<€_ Principles of... Stresses in a Soil Mass 271 / Construction of a foundation causes changes in the stress, usually a net increase. The net stress increase in the soil depends on the load per unit area to which the foundation is sub- jected, the depth below the foundation at which the stress estimation is desired, and other factors. It is necessary to estimate the net increase of vertical stress in soil that oc result of the construction of a foundation so that settlement can be calculated. The settle- ment calculation procedure is discussed in more detail in Chapter 11. This chapter dis- cusses the principles of estimation of vertical stress increase in soil caused by various types of loading, based on the theory of elasticity. Although natural soil deposits, in most cases, are not fully elastic, isotropic, or homogeneous materials, calculations for estimating increases in vertical stress yield fairly good results for practical work. rs as a HEX Normal and Shear Stresses on a Plane Students in a soil mechanics course are familiar with the fundamental principles of the mechanics of deformable solids. This section is a brief review of the basic concepts of nor- mal and shear stresses on a plane that can be found in any course on the mechanics of materials Figure 10.1a shows a two-dimensional soil element that is being subjected to normal and shear stresses (a, > o7,). To determine the normal stress and the shear stress on a plane EF that makes an angle @ with the plane AB, we need to consider the free body diagram of EFB shown in Figure 10.1b. Let c, and 7, be the normal stress and the shear stress, respec- tively, on the plane EF From geometry, we know that EB = EF cos@ 0.1) and FB = EF sin (10.2) Summing the components of forces that act on the element in the direction of N and 7; we have o,(EF) = 0 (EF) sin? @ + o(EF) cos’ 6 + 2 sin 8 cos @ 253ee oe aC YA <€ 253 Chapter 10: Stresses in a Soil Mass Figure 10.1 (a) A soil element with normal and shear stresses acting on it; (b) free body diagram of EFB as shown in (a) or oO, = 0, Sin’ @ + a, cos? 6 + sin 8 cos 0 or o,t+o, oy-oy o,= : cos 26 + 7,, sin 20 (10.3) 2 2 Again, 1,(EF) = —0,(EF) sin @ cos @ + 0,(EF) sin @ cos 6 cos’ @ + 7,,(EF) sin? @ or 7, = oy Sin A cos @ — c, sin 8 cos 8 ~ 7,,(co sin? @) or o,-o. 1, sin 26 — 7,, cos 20 (10.4) From Eq. (10.4), we can see that we can choose the value of @ in such a way that 7, will be equal to zero, Substituting = 0, we get (10.5) 10.1 Normal and Shear Stresses on a Plane _255Ne oer LC Yb 10.1 Normal and Shear Stresses on a Plane 255 For given values of r,,, 0, and 0, Eq. (10.5) will give two values of @ that are 90 apart. This means that there are two planes that are at rig tangles to each other on which the shear stress is zero, Such planes are called principal planes. The normal stresses that act on the principal planes are referred to as principal stresses. The values of principal stresses can be found by substituting Eq. (10.5) into Eq. (10.3), which yields Major principal stress: (10.6) o, to, (10.7) The normal stress and shear stress that act on any plane can also be determined by plotting a Mohr’s circle, as shown in Figure 10.2. The following sign conventions are used in Moln's circles: compressive normal stresses are taken as positive, and shear stresses are considered positive if they act on opposite faces of the element in such a way that they tend to produce a counterclockwise rotation. For plane AD of the soil element shown in Figure 10.1a, normal stress equals +0, and shear stress equals +7,,. For plane AB, normal stress equals +0, and shear stress equals The points R and M in Figure 10.2 represent the stress conditions on planes AD and AB, respectively. O is the point of intersection of the normal stress axis with the line RM. The circle MNQRS drawn with O as the center and OR as the radius is the Normal stress, Figure 10.2 Principles of the Mohr’s circleNey a MYA) a Figure 10.2 Principles of the Mobr’s circle Chapter 10: Stresses in a Soil Mass Mohr’s circle for the stress conditions considered. The radius of the Mohr’s circle is equal to The stress on plane EF can be determined by moving an angle 26 (which is twice the angle that the plane EF makes in a counterclockwise direction with plane AB in Figure 10.1a) in a counterclockwise direction from point M along the circumference of the Mohr’s circle to reach point Q. The abscissa and ordinate of point Q, respectively, give the normal stress @, on plane EF Because the ordinates (that is, the shear stresses) of points N and S are zero, they rep- and the shear stress resent the stresses on the principal planes. The abscissa of point N is equal to o [Eq (10.6)], and the abscissa for point S is 0 [Eq. (10.7)] As a special case, if the planes AB and AD were major and minor principal planes, the normal stress and the shear stress on plane EF could be found by substi- tuting 7,, = 0. Equations (10.3) and (10.4) show that 0, = a and o, = o (Figure 10.3a). Thus, oto, a -0 o, + 1 cos 20 (10.8) in 20 (10.9) The Mohr’s circle for such stress conditions is shown in Figure 10.3b. The abscissa and the ordinate of point @ give the normal stress and the shear stress, respectively, on the plane EF Normal stress (a) ) Figure 10.3 (a) Soil element with AB and AD as major and minor principal planes; (b) Moht’s circle for soil element shown in (a)73949 &@8 Ney a MYA) <_ Principles of et 10.1 Normal and Shear Stresses on a Plane 257 Example 10.1 A soil element is shown in Figure 10.4. The magnitudes of stresses are a, = 2000 Ib/ft?, + = 800 Ib/ft?, «, = 2500 lb/ft’, and @ = 20°. Determine a. Magnitudes