 3 3 0 3 3 3

(a) R is the region to the right of the y axis that is bounded above by
the curve y = 4 − x2 and below the line y = 3.

(b) R is the region to the right of the y axis that lies below the line
y = 3 and is bounded by the curve y = 4 − x2 , the line y = 3, and
the coordinate axes.
INTEGRAL CALCULUS - EXERCISES 69

Solution. Note that the curve y = 4 − x2 and the line y = 3

intersect to the right of the y axis at the point (1, 3), since x = 1
is the positive solution of the equation 4 − x2 = 3, i.e. x2 = 1.
(a) Sketch the region as shown in Figure 6.7.

y
y=4-x2
4
y=3
3

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 x

Figure 6.7.
Notice that for 0 ≤ x ≤ 1, the graph of y = 4 − x2 lies above that
of y = 3. Hence,
Z 1 Z 1 µ ¶¯1
2 2 1 3 ¯¯ 1 2
A= (4−x −3)dx = (1−x )dx = x − x ¯ = 1− = .
0 0 3 0 3 3

(b) Sketch the region as shown in Figure 6.8.

y
y=4-x2
4
y=3
3

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 x

Figure 6.8.
Observe that to the left of x = 1, R is bounded above by the
curve y = 3, while to the right of x = 1, it is bounded by the line
y = 4 − x2 . This suggests that you break R into two subregions,
R1 and R2 , as shown in Figure 6.8, and apply the integral formula
INTEGRAL CALCULUS - EXERCISES 70

for area to each subregion separately. In particular,

Z 1
A1 = 3dx = 3x|10 = 3
0

and
Z µ ¶¯2
2
2 1 3 ¯¯ 8 1 5
A2 = (4 − x )dx = 4x − x ¯ = 8 − − 4 + = ,
1 3 1 3 3 3
so
5 14
A = A1 + A2 = 3 + = .
3 3
7. R is the region bounded by the curve y = x12 and the lines y = x and
y = x8 .
Solution. First make a sketch of the region as shown in Figure 6.9
and find the points of intersection of the curve and the lines by solving
the equations
1 1 x
=x and = i.e. x3 = 1 and x3 = 8
x2 x2 8
to get
x=1 and x = 2.

y y= x12
2 y=x

x
1 y=
8

0 1 2 3 x
-2 -1

Figure 6.9.

Then break R into two subregions, R1 that extends from x = 0 to

x = 1 and R2 that extends from x = 1 to x = 2, as shown in Figure
6.9. Hence, the area of the region R1 is
Z 1³ Z 1 ¯1
x´ 7 7 2 ¯¯ 7
A1 = x− dx = xdx = x¯ =
0 8 0 8 16 0 16
INTEGRAL CALCULUS - EXERCISES 71

and the area of the region R2 is

Z 2µ ¶ µ ¶¯2
1 x 1 1 2 ¯¯ 1 1 1 5
A2 = 2
− dx = − − x ¯ = − − + 1 + = .
1 x 8 x 16 1 2 4 16 16

Thus, the area of the region R is the sum

12 3
A = A1 + A2 = = .
16 4

8. R is the region bounded by the curves y = x3 − 2x2 + 5 and y =

x2 + 4x − 7.
Solution. First make a rough sketch of the two curves as shown in
Figure 6.10. You find the points of intersection by solving the equations
of the two curves simultaneously

x3 − 2x2 + 5 = x2 + 4x − 7 x3 − 3x2 − 4x + 12 = 0
x2 (x − 3) − 4(x − 3) = 0 (x − 3)(x − 2)(x + 2) = 0

to get
x = −2, x=2 and x = 3.

y
y=x3-2x2+5
20

10
y=x +4x-7
2

-5 -4 -2 0 2 3 x

-10

Figure 6.10.

