LESSON 12: REPRESENTING REAL-LIFE SITUATIONS USING Solution. P = 100,000 and r = 6% or 0.06. Therefore, 1. Solve the equation 4x – 1 = 16.

EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS the function will be A = 100,000(1+0.06)t . At t = 3, A Solution. 4x – 1 = 42

Definition: = 100,000(1+0.06)3 , using a calculator, the amount A x–1=2 (one-to-one property)
An exponential function with base b is a function of the will be PhP 119,101.60. x=2+1
form f(x) = bx or y = bx, where b >0 and b ≠ 1. 4. The Natural Exponential Function x=3
A transformation of an exponential function with base The natural exponential function is the function given 2. Solve the equation 125x – 1 = 25x + 3.
x−1 x+3
b is a function of the form f(x) = a ⋅ bx – c + d, where a, c, and by f(x) = ex. Solution. (53 ) =(52 )
d are real numbers. (5)3(x−1) =(5)2(x + 3) (property 5)
Common applications in real-life: LESSON 13: EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS, EQUATIONS, AND (5)3x−3 =(5)2x + 6
1. Population Growth INEQUALITIES 3x – 3 = 2x + 6 (one-to-one property)
Suppose a quantity y doubles every T units of time. If Definition: 3x – 2x = 6 + 3
yo is the initial amount, then the quantity y after t units An exponential expression is an expression of the form x=9
t
of time is given by y = y0 (2) ⁄T. a ⋅ b + d where b >0 and b ≠ 1. (e.g. 3 ⋅ (2)x – 1 + 4)
x–c
Property of Exponential Inequalities
Example. Let t = time in hours. At t = 0, there were Exponential equation - an equation involving exponential If b > 1, then the exponential function y = bx is increasing
initially 20 bacteria. Suppose that the bacteria double expressions. (e.g. 72x = 49) for all x. This means that bx > by if and only if x > y.
every 100 hours. Give an exponential model for the Exponential inequality - an inequality involving exponential If 0 < b < 1, then the exponential function y = bx is
bacteria as function of t. What is the population after expressions. (e.g. 52x – 5x + 1 < 0) decreasing for all x. Therefore, bx > by if and only if x < y.
300 hours? Logarithmic function - function of the form f(x) = bx where Example.
Solution. y0 = 20 and T = 100. Therefore, the function b >0 and b ≠ 1. (e.g. f(x) = 0.5x) 1. Solve the inequality 3x < 9x – 2.
t 300
will be y = (20) ⁄100. At t = 800, y = (20) ⁄100 = 203 = An exponential equation or inequality can be solved for all x−2
Solution. 3x < (32 )
8000 bacteria. x values that satisfy the equation or inequality. An
exponential function expresses a relationship between 3x < (3)2(x−2) (property 5)
2. Exponential Decay 3x < 32x – 4
The half-life of a radioactive substance is the time it two variables (such as x and y), and can be represented by
a table of values or a graph. x < 2x – 4 (property of inequality)
takes for half of its substance to decay. An exponential 4 < 2x – x
model for this situation is y = y0(1⁄2) ⁄T where y0 = initial
t

LESSON 14: SOLVING EXPONENTIAL EQUATIONS AND 4 < x or x > 4 or (4, +∞)
substance and T = half-life. 1 x+5 1 3x
INEQUALITIES 2. Solve the inequality ( ) ≥( ) .
Example. Suppose that the half-life of a certain 10 100
Recall the properties of exponents: 1 x+5 3x
radioactive substance is 10 days and there are 10g Solution. ( ) ≥(
1
)
Let a and b be a real number, variable, or algebraic 10 102
initially, determine the amount of substance
expression and n be a positive number, then 1 x+5 1 6x
remaining after 30 days. ( ) ≥( ) (property 5)
1. a0 = 1 e.g. (x5+2)0 = 1 10 10
Solution. y0 = 10g and T = 10 days. Therefore, the 1 1 x + 5 ≤ 6x (property of inequality)
−m
function will be y = 10(1⁄2) ⁄10 . At t = 30, y = 10(1⁄2) ⁄10
t 30 2. a = m e.g. x-5 = 5
a x 5 ≤ 6x – x
or y = 10(1⁄2)3 = 10/8 g or 1.25g. 3. am ⋅ an = am + n e.g. 42 ⋅ 43 = 42 + 3 = 45 5 ≤ 5x
am x8
3. Compound Interest 4. = am−n e.g. 3 = x8−3 = x5 1 ≤ x or x ≥ 1 or [1, +∞)
an x
If a principal P is invested at an annual rate of r, 5. (am )n = am ⋅ n e.g. (y6 )2 = y6 ⋅ 2 = y12
compound annually, then the amount after t years is 6. (ab)m = am bm e.g. (2x)4 = 24x4 = 16x4 LESSON 15: GRAPHING EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS
given by A = P(1+r)t . a m am 2 4 24 16 Properties of Exponential Functions
Example. Mrs. De la Cruz invested PhP 100,000 in a 7. () = e.g. ( ) = = The following properties of f(x) = bx, where b >0 and b ≠ 1,
b bm x x4 x4
company that offers 6% interest compounded can be observed from the graph:
annually. How much will this investment be worth at One-to-one Property of Exponential Functions a. The domain is the set ℝ.
the end of 3 years? Let b > 0 and b ≠ 1. If bx = by, then x = y. b. The range is the set (0, +∞).
Example.
c. It is a one-to-one function. It satisfies the Horizontal Domain: (–∞, +∞) 2. Vertical Stretching or Shrinking
Line Test. Range: if a < 0, (–∞, d); (–∞, 0) if a > 0 vertical stretching
d. The y-intercept is 1. There is no x-intercept. y-intercept: Let x = 0, solve for y if a < 0 vertical shrinking
e. The horizontal asymptote is the line y = 0 (or the x- y = –20
axis). There is no vertical asymptote. y = –1
Horizontal asymptote: y = d, where d = 0
y=0
Vertical asymptote: none

The graph of y = f(–x) is the reflection about the y-axis

of the graph y = f(x).

Graph of f(x) = 3⋅ 2x + 1 + 4
a = 3, b = 2, c = –1, d = 4
Graph of f(x) = 2x

LESSON 16: GRAPHING TRANSFORMATIONS OF

EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS 3. Vertical Shifting
Transformation of exponential function: f(x) = a ⋅ bx – c + d if d > 0 vertical shifting upwards
1. Reflections if d < 0 vertical shifting downwards
The graph of y = – f(x) is the reflection about the x-axis Graph of f(x) = 2–x
of the graph y = f(x). a = 1, b = 2, c = 0, d = 0 4. Horizontal Shifting
if c > 0 horizontal shifting to the right
Domain: (–∞, +∞) if c < 0 horizontal shifting to the right
Range: if a > 0, (d, +∞); (0, +∞)
y-intercept: Let x = 0, solve for y Domain: (–∞, +∞)
y = 20 Range: if a > 0, (d, +∞); (4, +∞)
y=1 if a < 0 (–∞, d)
Horizontal asymptote: y = d, where d = 0 y-intercept: Let x = 0, solve for y
y=0 y = 3 ⋅ 20 + 1 + 4
Vertical asymptote: none y = 3 ⋅ 21 + 4
y=6+4
y = 10
Horizontal asymptote: y = d, where d = 4
Graph of f(x) = –2x y=4
a = –1, b = 2, c = 0, d = 0 Vertical asymptote: none