of the principal stresses b. Normal and shear stresses on plane AB. Use Eqs. (10.3), (10.4), (10.6), and (10.7). wt fe 805 Figure 10.4 Soil elem t with stresses acting on it Solution Part a From Eqs. (10.6) and (10.7), ost oa, +o, ffoy-o.P oJ 2 VlLo2 |°™ 2500 + 2000 {2500 — 2000]? ; = 5 =\| 5 + (—800) 7, = 3088.15 Ib/f? ory = 1411.85 Ib/f? Part b From Eq. (10.3), o,to, o,-0, on + cos 20 + 7 sin 20 2500 + 2000 2000 - = + = 00s (2 x 20) + (—800) sin (2 x 20) 1927.28 Ib/ft? Chapter 10: Stresses in a Soil Mass From Eq. (10.4), o, T, = —>— sin 26 — 7 cos 2010.3 Stresses Caused by a Point Load 261 where r = Vx? + y L=Very¥ b= Poisson's ratio Note that Eqs. (10.10) and (10.11), which are the expressions for horizontal normal stresses, depend on the Poisson’s ratio of the medium. However, the relationship for the vertical normal stress, Av, as given by Eq. (10.12), is independent of Poisson’s ratio. The relationship for Aor, can be rewritten as (a= = (10.13) where 3 1 1 (10.14) (riz)? + The variation of J, for various values of r/z is given in Table 10.1 Table 10.1 Variation of I, for Various Values of r/z (Eq. (10.14)] dz 4 rz 4 az 4 0 0.4775 0.36 0.3521 1.80 0.0129 0.02 0.4770 0338 0.3408 2.00 0.0085 0.04 0.4765 0.40 0.3294 2.20 0.0058 0.06 0.4723 0.45 0.3011 2.40 0.0040 0.08 0.4699 0.50 0.2733 2.60 0.0029 0.10 0.4657 0.55 0.2466 280 0.0021 0.12 0.4607 0.60 0.2214 3.00 0.0015 0.14 0.4548 0.65 0.1978 3.20 0.0011 0.16 0.4482 0.70 0.1762 3.40 0.00085 0.18 0.4409 0.75 0.1565 3.60 0.00066, 0.20 0. 0.80 0.1386 3.80 0.00051 0.22 0. 0.85 0.1226 4.00 0.00040 0.24 0. 0.90 0.1083 4.20 0.00032 0.26 0. 0.95 0.0956 440 0.00026 0.28 0. 1.00 0.0844 4.60 0.00021 030 0. 1.20 0.0513 430 0.00017 0.32 0. 1.40 0.0317 5.00 0.00014 0.34 0.3632 1.60 0.0200 Chapter 10: Stresses in a Soil Mass Example 10.36 Ney a MYA) <_ Principles of et Chapter 10: Stresses in a Soil Mass Partc NP is the line drawn parallel to the plane CD. P is the pole. PQ is drawn parallel to AE (see Figure 10.6a). The coordinates of point @ give the stresses on the plane AE. Thus, Normal stress = 60 Ib/in? Shear stress = 30 Ib/in? . Stresses Caused by a Point Load Boussinesq (1883) solved the problem of stresses produced at 4 elastic, and isotropic medium as the result of a point load aj infinitely | e half-space. According to Figure 10.7, Boussinesq's solution for normal stresses at a point caused by the point load P is P [3x Ao, = =— — (1 - 2p) (10.10) ml OUT P {2 Ao. — (1 - 2p) (10.11) wa “ and (10.12) Figure 10.7 Stresses in an elastic medium caused by a point load 10.3 Stresses Caused by a Point Load 261 where r = Vx + y?73957 &@8 Ne oer YA <_ Principles of et to find the stresses along a plane 10.2 The Pole Method of Finding Stresses Along a Plane 259 Example 10.2 For the stressed soil element shown in Figure 10.6a, determine a. Major principal stress b. Minor principal stress ¢. Normal and shear stresses on the plane AE Use the pole method. Shear stress vin. + . N(150, 60) <>" thin Normal 60 Itvin, (b/in2) M(90, —60) ~~ @ © Figure 10.6 (a) Soil element with stresses acting on it; (b) Mohr’s circle Solution On plane AD: Normal stress = 90 Ib/in.* Shear stress = —60 Ib/in. On plane AB: Normal stress = 150 Ib/in? Shear stress = 60 Ib/in.? The Mohr’s circle is plotted in Figure 10.6b. From the plot, Part a Major principal stress = 187.1 Ib/in Part b Minor principal stress = 52.9 Ib/in? Chapter 10: Stresses in a Soil Mass1 aC MY 479 a Chapter 10: Stresses in a Soil Mass From Eq. (10.4), T,? = sin 20 — 7 cos 20 500 — 2000 sin (2 x 20) — (—800) cos (2 x 20) = 773.5 Ib/ft® . The Pole Method of Finding Stresses Along a Plane Another important technique of finding stresses along a pl the pole method, or the method of origin of planes. This is di Figure 10.5a is the same stress element that is shown in Figure 10.1a; Figure 10 the Mohr’s circle for the stress conditions indicated. According to the pole method, we draw a line from a known point on the Mohr’s circle parallel to the plane on which the state of stress acts. The point of intersection of this line with the Mohr’s circle is called the pole. This is a unique point for the state of stress under consideration. For example, the point M on the Mohr’s circle in Figure 10.5b represents the stresses on the plane AB. The line MP is drawn parallel to AB. So point P is the pole (origin of planes) in this from the pole paral: case. If we need to find the stresses on a plane EF, we draw a | lel to EF. The point of intersection of this line with the Mohr’s circle is Q. The coordi- nates of Q give the stresses on the plane EF. (Note: From geometry, angle QOM is twice the angle QPM.) Normal stress (a ) Figure 10.5 (a) Soil el to find the stresses alon| 10.2 The Pole Method of Finding Stresses Along a Plane 259 Example 10.2[Link] &@8 PNA a MYA) <_ Principles of et 10.5 Vertical Stress Caused by a Horizontal Line Load 265 Table 10.3 Variation of Ao-/(q/z) with x/z a/2) x/z Aa,/lq/2) 0 0 07 0.201 ou 0.062 08 0.189 02 0.118 09 0.175 Y 03 0.161 1.0 0.159 : 04 0.189 Ls 0.090 Os 0.204 2.0 0.051 ire 10.10 Horizontal line load over the surface of a 06 0.207 3.0 0.019 Example 10.5 VAS as} An inclined line load with a magnitude of 1000 Ib/ft is shown in Figure 10.11 Determine the increase of vertical stress Ac, at point A due to the line load. -infinite soil mass Solution The vertical component of the inclined load gy = 1000 cos 20 =939.7 lb/ft, and the hor- izontal component gz; = 1000 sin 20 = 342 Ib/ft. For point A, x/z = 5/4 = 1.25. Using Table 10.2, the vertical stress increase at point A due to gy is Ag. ) = 0.098 Aow) = (0. 