Biochemistry, 4th Edition
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Biochemistry
FOURTH EDITION
U. Satyanarayana, M.Sc., Ph.D., F.I.C.,
F.A.C.B.,
Professor of Biochemistry & Director (Research) Dr. Pinnamaneni
Siddhartha Institute of Medical Sciences (Dr. NTR University of Health
Sciences) Chinaoutpalli, Gannavaram (Mdl) Krishna (Dist), A.P., India
U. Chakrapani, M.B.B.S., M.S., D.N.B,
Table of Contents
Cover image
Title page
Copyright
Preface to the Fourth Edition
Preface to the First Edition
Acknowledgements
Scope of Biochemistry
Section One: Chemical Constituents of Life
Chapter 1: Biomolecules and the Cell
The cell
Eukaryotic cell
Summary
Chapter 2: Carbohydrates
Monosaccharides—structural aspects
Structure of glucose
Disaccharides
Polysaccharides
Homopolysaccharides
Heteropolysaccharides
Agar and pectins
Glycoproteins
Summary
Self-Assessment Exercises
Chapter 3: Lipids
Fatty acids
Essential fatty acids
Triacylglycerols
Phospholipids
Glycolipids
Lipoproteins
Steroids
Amphipathic lipids
Soaps and detergents
Summary
Self-Assessment Exercises
Chapter 4: Proteins and Amino Acids
Amino acids
Structure of proteins
Summary
Self-Assessment Exercises
Chapter 5: Nucleic Acids and Nucleotides
Nucleotides
Structure of DNA
Organization of DNA in the cell
Structure of RNA
Summary
Self-Assessment Exercises
Chapter 6: Enzymes
Historical background
Nomenclature and classification
Chemical nature and properties of enzymes
Factors affecting enzyme activity
Active site
Enzyme inhibition
Enzyme specificity
Coenzymes
Mechanism of enzyme action
Regulation of enzyme activity in the living system
Units of enzyme activity
Non-protein enzymes
Applications of enzymes
Diagnostic importance of enzymes
Isoenzymes
Enzyme pattern in diseases
Diagnostic importance of enzymes in other body fluids and tissues
Summary
Self-Assessment Exercises
Chapter 7: Vitamins
Individual vitamins
Vitamin A
Vitamin D
Vitamin E
Vitamin K
Vitamin C (Ascorbic acid)
Thiamine (Vitamin B1)
Riboflavin (Vitamin B2)
Niacin
Pyridoxine (Vitamin B6)
Biotin
Pantothenic acid
Folic acid
Cobalamin (Vitamin B12)
Vitamin like compounds
Choline
Inositol
Lipoic acid
Para aminobenzoic acid
Bioflavonoids
Antivitamins
Summary
Self-Assessment Exercises
Section Two: Physiological Biochemistry
Chapter 8: Digestion and Absorption
Carbohydrates
Proteins
Lipids
Nucleic acids
Abnormalities related to digestion and absorption
Summary
Self-Assessment Exercises
Chapter 9: Plasma Proteins
Albumin
Globulins
Immunoglobulins
Blood clotting
Summary
Self-Assessment Exercises
Chapter 10: Hemoglobin and Porphyrins
Hemoglobin
Hemoglobin derivatives
Abnormal hemoglobins
Sickle-cell anemia or sickle-cell hemoglobin
Thalassemias
Porphyrins
Biosynthesis of heme
Porphyrias
Degradation of heme to bile pigments
Jaundice
Summary
Self-Assessment Exercises
Chapter 11: Biological Oxidation
Bioenergetics
High-energy compounds
Biological oxidation
Electron transport chain
Oxidative phosphorylation
Summary
Self-Assessment Exercises
Section Three: Metabolisms
Chapter 12: Introduction to Metabolism
Chapter 13: Metabolism of Carbohydrates
Summary
Glycolysis
Citric acid cycle
Gluconeogenesis
Glycogen metabolism
Futile cycles
Glycogen storage diseases
Hexose monophosphate shunt
Uronic acid pathway
Metabolism of galactose
Metabolism of fructose
Metabolism of amino sugars
Glyoxylate cycle
Summary
Self-Assessment Exercises
Chapter 14: Metabolism of Lipids
Fatty acid oxidation
Ketone bodies
Biosynthesis of fatty acids
Synthesis of triacylglycerols
Metabolism of phospholipids
Metabolism of glycolipids
Metabolism of cholesterol
Lipoproteins
Metabolism of HDL
Disorders of plasma lipoproteins
Fatty liver
Lipotropic factors
Obesity
Atherosclerosis
Alcohol metabolism
Summary
Self-Assessment Exercises
Chapter 15: Metabolism of Amino Acids
Amino acid pool
Metabolism of amino acids —general aspects
Metabolism of ammonia
Urea cycle
Metabolism of individual amino acids
Glycine
Phenylalanine and tyrosine
Tryptophan
Sulfur amino acids
One-carbon metabolism
Branched chain amino acids
Histidine, proline and arginine
Lysine
Glutamate and glutamine
Aspartate and asparagine
Alanine
Serine
Threonine
Fate of carbon skeleton of amino acids
Amino acids as neurotransmitters
Biogenic amines
Polyamines
Summary
Self-Assessment Exercises
Chapter 16: Integration of Metabolism
Organ specialization and metabolic integration
Metabolism in starvation
Summary
Chapter 17: Metabolism of Nucleotides
Biosynthesis of purine ribonucleotides
Degradation of purine nucleotides
Disorders of purine metabolism
Biosynthesis of pyrimidine ribonucleotides
Summary
Self-Assessment Exercises
Chapter 18: Mineral Metabolism
Calcium
Phosphorus
Magnesium
Sodium
Potassium
Chlorine
Sulfur
Iron
Copper
Iodine
Manganese
Zinc
Molybdenum
Cobalt
Fluorine
Selenium
Chromium
Summary
Self-Assessment Exercises
Section Four: Clinical Biochemistry and
Nutrition
Chapter 19: Hormones
Classification of hormones
cAMP—The second messenger
Hypothalamic and pituitary hormones
Hypothalamic hormones
Anterior pituitary hormones
Posterior pituitary hormones
Thyroid hormones
Hormones of adrenal cortex
Hormones of adrenal medulla
Hormones of gonads
The menstrual cycle
Gastrointestinal (or gut) hormones
Summary
Self-Assessment Exercises
Chapter 20: Organ Function Tests
Liver function tests
Jaundice
Kidney (renal) function tests
Gastric function tests
Other organ function tests
Summary
Self-Assessment Exercises
Chapter 21: Water
Water and life
Water turnover and balance
