BOTANY WITH TAXONOMY_FINALS
MODULE/TOPIC: PHARM BOTANY ENERGY METABOLISM ON PLANTS Prepared by: Grajelle Davin
Prof. Daniel Joshua Pendon Date:
ENERGY
• The ability to perform work – (Ex: Your heart muscles
does work everytime it beats) During Cellular Respiration we take potential energy (stored
energy) called chemical energy stored in the bonds of glucose
and turn it into ATP.
2 BASIC FORMS OF ENERGY:
o Potential Energy – is stored energy due to an ATP is called free energy because it is available to do any type
object’s position or arrangement. of work needed in our cells called Kinetic Energy (energy
available for work)
o Kinetic Energy – energy of motion; anything that
is moving; Kinetic = “motion”
The amount of energy released is measure in calories or
o Thermal Energy – energy that has been kilocalories
transferred; from areas that are warmer to cooler
o Chemical Energy - organic compound store The more energy a type of food can release the more calories
it has
potential energy in the way their atoms are
arranged
TYPES OF ORGANISMS CELLULAR RESPIRATION
AUTOTROPHS/PRODUCERS – organisms use sunlight to
o Cellular Respiration: catabolic, exergonic, aerobic
make food in a process called photosynthesis process that uses energy to extract ATP (adenosine
HETEROTROPHS/CONSUMERS – organisms cannot use triphosphate) from an organic molecule called glucose
sunlight to make food. (they must eat instead)
o Catabolic: breaks molecules down
o Exergonic: releases energy
No matter how organisms get their food ALL get their o Aerobic: oxygen (O2) requiring
energy FROM THE FOOD in the SAME way.
CELLULAR RESPIRATION – is a process in which ❖ Cellular Respiration is similar to breathing and
respiration
organisms create ATP from the food they make or eat.
❖ Breathing and respiration is an exchange of
WHAT IS ATP? oxygen and carbon dioxide between blood and the
• ATP = Adenosine Tri-phosphate outside air
Made of (3) things: ❖ Cellular respiration is the exchange of oxygen and
carbon dioxide between the cells and the blood
1. Ribose (sugar)
2. Adenosine (base)
3. Three phosphates
• The key activity of ATP
is release energy as the
bonds break between
phosphates
STAGES OF CELLULAR RESPIRATION IN DIFFERENT
PLACES OF THE CELL
• Glycolysis: Cytoplasm (cytosol)
• Mitochondrial Krebs Cycle: Mitochondrial Matrix
• Electron Transport Chain: Inner Mitochondrial
Membrane
CELLULAR RESPIRATION: MITOCHONDRIA
- The mitochondria is designed to complete cellular
respiration with maximum energy production.
- There are many folds in the membrane to increase
surface area and allows many reactions of Cellular
Respiration to occur at once. This produces a lot of ATP.
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BOTANY WITH TAXONOMY_FINALS
MODULE/TOPIC: PHARM BOTANY ENERGY METABOLISM ON PLANTS Prepared by: Grajelle Davin
Prof. Daniel Joshua Pendon Date:
3 MAIN PARTS OF CELLULAR RESPIRATION
1. Glycolysis: sugar splitting phase (glucose is
the sugar)
2. Krebs Cycle/Citric Acid Cycle: Extracts the
energy from glucose
3. Electron Transport Chain/ATP Synthase: Turns
the energy into ATP for the body to use
In total makes from 34 to 38 ATP
STAGE 1: GLYCOLISIS
Location: Occurs in the cytoplasm just outside of
mitochondria in two phases
A. ENERGY INVESTMENT PHASE
➢ Begin with a glucose molecule
Put 2 ATP in to start the reaction
B. ENERGY YIELDING PHASE
➢ Create 4 ATP
MAIN GOAL: To split glucose (sugar splitting)
KREBS CYCLE/CITRIC ACID CYCLE
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BOTANY WITH TAXONOMY_FINALS
MODULE/TOPIC: PHARM BOTANY ENERGY METABOLISM ON PLANTS Prepared by: Grajelle Davin
Prof. Daniel Joshua Pendon Date:
ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN PHOTOSYNTHESIS
FERMENTATION
Fermentation is a metabolic process where organisms
break down sugars (like glucose) into simpler
compounds to produce energy, typically in the absence
of oxygen. It regenerates NAD⁺, which is essential for
glycolysis to continue producing ATP.
Two Types of Fermentation:
1. Alcoholic Fermentation:
o Performed by yeasts and some bacteria.
o Glucose → Ethanol + CO₂ + Energy (ATP)
o Example: Used in brewing and bread-
making.
2. Lactic Acid Fermentation:
o Performed by certain bacteria and
animal cells (e.g., muscle cells during
intense activity).
o Glucose → Lactic Acid + Energy (ATP)
o Example: Produces yogurt and occurs in
muscles during anaerobic exercise.
Both processes start with glycolysis, where glucose is
split into two pyruvate molecules, producing 2 ATP. The
type of fermentation determines how pyruvate is
further processed.
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BOTANY WITH TAXONOMY_FINALS
MODULE/TOPIC: PHARM BOTANY ENERGY METABOLISM ON PLANTS Prepared by: Grajelle Davin
Prof. Daniel Joshua Pendon Date:
4
BOTANY WITH TAXONOMY_FINALS
MODULE/TOPIC: PHARM BOTANY ENERGY METABOLISM ON PLANTS Prepared by: Grajelle Davin
Prof. Daniel Joshua Pendon Date:
1. Glycolysis (Sugar Splitting)
• Location: Cytoplasm
• Process:
o Glucose (6-carbon molecule) is broken down into
two molecules of pyruvate (3-carbon).
o Produces 2 ATP (net gain) and 2 NADH (electron
carriers).
• Key Point: Does not require oxygen (anaerobic process).
2. Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)
• Location: Mitochondrial matrix
• Process:
o Pyruvate is converted to Acetyl-CoA, which enters
the cycle.
o The cycle generates 2 ATP, 6 NADH, and 2
FADH₂ per glucose molecule.
o Releases CO₂ as a byproduct.
• Key Point: Harvests high-energy electrons for the next stage.
3. Electron Transport Chain (ETC) & ATP Synthase
• Location: Inner mitochondrial membrane
• Process:
o NADH and FADH₂ donate electrons to the ETC.
o Electrons travel through protein complexes, pumping
protons (H⁺) into the intermembrane space.
o This creates a proton gradient.
o Protons flow back into the mitochondrial matrix
through ATP Synthase, generating 32-34 ATP.
o Oxygen is the final electron acceptor,
forming water.
• Key Point: Produces the bulk of ATP in cellular respiration
Total ATP Yield:
• Glycolysis: 2 ATP
• Krebs Cycle: 2 ATP
• ETC: 32-34 ATP
• Total: 36-38 ATP per glucose molecule depending on
efficiency.