098)( 1000 Ibvft Figure 10.11 Chapter 10: Stresses in a Soil Mass Similarly, using Table 10.3, the vertical stress increase at point A due to qy is[Link] &#@ W284 Sat GD 37% <_ Principles of et Chapter 10: Stresses in a Soil Mass 3.03 Ib/fi? _ (2)(1000)(4)* 2 “a(10? + 42)? 5 Ib/te 4g = 1000 Ibvft gy =300 Ibe 500 Ibvft 1000 Ibvft Sit 108 b Figure 10.9 (a) Two line loads on the ground surface; (b) use of superposition principle to obtain stress at point A . ETRE Vertical Stress Caused by a Horizontal Line Load Figure 10.10 shows a horizontal flexible line load on the surface of a semi-infinite soil mass. The vertical stress increase at point A in the soil mass can be given as (10.17) Table 10.3 gives the v ation of Ac-M(q/z) with x/z 10.5 Vertical Stress Caused by a Horizontal Line Load 265[Link] &#@ Pe eT YA <_ Principles of et 10.4 Vertical Stress Caused by a Vertical Line Load 263 /Unit length Figure 10.8 Line load over the surface of a semi-infinite soil mass Table 10.2 Variation of AoJ(q/z) with x/z (Eq. (10.16)] xlz AoAqlz) xlz Aoqlz) 0 0.637 13 0.088 ol 0.624 14 0.073 02 0.589 1s 0.060 03 0.536 16 0.050 04 0.473 17 0.042 0s 0.407 18 0.0: 0.6 0.344 19 0.030 07 0.287 20 0.025 08 0.237 22 0.019 09 0.194 24 0.014 1.0 0.159 26 0.011 Ll 0.130 28 0.008 12 0.107 3.0 0.006 Example 10.4 Figure 10.9a shows two line loads on the ground surface. Determine the increase of stress at point A Solution Refer to Figure 10.9b. The total stress at A is Aa, = Aogy + Ao _ (2)(500)(4)? _ soy = 12.12 Ib/ie a(S? + 4) Chapter 10: Stresses in a Soil Mass (2)(1000)(4)°[Link] &@ Ne et YA <_ Principles of et Chapter 10: Stresses in a Soil Mass Example 10.3 Consider a point load P = 5 KN (Figure 10.7). Calculate the vertical stress increase (Ao,) at z = 0, 2m, 4 m, 6 m, 10 m, and 20 m. Given x = 3 m and y = 4m. Solution T=Ve The following table can now be prepared. (m) (m) z lh 5 0 0 0 0.0034 0.4103 EYRE Vertical Stress Caused by a Vertical Line Load re 10.8 shows a vertical flexible line load of infinite length on the surface of a semi-infinite soil mass. The vertical stress increase, Ac, inside the soil mass can be determined by using the principles of the theory of elasticity, or th that has an intensity g/unit (10.15) This equation can be rewritten as Ao, (10.16) Note that Eq. (10.16) is in a nondimensional form. Using this equation, we can calculate the variation of AoJ(q/z) with x/z. This is given in Table 10.2. The value of Ag, calculated by using Eq. (10.16) is the additional stress on soil caused by the line load. The value of Aa, does not include the overburden pressure of the soil above point A 10.4 Vertical Stress Caused by a Vertical Line Load 263 / Unit lengthNee YA ) 0.248 0.248 0.247 0.246 0.245 0.244 0.242 0.239 0.237 0.234 0.231 le 10.4 (continued) 2x/B 3 ca 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 ) 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000» :0.000- (0.000 0.000 0.000 ) 0.091 0.020 0.007 0.003 -0.002——0.001 0.001 0.000 0.000 0,000 ) 0.225 0.091.040. 0.020 0.011 ~—0.007_—S (0.004 ~— 0.003. 0.002— 0.002 ) 0.301 0.165 0.090 0.052 (0.031 0.020 0.013 0.009 0.0070. ) 0.346 0.224 0.141 0.090 0.059 0.040 0.027 0.020 0.014.011 ) 0.373 0.267, 0.185 0.128 0.089 0.063 0.046. 0.034 0.025 0.019 ) 0.391 0.298.222 0.163 0.120 0.088 (0.066. = (0.050 0.038 0.030 ) 0403 0.321 0.250 0.193 0.148 0.113 0.087 0.068 0.053 0.042 ) O41 0.338 0.273 0.218 0.173 0.137 0.108 (0.086 0.069 0.056 ) 0.416 0.351 0.291 0.195 0.158 0.128 0.104 0.085 0.070 ) 0419 0.360-0.305 0214 0.177 0.147, (0.122, 0.101.084 ) 0.420 0.366 0.316 0.230 © 0.194 0.164 0.093 ) 041903710325 0.243 0.209 0.178 1 ) 04170373. 0.331 0.291 0.254 = 0.221.191 rae 14 ) 0414 0.374 0.335 0.298 0.263 0.232, 0.203 OTF 0.19 0.135 ) O41 0.374 0.338 0.303 0.271 = 0.240 0.213 0.188 0.165.146 ) 0407-0373 0.339. 0.307 0.276 = 0.248 0.221 0.197 0.175 0.155 ) 0402 0.370 0.339 0.309 «0.281 = 0.254 0.228) 0.205 0.183.164 ) 0.396 0.368 0.339 0311 0.284 OO. 0.234 = 0.212, O91 0.172. ) 0.391 0.364.338 0.312 0.286 0.239 0.217 0.197 0.179 ) 0.385 0.360 0.336 0310. 0.243 0.222, 0.203 0.185 ) 0.379 0.356 0.333 0311 0.288 = 0.267, 0.246 0.226 0.208 0.190 ) 0.373, 0.352 0.330 0.309 0.288 0.268 0.248 0.229 0.212 0.195 ) 0.366. 0.347—0.327 0.307 0.288 0.268 0.250 0.232 0.215 0.199 ) 0.360 0.342033 0.305 = 0.287 0.268 = 0.251 0234 = 0.217 0.202 ) 0.354 0.337, 0.320 0.302 0.285 0.268 = 0.251 0.20 ) 0.347 0.332 0.316 0.299 0.283 0.267 0.207 ) 0.341 0.327 312 0.296 © 0.281 0.266 0.208 ) 0.335 0.321.——0.307 0.293 0.279 0.265 0.210 ) 0.329 0.316 0.303 0.290 0.276 0.249 02u ) 0.323 0.311 0.299 0.286 © 0.27: 0.248 0211 ) 0.317 0.306 294 0.283 © 0.271 247 0.212 ) 03110301 0.290 0.279 0,268 0.245 0.212 ) 0.305 0.296 0.286 0.275 0.265 0.24302. 0211 ) 0.300 0.291 0.281 0.271 0.241 0.231 021 ) 0.294 0.286 0.277 0.268 0.249 0.239 0.229 0.210 ) 0.289 0.281 0.273 0.264 0.246 © 0.237 0.228 0.218 0.209 ) 0.284 = 0.276 0.268 0.260 0.243 0.235 0.226 = 0.217 0.208 ) 0.279 0.272, 0.264. 0.2: 0.249 0.240 0.232, 0.224 0.216 0.207 ) 0.274 0.267 0.260 0.253 0.245 0.238) 0.230 0.222 0.214 0.206 ) 0.269 0.263 0.249 © 0.242 0.235 0.220 212 0.205 ) 0.264 0.258 2! 