Information System
is a set of interrelated components that work together to collect, process, store,
and disseminate information. This information supports fundamental business
operations, data reporting and visualization, data analysis, decision making,
communications, and coordination within an organization. A well-designed
information system includes some form of feedback mechanism to monitor and
control its operation. This feedback ensures that the system continues to operate
in an effective and efficient manner.
Levitt’s Diamond
• Leavitt’s Diamond proposes that every organizational system operates
within a context composed of people, technology infrastructure, processes,
and human structure.
1. Personal information system includes information systems that improve the
productivity of individual users in performing stand-alone tasks. Examples
of personal IS include word-processing, presentation, time management,
and spreadsheet software.
1. Kroger is the largest retail grocer in the world with $115 billion in
2016 sales from 2,792 supermarkets and multi-department stores in
35 states and the District of Columbia. Its ClickList system is an
example of a personal information system that improves the efficiency
of its customers. Customers use ClickList
2. A workgroup information system supports teamwork and enables people to
work together effectively, whether team members are in the same location or
dispersed around the world. These systems are also known as collaboration
systems. Examples of workgroup information systems include instant
messaging software, electronic conferencing software, and collaboration
software used to move groups through the steps of a process toward their
goals.
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1. Collaboration is more organized
2. E.g. Aquarium gives access to all ongoing projects to give members
the opportunity to jump in and help each other out
3. An enterprise information system is used to meet organization-wide busi-
ness needs and typically shares data with other enterprise applications
used within the organization. Enterprise applications support processes in
logistics, manufacturing, human resources, marketing and sales, order pro-
cessing, accounting, inventory control, customer relationship management,
and other essential business functions.
1. Collaboration between coworkers to achieve more efficiency
2. Example enterprise information system that informs workers on what
to do how to do it
4. Interorganizational IS enables the sharing of information across organiza-
tional boundaries. Information sharing supports collaboration between two
or more organizations and provides benefits such as lower costs, reduced
manual effort, and decreased time to conduct business. To achieve these
benefits, the information shared between organizations must be accurate,
complete, and current. Otherwise, companies using the IOS will experience
inefficiencies resulting from the time spent to reconcile errors
1. E.g. supplier and walmart Vendor-managed inventory (VMI)
BYOD Bring Your Own Device
Correct. When an end user, application program, or other software needs data
from the database, it requests the data through the DBMS; this is the process
of data retrieval. In a relational database, the schema defines the tables, the
attributes in each table, and the relationships between attributes and tables,
which are used to develop user views; however, in this case, an application rather
than a user is requesting data.
Veracity: quality accuracy completeness and currency
Correct. 5G networks will have three advantages over the current 4G networks.
First, they will have the bandwidth to transmit more data (on the order of 20
Gbps). Second, they will have lower latency—less than 1 ms compared to 10
ms. Third, 5G networks will have the ability to support many more devices
(thousands) at one time.
Correct. The steps of the multistage model for e-commerce are (1) search
and identification, (2) selection and negotiation, (3) purchasing, (4) product
and service delivery, and (5) after-sales service. After price quotations have
been received from each supplier, the employee examines them and indicates
by clicking the request-for-quotation form which items to order from a given
supplier. In addition to price, an item’s quality and the supplier’s service and
speed of delivery can be important in the selection and negotiation process.
Product Lifecycle Management (PLM) - software solution that enables an enter-
prise business strategy that creates a common repository of product information
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and processes to facilitate the collaborative creation, management, dissemination,
and use of product and packaging definition information
Natural Language Processing NLP Allows AI to learn and understand language
with machine learning
Strategic Planning
Projects = Stragey Align achieve organizational objectives
Process 1. Goal aligns with corporate objective 2. Actions to achieve it 1. Gauge
resources, expenditures for personnel 2. Risks and rewards are measured 3.
Sequence and timeframe exists for resource allocation 4. Reference for the whole
enterprise means uniform goal
As you read through the sales report, you get several good ideas based on what
has sold well in the past. You come up with a plan for reorganizing the endcaps,
and start assigning tasks to employees.
As you read through the staffing schedule to start making assignments, you
realize you may not have enough staff to complete your endcap reorganization
idea. Pulling staff from the checkout areas may incur increased customer wait
time.
You arrange to meet with each of the staff members one-on-one to get their
feedback on staffing schedules and workload. You realize that the employees are
a terrific resource for ideas for reworking the schedules to meet customers’ needs.
They are able to tell you which shifts typically are understaffed, and could use
more workers to help the store meet customers’ needs.
Several of your employees mention that a three-day country music festival is
coming to your city next month. The event features a few headline acts, and
lots of other local bands and performers. The cashiers say that typically this
type of event brings a lot of foot traffic into the store for snacks and convenience
items. You decide to place some extra snack orders, and place an advertisement
in the event program with a 10% off coupon valid for event-goers.