The region whose area you wish to compute lies between x = −2 and
x = 3, but since the two curves cross at x = 2, neither curve is always
above the other between x = −2 and x = 3. However, since the curve
y = x3 − 2x2 + 5 is above y = x2 + 4x − 7 between x = −2 and x = 2,
and since y = x2 + 4x − 7 is above y = x3 − 2x2 + 5 between x = 2
and x = 3, it follows that the area of the region between x = −2 and
x = 2, is
INTEGRAL CALCULUS - EXERCISES 72

Z 2 £¡ ¢ ¡ ¢¤
A1 = x3 − 2x2 + 5 − x2 + 4x − 7 dx =
−2
Z 2 ¡ ¢
= x3 − 3x2 − 4x + 12 dx =
−2
µ ¶¯2
1 4 ¯
= x − x − 2x + 12x ¯¯ =
3 2
4 −2
= 4 − 8 − 8 + 24 − 4 − 8 + 8 + 24 = 32

and the area of the region between x = 2 and x = 3, is

Z 3
£¡ 2 ¢ ¡ ¢¤
A2 = x + 4x − 7 − x3 − 2x2 + 5 dx =
2
Z 3
¡ 3 ¢
= −x + 3x2 + 4x − 12 dx =
2
µ ¶¯3
1 4 ¯
= − x + x + 2x − 12x ¯¯ =
3 2
4 2
81
= − + 27 + 18 − 36 + 4 − 8 − 8 + 24 =
4
81 3
= − + 21 = .
4 4
Thus, the total area is the sum
3 131
A = A1 + A2 = 32 + = .
4 4

Homework
In problems 1 through 20 find the area of the region R.

1. R is the triangle bounded by the line y = 4 − 3x and the coordinate

axes.

2. R is the rectangle with vertices (1, 0), (−2, 0), (−2, 5) and (1, 5).

3. R is the trapezoid bounded by the lines y = x + 6 and x = 2 and the

coordinate axes.
√
4. R is the region bounded by the curve y = x, the line x = 4, and the
x axis.
INTEGRAL CALCULUS - EXERCISES 73

5. R is the region bounded by the curve y = 4x3 , the line x = 2, and the
x axis.
6. R is the region bounded by the curve y = 1 − x2 and the x axis.
7. R is the region bounded by the curve y = −x2 − 6x − 5 and the x axis.
8. R is the region in the first quadrant bounded by the curve y = 4 − x2
and the lines y = 3x and y = 0.
√
9. R is the region bounded by the curve y = x and the lines y = 2 − x
and y = 0.
10. R is the region in the first quadrant that lies under the curve y = 16
x
and that is bounded by this curve and the lines y = x, y = 0, and
x = 8.
11. R is the region bounded by the curve y = x2 −2x and the x axis. (Hint:
Reflect the region across the x axis and integrate the corresponding
function.)
12. R is the region bounded by the curves y = x2 + 3 and y = 1 − x2
between x = −2 and x = 1.
13. R is the region bounded by the curve y = ex and the lines y = 1 and
x = 1.
14. R is the region bounded by the curve y = x2 and the line y = x.
15. R is the region bounded by the curve y = x2 and the line y = 4.
16. R is the region bounded by the curves y = x3 − 6x2 and y = −x2 .
17. R is the region bounded by the line y = x and the curve y = x3 .
18. R is the region in the first quadrant bounded by the curve y = x2 + 2
and the lines y = 11 − 8x and y = 11.
19. R is the region bounded by the curves y = x2 − 3x + 1 and y =
−x2 + 2x + 2.
20. R is the region bounded by the curves y = x3 − x and y = −x2 + x.
Results.
1. 83 2. 15 3. 14 4. 16
3
5. 16
6. 43 7. 32
3
8. 19
6
9. 7
6
10. 8(1 + ln 4)
11. 43 12. 12 13. e − 2 14. 1
6 √
15. 32
3
16. 625
12
17. 12 18. 403
19. 11
8
33 20. 37
12