0.246 © 0.230 0.232 0218 = 0.211 0.203 ) 0.260 0.254 0.248 0.242 0.236 0.229 0.216 0.209 0.202 ) 0.255 0.250 0.244 0.239 0.226 0213 0.207 0.200 ) 0.251 0.246 0.224 0211 0.205 0.199 ) 0.247 0.242 21 0.209 0.203 0.197 ) 0.243 0.238 0.218 0.212, 0.207 0.201.195 ) 0.239 0.235 0.215 0.210 0.205 0.199 0.194 ) 0.23: 0.231 0.213 0.208 0.202, 0.197 0.192 ) 0.231 0.227 0.219 0.210 0.205 0.200 0.195 0.190 ) 0.227, 0.224 0.216 0.207 0.203.198 0.193 0.188 269 ) Chapter 10: Stresses in a Soil Mass74032 &@ <€_ Principles of... le 10.4 Variation of Ao/q with 22/B and 2x/B [Eq. (10.19)] 2x/B 3 00 04 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 1.0 ) 1,000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 0.000 ) 1,000 1.000 0.999 0.999 0.999 0.998 0.997 0.993 0.980 0.909 0.500 ) 0.997 0.997 0.996 0.995 0.992 0.988 0.979 0.959 0.909 0.775 0.500 ) 0.990 0.989 0.987 0.984 0.967 0.947 0.908 0.833 0.697 0.499 ) 0977 0976 0.973 0.966 0.937 0.906 0.855 (0.773 0.651 (0.498 ) 0.959 0.958 0.953 0.943 0.927 0.902 0.864 0.808 0.727 0.620 0.497 ) 0.937 0.935 0.928 «0.915 0.896 0.8660. 0.767 0.691 0.495 ) 0.910 0.908 0.899 O88 0.863031 OTB 0.732 0.662 0.492 ) 0.881 (0.878 0.869 0.853 0.829 0.7970. 0.701 0.638 66 0.489 ) 0.850 0.847 0.837 O.821 0.797 0.765 0.724 0617 0.552 0.485 ) 0818 08 0789 0.766 0. 0.696 0.598 0.540 0.480 ) 0.787 0.783 0.758 0.735 0.706 0.670 0.580 0.529 0.474 ) 0. 0.752 0.728 0.707 (0.679 0.646 0.607 0.564 0.517 0.468, ) 0.725 0.722 0.699 0.679 0.654 0.623.588. 0.4 ) 0.696 0.693 0672 0.653 0.630 0.602 (0.569 GMPASTe ART Obey ) 0.668 0.666 0.658 0.646. 0.629 0.607 0.581 0.552 nad ) 0.642 0.639 0.633. 0.6210 0.586 0.562 0.535 (0.506 (0.474 (0.440 ) 0617 0.615 0.608 0.598 0.583 0.565 0.544 0519 0.492 0.463 0.433 ) 0.593 0.591 0.585 0563 0.546 0.526 0.504. «0.479 0.453 0.425 ) O57 0.569 0.564 0543 0.528 «0.510 0489 «0.467 0.443 0.417 ) 0550 0.548 0.543 0524 0510 0.494 0475 0455 (0.433—(0.409 ) 0.530 0.529 0517 0.507 0.494 0479-0462 0.443 (0.423 0.401 ) 1 0510 0499 0.490 0.479 0.465 0.449 0.432, 0.413 0.393 ) 0.494 (0.493 0.489 0.483 0.474 «0.464. «04510437 0.421— 0.404 0.385 ) 0477 0476 «0473-0467 «0.460 0.450 0.438 04250410 0.395 0.378 ) 0.462 «0.461 «04584520445 0.436 (0.426414 0.400 0.386 (0.370 ) 04470446 0.443 0.439 0.432.424 0414 0.403 0.390 0.377—0.368 ) 0.433 0.432 0.430 0.425 0.419 0.412 0.403 03930381 0.369 0.355 ) 0420 0419 0.417 «0.413 0.407 0.400 0.392, 0.383 0.372—0.360— 0.348 ) 0408 0.407 0.405. 0.401 0.396 0.389 0.382 0.373.363 0.352.341 ) 0393 0.390 0.379 0.355 0.345 0.334 ) 0382 © 0.379 0.369 0347 0.337-—0.327 ) 0372 0.369 0.360 0 0.330 0.321 ) 0362 0.359 0.351 0.331 0.323 0.315 ) 0.352 0.342 0.324 0.316 0.308 ) 0.343 0.334 0317 0.310 0.302 ) 0.335 0.330 0.326 0.316 0.310 0.304 0.297 0.327 0322 0.318 0.309 0.304 0.291 ) 0319 0317 0315 0.311 0.307, 0.303 0.297 0.285 ) 0312 0.310 0.307 0.304 0.301 0.296 0.291 0.280 ) 0 0.304 0.303 0.301 0.298 0.294 0.290 0.285 0.280 0.275 ) 0.299 0.299 0.298 0.296 0.294 0.2910. 0.284 0.280 0.275—0.270 ) 0.292 0.292 0.291 0.290 0.288 0.285 0.282 0.278 0.274 0.265 ) 0.286 0.285 0.283 0.282 0.279 0.276 0.269 0.260 ) 0.280 0.279 0.278) (0.276 0.274 0.271 0.264 0.256 ) 0.274 0. 0.270 0.268 0.266 0.259 0.255 ) 0.268 0.266 © 0.265 0.263 0.260 0.254 0.251 0.247 ) 0.263 0.261 0.260 0. 0.250 0.246 0.243 ) 0.258 0.256 0.2 0.251 0.245 0.242 0.239 ) 0.253 0.251 0.250 0.246 0.241 0.238 = 0.235 ) 0.248 0.246 0.245 0.242 0.239 0.237 0.234.231 le 10.4 (continued)[Link] &@8 Ne eT YA) <_ Principles of et 10.7 Vertical Stress Due to Embankment Loading 267 the load per unit length of this strip is equal to q dr: This elemental strip can be treated as a line load, Equation (10.15) gives the vertical stress increase do. at point A inside the soil mass caused by this elemental strip load. To calculate the vertical stress inet to substitute g dr for q and (x — r) for x. So, ‘ase, we need 2g adr do. = a 2 (10.18) a(x —rp + The total increase in the vertical stress (Av) at point A caused by the entire strip load of width B can be determined by integration of Eq, (10.18) with limits of r from —B/2 to +B/2, or Table 10.4 shows the variation of Ao-/q with 22/B for 2x/B. This table can be used conveniently for the calculation of vertical stress at a point caused by a flexible strip load A Vertical Stress Due to Embankment Loading Figure 10.14 shows the cross section of an embankment of height H. For this two- dimensional loading condition the vertical stress increase may be expressed as A af (2.2 B), + Bi ) 10.20) o. - a, (10.2 <= (Jeet a) — Be) | where qa Y = unit weight of the embankment soil H = height of the embankment 1( B+ Bs B, (radians) = tan“!( = ) — tan (10.21) B, ay = tan (7) (10.22) le 10.4 Variation of Ao-/q with 22/B and 2x/B (Eq. (10.19)] 2x/B a) 01 02 03 0.4 05 06 07 08 03 1.0[Link] &@ < Principles of | Chapter 10: Stresses in a Soil Mass ertical stress increase at point A due to qy is Similarly, using Table 10.3, the 342 pI Ao yy) = (0.125) =) = 10.7 lb/ft Thus, the total is + 10.7 = 33.7 Ibi 284 / 805 EEX Vertical Stress Caused by a Vertical Strip Load (Finite Width and Infinite Length) The fundamental equation for the vertical stress increase at a point in a soil mass as the result of a line load (Section 10.4) can be used to determine the vertical stress at a point caused by a flexible strip load of width B. (See Figure 10.12.) Let the load per unit area of the strip shown in Figure 10.12 be equal to g. If we consider an elemental strip of width dr, Ao, = Aca) + Aon) Oj <— s ——____ + i 4g = Load per unit area Figure 10.12 Vertical stress caused by a flexible strip load 10.7 Vertical Stress Due to Embankment Loading 267 the load per unit length of this strip is equal to q dr: This elemental strip can be treated as a[Link] &@ <€ © Figure 10.16 10.8 Vertical Stress Below the Center of a Uniformly Loaded Circular Area 273 from From Fig. 10.15, na ~ 0.495. Agi ig. 10.16c, B; = 0 and B = 15 m. So, From Fig. 10.15, Jy) ~ 0, = G4 ~ Fx) = Gearylory ~ Ga2y!22) = 180[0.490 = 0.39] = 18.9 kN/m” 291 / 805 HEE Vertical Stress Below the Center of a Uniformly Loaded Circular Area Using Boussinesq’s solution for vertical stress Ac caused by a point load (Eq. (10.12)], one also can develop an expression for the vertical stress below the center of a uniformly loaded flexible circular are: From Fi ure 10.17, let the intensity of pressure on the circular area of radius R be equal to q. The total load on the ele! area (shaded in the figure) is equal to gr dr da The vertical stress, da, at point A caused by the load on the elemental area (which may ed load) can be obtained from Eq. (10.12): enta be assumed to be a concent do,=—" ard) = (10.24) (Fr 4 Ae ] Figure 10.17 * Vertical stress below the center of a uniformly loaded flexible ci[Link] &@ <€ of vertical stress 0.00 moor T moor 41+ due to embank- oot ou 10 100 ment loading 271 272 Chapter 10: Stresses in a Soil Mass Example 10.7 An embankment is shown in Fi embankment at point A. mine the stress increase under the Solution Refer to Figures 10.16b and c At point A: O = Oy ~ G our) = oxay = (10)(18) = 290 From Fig. 10.16b, B, = 21 m and B, = 20 m. So, B_ 21 _ a. = =35 Z 6 20 = > = 3.33 z 6 > om t IN:[Link] 10m 12H \ <— 15m >| 6m |< 20m | 10 m | do © Figure 10.16 10.8 Vertical Stress Below the Center of a Uniformly Loaded Circular Area 273ee Ts) <€ ure 10.14 bankment ling ure 10.15 erberg’s chart determination ertical stress to embank- it loadi T 04s 0.30 0.20 26 Principles of. he variation of J, with B\/z and B,/z is shown in Figure 10.15 (Osterberg, 1957)0.239 0 0.230 215 0.210 0.205 0.199 0.194, 0.235 0.227 0.222 0208 0.2 0.197 0.192 0.231 0. 0.219 0210 0.20: 0.200 0.195 0.190 0227 0 0.220 0.216 = 0.212, 0.207 0.203 0.198 0.193 0.188 269 ) Chapter 10: Stresses in a Soil Mass Example 10.6 With reference to Figure 10.12, we are given g = 200 kN/m?, B = 6 m, and z = 3m. Determine the vertical stress increase atx = +9, +6, +3, and 0 m. Plot a graph of Ac: against x. Solution The following table can be made: 2m) 2x/B_22/B_—_ Aaa 88 / 805 +9 1 0.017 +6 1 0.084 +3 1 0.480 96.0 0 1 0.818 163.6 “From Table 10.4 200 kN/m? The plot of Ao against x is given in Figure 10.13 200 160 & 120 z 8 80 g 40 o > 0-8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10 x(m) Figure 10.13 Plot of Ao. against distance x . For a detailed derivation of the equation, see Das (2008). A simplified form of Eq. (10.20) is Ao. = Gol (10.23) where J; = a function of By/z and By/z. The variation of J, with By/z and B,/z is shown in Figure 10.15 (Osterberg, 1957),0.03772 0.03384 0.02474 0.02666 0.02468 0.01968 0.01980 0.01868 0.01577 0.01526 0.01459 0.01279 0.01212 0.01170 0.0105. 10 0.00924 0.00879 uurce: From Ahlvin, R. G., and H. H. Ulery. Tabulated Values for Determining the Complete Pattern of Stress geneous Half Space. In Highway Research Bulletin 342, Hi arch Board, National Research Council, Washington, D.C., 1962, Tables | and 2, p. 3. Reproduced with permission of the es, Strains, and Deflections Beneath a Uniform Circular Load on a Hom R Transportation Research Board 276 Table 10.6 (continued) 3 4 5 6 7 8 10 12 “4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.00211 0.00084 0.00042 0.00419 0.00167 0.00083 0.00048 0.00030 0.00020 0.00622 0.00250 0.01013 0.00407 0.00209 0.00118 0.00071_—0.00053 0.00025 0.00014 0.00009 295 / 805 0.01742 0.00761 0.00393 0.00226 0.00143 0.00097 0.00050 0.01935 0.00871 0.00459 0.00269 0.00171 0.00115 0.02142 0.01013 0.00548 0.00325 0.00210 0.00141 0.00073 0.00043 0.0002: 0.02221 0.01160 0.00659 0.00399 -——0,00264_—0.00180 0.00094 0.00086 0.00036 0.02143 0.01221 0.00732 0.00463 0.00308 0.00214 0.00115 0.00068 0.00043 0.01980 0.01220 0.00770 0.00805 0.00346 0.00242 0.00132 0.00079 0,001 0.01592 0.01109 0.00768 0.00536 0.00384 0.00282 0.00160 0.00099 0.00065 0.01249 0.00949 0.00708 0.00527 0.00394 O.0k 0.00179 0.00113 0.00075 0.00983 0.00795 0,00628.-—0,00492 0.00384 0.00299 «0.00188 0.00124 0.00084 0.00784 0.00661 0.00548 0.00445 0.00360 0.00291 0.00193 0.00130 0.00091 0.00635 0.00554 0.00472 0.00398 0.00332-0.00276 0.00189 0.00134 —_0,00094 0.00520 0.00466 0.00409 0.00353 0.00301 0.04 0.00184 0.00133 0.00096 0.00438 0.00397 0,00352-0.00326 0.00273. 0.00241 Table 10.7 (continued) 3 4 5 6 7 8 10 12 “4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ° 0 0.00210 =0,00084 0.00042 0.00412 0.00166 0.00083 -0,00024 -0.00015 —0.00010 0.00599 —0,00245 0.00991 —0,00388 0.00199 -0.00116 0.00073 —0,00049 —0,00025 0.00014 —0.00009 0.01115 0.00608 0.00344 -0.00210 -0.00135 —0.00092 -0.00048 -0,00028 -0,00018 0.00995 —0,00632 -0.00378 0.00236 0.00156 —0.00107 0.00669 —0,00600 -0.00401 0.00265 0.00181 -0.00126 —0.00068 0.00040 —0,00026 0.00028 -0.00410 -0.00371 -0.00278 -0,00202 -0.00148 0.00084 + —0,000S0_ —0,00033 0.00661 =0.00130 0.00271 0.00250 0.00201 —0.00156 ——0.00094 —0.00039 ——0.00039 0.01112 0.00157 -0.00134 -0.00192 -0.00179 -0.00151 —0.00099 -0,00065 —0.00046 0.01515 0.00595 0.00155 0.00029 0.00094 —0.00109 + —0.00094 —0.00068 —0.00050 0.01522 0.00810 0,00371_-—0.00132 0.00013 —0.00043 0.00070 —0.00061_ —0.00049 0.01380 0.00867 0.00496 0.00254 0.00110 0.00028 0.00037 —0.00047 —0,00045 0.01204 0.00842 0.00547-—0.00332-—0.00185 0.00093 -0.00002 —0.00029 — ~0.00037 0.01034 0.00779 0,005S4—0,00372 0.00236 0.00141 0.00035 —0.00008 —0.00025 0.00888 0.00705 0.00533 0.00386 0.00265 0.00178 0.00066 0.00012 —0.00012 0.00764 0.00631 0.00501 0,00382-—0,00281-—0.00199 277(continued on page 278) Table 10.6 Variation of A’ with 2/R and r/R AR RO 02 04 06 oa 1 12 15 2 0 10 10 10 0 10 08 ° 0 0 0.1 090050 089788 0.88679 086126 0.78797 0.43015. 0.09645 002787 0.00856 02 OS03K8 —079824—«OTTERA 73483 0163014038269 0.15433 005251 0.01680 03 071265 070518 0.68316 062690 052081034375. ——O.17964 007199 _O.024K0 04 062861 062015. 059241 053767 04432931048 0.18709 008593 —_—O0RT18 053 085279 04403 051622 O46AAS 0138300 0.28156 —O.1RSS6 0.09409 0.03701 06 08550 047691 045078 040427 (0.33676 025588 0.17952 0.10010 07 02654 OSI874 0.3991 O8428 029833021727 [Link] 0.10228 .0KSS8 08 036832 034729031248 026581021297 0.16206 0.10236 09 032492 030669027707 °~—«0.23832—0.19488 0.15253 0.10004 \ 0.28763 027008 0.24697 «0.21468 0.17868 0.14329 0.09849 OusI8s 12 022795 021662 0.1989) 017626 O.ISIO1 0.12570 0.09192 0.05260 15 0.16795 0.16552 0.15877 0.14808 0.13436 0.11892 0.10296 0.08048 0.05116 2 0.10557 0.10453 0.10140 0.09647 0.09011 0.08269 0.07471 0.06275 0.04496 25 007152007098 0.06947 0.06698 0106373 0.05974 0.05855. O.0HKK 0 5° gosta? aostor 08022» O.bNs86 = «O.ON707 LORIE aac 4 029%6 002976 0.02907 002802 01028320027 5 doi? 001938 mim 294 / 805 6 001361 00130 7 oot00s 0.00976 a 8 — oonr72 0.0075 0.00708 9 0.0062 0.00600 0.00566 10 0.00877 0046s Source: From Ahlvin, R. G., and H. H. Ulery. Tabulated Values for Determining the Complete Pattern of Stresses, Strains, Deflections Beneath a Uniform Circular Load on a Homogeneous Half Space. In Highway Research Bulletin 342, Highway Research Board, National Research Council, Washington, D.C,, 1962, Tables 1 and 2, p. 3. Reproduced with permission of the Transportation Research Board. Table 10.7 Variation of B' with JR and r/R oR 21K o 02 0.4 06 08 1 12 15 2 a) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.1 0.09852 0.10140 0.11138 0.18796 0.05388 0.07899 0.02672 0.00845 0.2 0.18857 0.19306 0.25983 0.08513 —00 759 —0.04448 0.01593 0.3 0.26362 0.28018 0.29483 -—0.27257——0.107 0.04316 0.04999 —0,02166 04 0.32016 0. 0.32273 (0.26025 0.12404 -0,00766 0.04 0.024 05 038777 0.35323 0.33106 0.26236 0.13591 0.02165 —0.03455 0.02651 06 03 0.36308 0.32822 0.25411 0.14440 0.04457 -0.02101 0.7 03848 0.36072 0.31929 0.24638 0.14986 0.06209 -0.00702 0.02329 08 0.38091 0.35133 0.30699 0.23779 0.15292 0.07530 0,00614 0.9 0.36962 3 0.33734 0.29299 0.22891 0.15404 0.08507 0.01795 1 0.35355 0.34553 0.32075. 0.27819 0.21978 0.15355 0.09210 0.02814 —0,01005 1.2 031485 030730028481 0.24836 0.20113. O.14915 0.10002 0.04378 ——_-0,00023, 15 0.25602 0.25025 0.23338 (0.20694 ——«O.17368 0.13732 0.10193 0.0S745—_0.01385, 2 0.17889 0.18144 0.16644 0.15198 0.13375 0.11331 0.09254 0.06371 0.02836, 25 0.12807 0.12633 0.12126 0.11327 0.10298 0.09130 0.07869 0.03429, 3 0.09487 0.09304 0.09009 0.08635 0.08033 (0.07325 0.06551 0.05354 0.03511 4 0.05707 0.05666 0.05562 0.05383 0.05145 0.04773 0.04532 0.03995 0.03066 5 0037 0.03760 0.03384 0.0247 6 0.02666 0.02468 0.01968, 7 001980 0.01868 0.01577 8 0.01526 0.01459 0.0127) 9 001212 0.01170 0.01054 é 0.00924 0.00879 Source: From Ahlvin, R. G., and H. H, Ulery. Tabulated Values for Determining the Complete Pattern of Stresses, Strains, and Deflections Beneath a Uniform Circular Load on a Homogeneous Half Space. In Highway Research Bulletin 342, Highway Research Board, National Research Council, Washington, D.C., 1962, Tables 1 and 2, p. 3. Reproduced with permission of the Transportation Research Board. 276 Table 10.6 (continued)74117 #6 RRS <_ Principles of et 6 T T 00 02 04 06 08 10 Figure 10.18 Stress under the Ao, center of a uniformly loaded 7 flexible circular area 10.9 Vertical Stress at any Point Below a Uniformly Loaded Circular Area 275 EEDEME Vertical Stress at Any Point Below a Uniformly Loaded Circular Area A detailed tabulation for calculation of vertical stress below a uniformly loaded flexible circular area was given by Ahlvin and Ulery (1962). Referring to Figure 10.19, we find that Ac, at any point A located at a depth z at any distance r from the center of the loaded area can be given as Ao, = q(A' + B’) (10.26) where A’ and B’ are functions of 2/R and r/R. (See Tab! Ole} Figure 10.19 Vertical stress at any point below a uniformly loaded circular are: Example 10.8 Consider a uniformly loaded flexible circular area on the ground surface, as shown in Fig. 10.19. Given: R = 3 m and uniform load g = 100 kN/m? Calculate the increase in vertical stress at depths of 1.5 m, 3 m, 4.5 m, 6 m, and 12 m below the ground surface for points at (a) r = 0 and (b) r = 4.5 m. Solution From Eq. (10.26), Ao, = q(A’ + B') Given R = 3 mand q = 100KN/ (continued on page 278)[Link] £866 Nee YA <_ Principles of et Figure 10.17 Vertical stress below the center of a uniformly loaded flexible circular area 274 Chapter 10: Stresses in a Soil Mass The increase by integrat the stress at point A caused by the entire loaded area can be found drda So, 292 / 805 The v ion of Ao./q with JR as obtained from Eq. (10.25) is given in Table 10.5. A plot of this also is shown in Figure 10.18. The value of Aor. decreases rapidly with depth, and at z = 5R, it is about 6% of q, which is the intensity of pressure at the ground surface. Table 10.5 Variation of Ao; (Eq. (10.25)] 2/R Ao,/q 2/R Ao,/q 0 1 10 0.6465 0.02 0.9999 Ls 0.4240 0.05 0.9998 20 0.2845 0.10 0.9990 25 0.1996 02 0.9925 3.0 0.1436 04 0.9488 4.0 0.0869 05 0.9106 5.0 0.0571 0.8 0.7562 6 : ; 00 02 04 06 08 10 Figure 10.18 Stress under the ao. center of a uniformly loaded 7 flexible circular area[Link] #86 <€_ Principles of... 10.10 Vertical Stress Caused by a Rectangularly Loaded Area 281 Table 10.8 (continued) 12 14 16 18 20 25 3.0 40 5.0 60 0.0293 0.0301 0.0306 0.0309 0.0311 —«0.0314_-—0.0315. 0.0316 0.0316 0.0316 0.0589 0.0599 0.0606 0.0610 0.0616 0.0618 0.0619 0.0620 0.0620 0.0856 0.0871 0.0880 0.0887 0.0895 0.0898 0.0901 0.0901—_0,0902 0.1063 0.1094 0.1114 0.1126 0.1134 0.1145 0.1150 0.1153 0.1154 0.1154 0.1263 0.1300 0.1324 0.1340 0.1350 0.1363 0.1368 0.1372 0.1374 0.1374 0.1431 0.1475 0.1503 0.1521 0.1533 0.1548 0.1555 0.1560 0.1561 0.1562 0.1 0.1620 0.1652 0.16 0.1686 0.1704 O.1711.—O.1717.— 0.17190. 719 0.1684 0.1739 0.1774 0.1797 0.1812 0.1832 0.1841 0.1847 0.1849 0.1850 01 0.1836 0.1874 0.1899 0.1915 0.1938. 0.1947 0.1954_0.1956_ 0.1957 0.1851 0.1914 0.1955 0.1981 0.1999 0.2024 0.2034 0.1958 0.2028 0.2073.-«0.2103 0.2124 0.2151 0.2163 0.2028 0.2102 «0.2151 0.2184 0.2206 0.2236 0.2250 0.24 0.2151 0.2203 0.2237 0.2261 0.2294-:0.2309 0.2320 0.2325 0.2103 0.2183 0.2237 0.2299 0.2333 0.2350 0.2362 0.236 0.2124 0.2206 0.2261. 0.23: 0.2361 02. 0.2391 0.2397 0.2151 0.2294 0.2333. 0.2361.-«—0.2401_—0.2420 0.2441 0.2163 0.2309 0.2350 0.2378 «0.2420 0.2439 0.2463 0.2. 0.2320 0.2362 0.2391 0.2434 0.2455 0.24720.2479 0.2481 0.217 0.2324 0.2366 0.2395 0.2439 0.2460 0.2479 0.2486 (0.2489 0.2176 0.2264 0.2325 0.2367 0.2397 0.2441 = 0.2463 0.2482 0.2492 where myn 1+ mj + : m, . hes 4 ws ; (10.35) TEV) + mi t+ nj (1 + mi)(my + ny) Vii + ni V1 + nit L m, = (10.36) B n == (10.37) b (10.38) The variation of /, with m, and n, is given in Table 10.9. 026 oti 11[Link] £0686 <€_ Principles of... 280 Chapter 10: Stresses in a Soil Mass Table 10.8 Variation of 1, with m and n [Eq. (10.30)] 0 O41 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 0.1 0.0047 0.0092 0.01. 0.0168 0.0198 0.2 0.0092 0.0179 0.0259 -—0.0328-——0.0387 0.3 0.0132 0.0259 0.0374 0.04" 0.02. 0.0258 0.0474 0.0504 0.052: 0.0547 0.0559 0.0629 0.0686 0.0731 0.0766 -—0,0794 0.4 0.0168 0.0328 0.0474 0.0602 0.0711 0.0801_-——«0.0873 0.0931 0.0977 0.1013 05 0.0198 0.03 0.0559 0.0711 -0.0840-—0.0947 0.1034 0.1104 0.1158 0.1202 0.6 0.0222 0.0435 0.0629 0.0801-«0.0947 0.1069 0.1168 0.1247 0.1311 0.1361 07 0.0474 0.0686 (0.0873. 0.1034. 0.1169 0.1277 0.1365 0.1436 0.1491 08 0.0504 0.0731 0.0931«O.1104 0.1247 0.1365. 0.1461 0.1537 0.1598 09 0.0528 0.0766 0.0977 «O.1158 0.1311 0.1436 0.1537 0.1619 0.1684 1.0 0.0279 0.0547 0.0794 (0.1013 0,12020.1361-—«0.1491 0.1598 0.168415 1.2 0.0203 0.0573 (0.0832 -0.1063 (0.1263 0.1431 z 14 0.0301 0.0589 (0.0856 0.1094 0.1300 0.1475 1.6 0.0306 0.0599 -0.0871—«0.1114.—0.1324——(0.1503 L8 0.0309 0.0606 0.0880 0.1126 0.1340 0.1521 2.0 0.0311 0.0610 0.08: 0.1134 0.1350 0.1533. 0.1686 0.1812, 1915S. 25 0.0314 0.0616 0.0895 0.1145 0.1363 0.1548 0.1704 (0.1832 0.1938 0.2 3.0 0.0315 0.0618 0.08980. 0.1368 0.15 O1711 0.1841 0.1947 0.21 4.0 0.0316 0.0619 -0,0901_-——«0.1153 0.1372 0.1560 0.17170.1847 0.19540 5.0 0.0316 0.0620 0.0901 0.1154 0.1374 0.1561 0.1719 0.1849 0.1956 0.2044 6.0 0.0316 0.0620 0.0902 O.1154 0.1374 0.1562 0.1719 0.1850 0.1957 0.2045 The increase in the stress at any point below a rectangularly loaded area can be found by using Eq. (10.29). This can be explained by reference to Figure 10.22. Let us determine the stress at a point below point A’ at depth z. The loaded area can be divided into four rec tangles as shown. The point A’ is the corner common to all four rectangles. The increase in the stress at depth z below point A’ due to each rectangular area can now be calculated by using Eq, (10.29). The total stress increase caused by the entire loaded area can be given by Ao, = q{lx Ty (10.33) where /5 ) = values of /; for rectangles 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively In most cases the vertical stress increase below the center of a rectan ular area (Figure 10.23) is important. This stress increase can be given by the relationship Ao. = ql, (10.34) 10.10 Vertical Stress Caused by a Rectangularly Loaded Area 281 Table 10.8 (continued)a a | <€ The increase in the stress (da) at point A caused by the load dq can be determined by using Eq. (10.12). However, we need to replace P with dq = q dx dy and 7 with x+y. Thus 3q dx dy da, = (10.28) a(x + P+ 2) 10.10 Vertical Stress Caused by a Rectangularly Loaded Area 279 i se fas. Figure 10.20 Vertical stress below the corner | ofa uniormly load eit The increase in the stress, at point A caused by the entire loaded area can now be deter- mined by integrating the preceding equation. We obtain Ao, | ao. | al, (10.29) where L[ 2mnVne + + 1 mn nt + + 1 \ l= tan! (= t+} dln? + + min + m+n? = nie + 1) (10.30) B m== (10.31) L n= (10.32) The variation of J; with m and n is shown in Table 10.8 and Figure 10.21[Link] &@ < Principles of 277 278 Chapter 10: Stresses in a Soil Mass Part (a) We can prepare the follow and 10.7.) table: (Note: r/R = 0. A’ and B' values are from Tables 10.6 Depth, zim) -2/R. A 8 Aq. (kN/m*) 15 05° 0553 0.358 od 3 100293 (0.354 647 45 15 0.168 0.256 424 6 20 0.106 0.179 28.5 2 40 0.030.057 87 Part (b) TR = 4, GzD 805 Depth, z(m) _2/R. a B ‘Acre (kN /m?) 15 05 0.095 —0.035 60 3 10 0.098 0.028 12.6 45 15 0.08 0.057 137 6 20 0.063 0.064 127 12 40 0.025 0.04 5 EERO Vertical Stress Caused by a Rectangularly Loaded Area Boussinesq’s solution also can be used to calculate the vertical stress increase below a flexi ble rectangular loaded area, as shown in Figure 10.20. The loaded area is located at the ground surface and has length L and width B. The uniformly distributed load per unit area is equal to g. To determine the increase in the vertical stress (Ao) at point A, which is located at depth z below the comer of the rectangular area, we need to consider a small elemental area dx dy of the rectangle, (This is shown in Figure 10.20.) The load on this elemental area can be given by dq = qdxdy (10.27) The increase in the stress (de) at point A caused by the load dq can be determined by using Eq. (10.12). However, we need to replace P with dq = q dx dy and P with v+y Th 3q dx dy z° do. ss 5 (10.28) wet yt 10.10 Vertical Stress Caused by a Rectangularly Loaded Area 279[Link] &@ <€ =05 Bie Thus, /, = 0.0473. Hence Aaya) = (150)(0.0473) = 7.1 KN/m? So Ao, = Aor) — Soya, = 18.38 — 7.1 = 11.28 kN/m? . 10.12 Influence Chart for Vertical Pressure 285 Uniformly loaded area (flexible B Bo 05 0.06 . 0.08) 4 2B 2B °. 03 \ 0 bs Graph 7 o ; 0.06 Ao, = 0.2 aa 7 0.04 4B 4B 1 0.02 = 4%: T B 5B + r 7 0 B 28 258 258 28 B 0 Figure 10.25 Vertical pressure isobars under a Figure 10.26 Vertical pressure isobars under a uniformly flexible strip load (Nore: Isobars are for line a—a loaded square area (Note: Isobars are for line a—a as shown ‘as shown on the plan) on the plan) EEZXEM Stress Isobars In Section 10.6, we developed the relationship to estimate Ac at any point due to a verti cal strip loading. Also, Section 10.10 provides the relationships to calculate Ac at any point due to a vertically and uniformly loaded rectangular area. These relationships for Ao can crease at various grid points below the loaded area. Based es 10.25 and 10.26 show such stress isobars under uniformly loaded (vertically) strip and square areas. be used to calculate the stress on those calculated stress increase: s isobars can be plotted. F RPE Influence Chart for Vertical Pressure Equation (10.25) can be rearranged and written in the form R ey “ny I (10.39) qee YA <€ 9.00 0,023 0.045 0.064 0.081 0,094 0.105 0.113 0.119 0.124 0.128 10.00 0.019 0.037 0.053 0.067 0.079 0.089 0,097 0.103 0.108 0.112 284 Chapter 10: Stresses in a Soil Mass Example 10.9 The plan of a uniformly loaded rectangular area is shown in Figure 10.24a. Determine 4m. the vertical stress increase Ac, below point A’ at a depth of 2m |g =150kNim? 1m 1 | 4 L101 \« 4m >| , een ¥ ° @ = 100 kN ‘ ¢ Figure 10.42 10.20 Refer to the flexible loaded rectangular area shown in F 10.42. Using Eq. (10.34), determine the vertical stress increase below the center of the area at a depth of 3.5 m. References AHLvIN, R. G., and ULERY, H. H. (1962). “Tabulated Values for Determining the Complete Pattern of Stresses, Strains, and Deflections Beneath a Uniform Circular Load on a neous Half Space.” in Highway Research Bulletin 342, Transportation Re: Board, National Research Council, Washington, D.C., 1-13. BoUusSINESQ, J. (1883). Application des Potentials @ L’Etude de L’Equilibre et du Mouvement des Solides Elastiques, Gauthier-Villars, Paris. Das, B. (2008). Advanced Soil Mechanics, 3rd ed., Taylor and Francis, London. Newmark, N. M. (1942). “Influence Charts for Computation of Stresses in Elastic Soil, University of Ilinois Engineering Experiment Station, Bulletin No. 338 OsTERBERG, J. O. (1957). “Influence Values for Vertical Stresses in Semi-Infinite Mass Due to Embankment Loading,” Proceedings, Fourth International Conference on Soil Mechanics and 1g, London, Vol. 1, 393-396. Foundation EngineerPe Te YA <€ Figure 10.39 292 Chapter 10: Stresses in a Soil Mass lof 108, 20 Ibi I . +4 ¥ : Figure 10.40 10.18 Refer to Figure 10.41. The circular flexible area is uniformly loaded. Given q = 300 KN/m? and using Newmark’s chart, determine the vertical stress increase Ao, at point A. 10.19 The plan of a flexible rectangular loaded area is shown in Figure 10.42. The uniformly distributed load on the flexible area, q, is 100 kN/m*. Determine the increase in the vertical stress, A or,, at a depth of z a. Point A b. Point B ¢. Point C 2 m below Cross section Figure 10.41Pe Te YA <€ ao, tt cSt op i" >| Figure 10.36 Figure 10.37 Problems 291 Figure 10.38 10.11 Refer to stress increase, A o, at A is 30 kN/m?. 10.12 Refer to Figure 10.12. Given: B it, ¢ = 350 Ib/ft?, x = 9 ft, and z = 5 ft Determine the vertical stress increase, Aor, at point A. Repeat Problem 10.12 for B = 3 m, q = 60 kN/m’, An earth embankment diagram is shown in Figure 10.39, Determine the stress increase at point A due to the embankment load. ure 10.38. Due to the application of line loads q, and q,, the vertical Determine the magni de of go = 15m,andz=3m, 10.15 Figure 10.40 shows an embankment load for a silty clay soil layer. Determine the vertical stress increase at points A, B, and C. 10.16 Consider a circularly loaded flexible area on the ground surface. Given that the radius of the circular area R = 4 m and that the uniformly distributed load g = 200 kN/m’, calculate the vertical stress increase, A or, at points 1.5, 3, 6, 9, and 12 m below the ground surface (immediately below the center of the circular area), 10.17 Figure 10.19 shows a flexible circular area of radius R = 10 ft. The uniformly distributed load on the circular area is 2000 Ib/f. Calculate the vertical stress and 12 fi, and z = 5 ft increase at r = 0, 2, 4, Unit weight y = 16.5 kN/m Figure 10.39EN BEY <€ Figure 10.32 Figure 10.33 290 Chapter 10: Stresses in a Soil Mass 15 kNim? 90 thik 30 kNim 3S Ibit? <$— Y 8 Figure 10.34 Figure 10.35 10.6 Repeat Problem 10.5 for the soil element shown in Figure 10.35 10.7 Point loads of magnitude 2000, 4000, and 6000 Ib act at A, B, and C, respectively (Figure 10.36). Determine the increase in vertical stress at a depth of 10 ft below point D. Use Boussinesq’s equation. 10.8 Refer to Figure 10.37. Determine the vertical stress increase, A or,, at point A with the following values: + gq) = 75 KN/im sm =2m * gz = 300 kN/m +ay)=3m *2=2m 10.9. Repeat Problem 10.8 with the following data: © gq; = 300kN/m sx =4m . 260 kN/m *xy=3m °2 3m 10.10 Refer to Figure 10.37. Given: q, = 750 Ib/ft, x, = 8 ft, x) = 4 ft, and z = 3 ft. determine If the vertical stress increase at point A due to the loading is 35 Ib/ft the magnitude of q, B lon A Line load = 4, Line load = lok . C st op Figure 10.36 Figure 10.37 Problems 291